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"This work investigates the fresh, mechanical and durability properties of normal, Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) and Smart Dynamic Concrete (SDC), which are a new generation of concrete with a lower amount of cementitious content. SDC is a low-fine, self-compacting concrete, that combines the benefits of normal concrete (stability) and self-compacting concrete (fresh properties). Fresh properties such as slump flow, L-box and V-funnel tests were investigated to evaluate its self-compacting properties. Mechanical properties such as compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths were also examined to compare its effectiveness with normal concrete. In addition to the fresh and hardened properties, the rapid chloride permeability test was also conducted to check the durability of normal, SCC and SDC concrete mixtures. The test results of the fresh properties clearly showed that SDC exhibited superior flowability in the slump flow, L-box and V-funnel tests within the limits of EFNARC (The European Federation of Specialist Construction Chemical and Concrete Systems) guidelines. The mechanical properties of SDC attained higher compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength compared with the normal and SCC concrete mixtures. The rapid chloride permeability tests result of SDC clearly showed that SDC exhibited similar and better results than that of normal and SCC concrete mixtures."

"In the present study, natural fibers located in thick outer woody rinds of the metroxylon sago (MS) tree were investigated. The investigation focused on measuring the mechanical properties and observing the microstructures of MS fibers before and after treatment with 5% sodium hydroxide. A scanning electron microscope was used to observe the microstructure of MS fiber, and the results showed that there was a decrease in fiber diameter after mercerization. A porous structure in the cross-section area of untreated fibers was clearly seen, and it was highly compressed after mercerization. The strength of MS fiber increased significantly after it was treated by 5% NaOH solution for two hours. The average ultimate strength of untreated MS fiber was recorded as 46 MPa; treatment with sodium hydroxide resulted in a significant increase in average ultimate strength to 163 MPa. Additionally, the elastic modulus of treated fiber was greater than that of untreated fiber."

"The present study investigated the mechanical properties and microstructure of ultrafine grained (UFG) brass processed by four passes of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and annealed at elevated temperatures. The mechanical properties of all samples were assessed using tensile and micro-hardness tests. Microstructure analysis was performed using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) and yield strengths (YS) of 878 and 804 MPa, respectively, ductility of 15%, and hardness of 248 HV were obtained for samples processed by four passes of ECAP with equivalent true strain of 4.20. Annealing at 300°C caused UTS and YS to decrease significantly, to 510 and 408 MPa, respectively, ductility to increase to 28%, and hardness to decrease to 165 HV. Fractography analysis of un-annealed samples after four ECAP passes showed small brittle fractures with shallow dimpling. Ductile failures were found on annealed samples. After four ECAP passes, the microstructure of un-annealed samples was UFG and dominated by lamellar grain with shear band. In contrast, after annealing, the microstructure changed due to recrystallization, showing nucleation and grain growth."

"The definition of the physical and mechanical properties of sugarcane trash pellets were necessary for the design considerations relating to storage, handling and processing equipment. The mixing ratios of ground sugarcane trash:cassava starch:water content (1.0:0.25:0.85 and 1.0:0.25:1.40 by weight) and pelleting speeds (100, 120, 140, and 160 rpm) were considered to determine their effects on bulk density, true density, porosity, durability and compressive strength. The results show that the mixing ratio by weight of 1.0:0.25:0.85 and pelleting speed of 120 to 140 rpm were optimum for producing the sugarcane trash pellets. At the moisture content of 12.01% (wb), the bulk density, true density, durability and compressive strength of biomass pellets were in the range of 330.93 to 365.00 kg/m3, 860.38 to 918.43 kg/m3, 99.34 to 99.46 % and 5.15 to 6.43 MPa, respectively."

