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"As indicator for environmental disturbances, the understory is an important structural and functional component of forests ecosystems. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the diversity and composition of understory plants in the lowland forests adjacent to the trekking paths along Semut Bay (dock entrance) to Segara Anakan Lagoon and some coastal areas in Sempu Island, and to detemine their association with the underlying environmental factors as disturbance indicators by the presence of understory invasive alien species (IAS). Sixty six plots of 2 x 2 m2 were established to analyze the understory vegetation, the site profiles and the environmental variables. A total of 135 understory plant species belonging to 108 genera and 60 families were recorded within the 66 plots of the study areas. Poaceae was the dominant family, followed by Compositae, Phyllanthaceae, Sterculiaceae, Rubiaceae, Putranjivaceae and Cyperaceae. The understory communities in the lowland forest adjacent to Semut Path were dominated by tree seedlings and had a relatively fewer composition of shrubs. Coastal areas, which have more open canopies, were dominated by grasses and shrubs. Some dominant native understory species include Ckistanthus ohlongifolius, Pterocymbium javanicum, lschaemum muticum, Guettarda spedosa, etc. Indicating disturbance, 12 understory IAS were found in the study areas. Four of these are among the world’s worst invaders (Chromolaena odorata, Imperata tylindrica, Lantana camara and Spathodea campanulata), and three are noxious weeds (Cyperus rotundus, Eleusine indica and Imperata cylindricd). The light intensity and air temperature were strongly positively associated with disturbed sites, while relative humidty, soil pH, and elevation were associated with less disturbed sites. These study results provide the scientific basis for management and recommendations on the current diversity status of the understory plant species at Sempu Island, hoping that these would justify further conservation of indigenous species and their protection from these disturbances."

"Mangrove memiliki kemampuan menyimpan dan menyerap karbon dalam biomassa hidup maupun mati, dan sedimen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya produktivitas serasah, besar serasah yang dilepas ke perairan, laju dekomposisi serasah, potensi karbon yang dapat diserap dan disimpan oleh hutan mangrove Pulau Rambut. Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan September-November 2020 dan Maret-Juni 2021. Metode pengambilan data terkait komposisi vegetasi dan stok karbon menggunakan purposive sampling dan dihitung dengan persamaan allometrik. Produktivitas serasah dan laju dekomposisi diukur selama 42 hari dengan pengamatan setiap 2 minggu sekali. Serasah yang dilepas ke perairan diukur dengan menyaring serasah ketika air laut surut. Karbon pada sedimen diukur dengan mengambil sedimen pada kedalaman 0—30 cm. Vegetasi pohon dan pancang didominasi oleh Rhizophora mucronata dan semai oleh Excoecaria agallocha. Stok karbon dan serapan karbon pada hutan mangrove Pulau Rambut sebesar 278,60 ton/ha dan 951,41 ton/ha. Stok karbon pada sedimen sebesar 19,36 ton/ha. Besarnya produktivitas serasah dan potensi karbonnya sebesar 2,741 g/m2/hari dan 9,72 g/m2/hari. Laju dekomposisi paling cepat diraih oleh Rhizophora mucronata yaitu 0,191 g/hari. Besar serasah yang dilepas ke perairan adalah 21,27 g/m3/hari dengan kandungan karbon sebesar 50,82%.

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Mangroves have the ability to store and absorb carbon in living and dead biomass, and sediments. This study aims to determine the amount of litter productivity, the amount of litter released into the waters, the rate of litter decomposition, the potential for carbon that can be absorbed and stored by the Rambut Island mangrove forest. The research was conducted from September-November 2020 and March-June 2021. Methods of collecting data related to the composition of vegetation and carbon stock using purposive sampling and calculated by allometric equations. Litter productivity and decomposition rate were measured for 42 days with observations every 2 weeks. Litter released into the waters is measured by filtering litter when the sea water recedes. Carbon in the sediment was measured by taking sediment at a depth of 0-30 cm. Tree vegetation and saplings were dominated by Rhizophora mucronata and seedlings by Excoecaria agallocha. Carbon stock and carbon sequestration in Rambut Island mangrove forest were 278.60 tons/ha and 951.41 tons/ha, respectively. Carbon stock in sediment is 19.36 ton/ha. The amount of litter productivity and carbon potential are 2.741 g/m2/day and 9.72 g/m2/day. The fastest decomposition rate was achieved by Rhizophora mucronata, which was 0.191 g/day. The amount of litter released into the waters is 21.27 g/m3/day with a carbon content of 50.82%."

"Latar belakang : Tentara Perermpuan harus mengikuti SekoJah Pertarna Perwira dimana dia akan dilatih flsik dan mentalnya sesuai aturan - aturan militer. Perubahan kehidupan dari orang biasa menjadi tentara membuat stres psikososial yang akan mengganggu poros hipotalamus hipofisis sehingga mempengaruhi po1a haidnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi gangguan haid dan faktor - faktor yang mempengaruhi gangguan haid.Metode: Studi cross - sectional ini dilakukan Januari 2009 