"Pemanfaatan bahan ramah lingkungan dalam stabilisasi tanah telah berkembang dalam satu dekade terakhir. Studi terbaru menunjukkan bahwa menambahkan enzim urease dalam larutan kalsium klorida dan urea mampu meningkatkan parameter kuat geser pasir. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah memperkenalkan pemanfaatan tanah lempung untuk meringankan kinerja kalsit yang dihasilkan dalam campuran enzim urease dan larutan kalsium klorida-urea. Campuran ini kemudian dicampur secara manual pada campuran pasir-lempung dan diperam selama 4 minggu, dan selanjutnya diuji dengan uji direct shear dan permeabilitas setiap dua minggu pemeraman untuk menentukan perubahan nilai permeabilitas dan parameter kuat geser dari pasir yang telah distabilisasi. Selain itu, juga dilakukan pengujian durabilitas untuk melihat ketahanan lekatan antar butiran hasil biosementasi. Hasil dari pengujian menunjukkan adanya kenaikan nilai kohesi dari 0 kPa menjadi 73 kPa dan penurunan nilai permeabilitas pasir dari 2,4 x 10-4 menjadi 1,62 x 10-6 m/s, yang disebabkan oleh bioclogging dan penambahan tanah lempung.

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Utilization of environmentally friendly materials in soil stabilization has grown in the last decade. Recent studies have shown that adding urease enzyme in calcium chloride and urea solution would lower the permeability and improve the shear strength properties of sand. The purpose of this research is to introduce the usage of clay to lighten the performance of calcite produced in the mixture of urease enzyme and calcium chloride urea solution. This mixture is then mixed manually with the sand clay mixture, cured for 4 weeks, and further tested its effect with permeability test and direct shear test conducted every two weeks of curing. The test is done in order to determine the change in permeability and development of the shear strength properties of the stabilized sand. Moreover, a durability test was also conducted to test bond strength between soil particles. The results of the tests showed an increase in cohesion from 0 kPa to 73 kPa and a decrease in sand permeability from 2,4 x 10 4 to 1.62 x 10 6 m s due to bioclogging and the addition of the clay mixture."

"ABSTRAKkomposit berpenguat serat alam dapat menjadi alternatif untuk menggantikan komposit berpenguat serat sintetis yang kurang ramah terhadap lingkungan. Serat dari tumbuhan kenaf adalah salah satu serat alam yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pengganti penguat serat sintesis pada komposit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kuat lentur, daya serap air, dan kadar air pada komposit polipropilena berpenguat serat kenaf dengan variasi fraksi berat serat sesuai dengan SNI 01-4449-2006. Serat kenaf diberi perlakuan alkali sebelum digunakan sebagai penguat dengan cara direndam dalam larutan NaOH 5%. Komposit polipropilena/serat kenaf kemudian difabrikasi dengan mesin hot press. Fraksi berat serat yang digunakan pada penelitian adalah 30 wt%, 40 wt%, 50 wt%, dan sampel polipropilena murni juga difabrikasi sebagai pembanding. Komposit yang difabrikasi disebut sebagai papan serat dengan kerapatan tinggi menurut SNI karena memiliki nilai densitas 1,08 g/cc. Kuat lentur, daya serap air, dan kadar air terbaik dimiliki oleh komposit polipropilena/serat kenaf 30wt% dengan nilai masing-masing (4,77 ± 1,00) MPa, (3,61 ± 1,77) % dan (1,12 ± 0,34)%; dan nilai-nilai ini memenuhi Standard Nasional Indonesia (SNI) tentang papan serat.

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ABSTRACTNatural fiber reinforced composites can be an alternative to replace composites with synthetic fibers reinforcement that are less environmentally friendly. Kenaf fiber which is obtained from kenaf plant is one of natural fibers that can be used as a reinforcement in composites. The purpose of this research was to determine the flexural strength, water absorbent, and water content of polypropylene/kenaf fiber composites with variations of fiber weight fraction according to SNI 01-4449-2006. Kenaf fiber was treated by alkaline treatment before being used as a reinforcement by immersing kenaf fiver in NaOH 5% solution. Polypropylene/kenaf fiber composites were fabricated with compression moulding method using a hot press machine. Fiber weight fractions used in this research were 30 wt%, 40 wt%, 50 wt%, and pristine polypropylene samples were also fabricated as a comparison. Based on SNI, the fabricated composites was called Papan Serat Kerapatan Tinggi (PSKT) because the density value was 1,08 g/cc. The flexural strength, minimum water absorption and water content were found in polypropylene/kenaf fiber composite 30wt% with the value of (4,77 ± 1,00) MPa, (3,61 ± 1,77) % and (1,12 ± 0,34)% respectively and these values met the Fiber Board Indonesian National Standard (SNI)."

"Water permeability of plain and fiber reinforced concrete was measured with and without and applied compressive stress. For the measurement of permeability under stress , a novel test technique was developed, in this technique , two hollow core concrete cylinders were simultaneously tested -one with stress and the other without using indentical flow conditions. A special design of the permeability cell eliminates leakage and allows the specimen to achieve conditions of flow equilibrium early in the test. For the stressed specimens , two levels of the applied stress , 0.3 Fu and 0.5 fu where fu is the ultimate strength of concrete in compression were investigated. A collated cellulose fiber at volume fractions of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% was used. Results indicated that in the unstressed state, fiber reinforcement reduces the permeability of concrete. For the stressed concrete on the other hand, and interesting phenomenon was observed. Initially as the applied stress was increased , a reduction in the permeability for both plain and fiber reinforced concrete was observed. This reduction, however , occurred only to a certain threshold value of stress . Beyond this threshold, a rapid increase in the permeability occurred for plain concrete. For fiber reinforced concrete as well, an increase in the permeability was noticed beyond the threshold value of stress, but the permeability still remained below the unstressed level."

"ABSTRAKBahan penyerap radar atau Radar Absorbent Material adalah salah satu material maju untuk keperluan teknologi siluman. Penambahan sejumlah kecil clay terhadap komposit Epoksi/E-Glass telah terbukti dapat membuat bahan penyerap gelombang elektromagnetik lebihbaik dibandingkan bahan komposit Epoksi/E-glass. Penelitian ini, yang merupakan kelanjutan dari penelitian sebelumnya mengenai penyerapan gelombang elektromagnetik, bertujuan mempelajari sifat tarik, sifat tekuk, dan permukaan patahan komposit Epoksi/E-glass/Clay.. Empat jenis sampel dibuat, yaitu, komposit Epoksi/E-Glass dan Epoksi/E-Glass/Clay dengan komposisi clay 1 wt%, 3 wt % ,dan 5 wt %, yang difabrikasi dengan metode hand lay-up. Berdasarkan hasil uji tarik dan uji tekuk, nilai kuat tarik dan kuat tekuk tertinggi diperoleh pada komposit Epoksi/E-glass/Clay dengan fraksi beratclay 3 wt %, yang berturut-turut kenaikan kuat tarik dan kuat tekuknya sebesar 182,24% dan 23,5% terhadap komposit Epoksi/E-glass/Clay. Sedangkan nilai modulus tarik dan modulus tekuk pada komposit Epoksi/E-glass/Clay dengan fraksi berat clay 3 wt % memiliki nilai 11,5 GPa dan 6,04 GPa secara berturut-turut. Pengamatan permukaan patahan menggunakan Scanning Electrons Microscope menunjukkan jenis-jenis mode kegagalan yang terjadi adalah fiber pull-out, delaminasi, kegagalan matriks, fiber patah, dan keretakan mikro pada matriks. Selain itu, sisa matriks yang cukup banyak di fiber pada komposit Epoksi/E-glass/Clay dibanding komposit Epoksi/E-glass menunjukkan ikatan interfacial yang lebih baik saat sejumlah kecil clay ditambahkan.

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ABSTRACTRadar Absorbent Materials are one of new advanced materials to be used in stealth technology. It was an evidence that the addition of a small amount of clay in Epoxy/E-glass composites provided a better electromagnetic wave absorber materials compared to Epoxy/E-glass composites. This research, which was a continuation of the previous research about electromagnetic wave absorption, aimed to study the tensile and flexural properties,as well as the modes failure of Epoxy/E-glass/Clay composites. Four different samples were made; they were Epoxy/E-Glass and Epoxy/E-Glass/Clay with 1 wt %, 3 wt %, and 5 wt % clay loadings. The samples were fabricated with a hand lay-up method. Tensile and flexural test results showed that the highest tensile and flexural strengths were obtained on the Epoxy/E-glass/Clay with 3 wt % clay?s weight fraction, which was increased up to 182,24 % and 23,5 % respectively from the tensile strength and flexural strength of Epoxy/E-glass composites. The tensile and flexural modulus values of Epoxy/E-glass/Clay composites with 3 wt % clay?s weight fraction were 11,3 GPa and 6,04 GPa respectively. An observation of fracture surface using Scanning Electrons Microscope showed that the failure modes that occurred on the fracture surfaces were fiber pull-out, delamination, matrix failure, fiber fracture, and matrix micro-cracks. Moreover, some amount of remaining matrix on the glass fiber at Epoxy/E-glass/Clay composites compared to Epoxy/E-glass composites showed that a better interfacial bond was obtained when a small addition of clay were added"

"Untuk mengetahui pengaruh Cu dan Zn terhadap paduan Al-Si-Mg maka dibuat Sampel I dan Sampel II. Sampel I paduan Al-Si-Mg dengan variasi persen berat (%wt) Cu sebesar : 0 ; 1,5 ; 3 dan 5 %wt sedang Zn dibuat konstan sebesar 1 %wt. Sampel II paduan Al-Si-Mg dengan variasi persen berat Zn sebesar : 0 ; 0,5 dan 1,5 %wt, sedang Cu dibuat konstan sebesar 3 %wt.Selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian terhadap sampel-sampel tersebut, yaitu, pengujian : kekerasan, titik leleh , foto struktur mikro , SEM-EDAX dan Meping. Disamping itu juga didukung oleh data sekunder yang berupa hasil pengujian kekuatan tarik dan hasil pengujian dengan XRD.Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa : semakin besar kandungan Cu , maka kekerasan akan naik, titik leleh akan turun, sedang kekuatan tariknya mula-mula naik sampai dengan kandungan Cu = 3 %wt, kemudian turun sampai kandungan Cu = 5 %wt. Disamping itu juga ditunjukkan bahwa : semakin besar kandungan Zn , maka kekerasan dan titik leleh akan turun, sedang kekuatan tariknya mula-mula turun sampai kandungan Cu = 0,5 %wt, kemudian naik sampai kandungan Cu sebesar 1,5 %wt.Hasil pengujian-pengujian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa : pada paduan tersebut muncul dua fasa yang dominan, yaitu fasa yang sangat kaya dengan Al (sebagai matrik) dan fasa yang kaya dengan Si. Disamping itu juga menunjukkan bahwa Cu dan Zn sangat mempengaruhi bentuk morfologi dari struktur mikro paduan. Morfologi struktur mikro yang fasa kaya Si-nya berbentuk serabut yang berserakan (tidak teratur) mempunyai kekuatan tarik yang relatif tinggi."

"A mechanical assembly consists of several components to perform an intended function. At the design stage, the intended function must be converted into critical product dimensions. After determining the dimensions, a designer must determine the assembly tolerance and allocate this tolerance to the tolerances of the corresponding components. After determining the optimal tolerances, process selection must be conducted along with production allocation to the selected process. There are three aspects in commercial competition that must be considered by a manufacturing company: cost, quality, and delivery. The aim of this research is to develop an optimization model for process selection for a make to order company to minimize manufacturing cost, quality loss, and lateness cost. The model attempts to determine optimal tolerance and production allocation, which takes into consideration the production capacity and process sequence. Hence, the model attempts to include not only the product design decision, but also to solve the process selection and allocation problems. A numerical example is provided to show the implementation of the model."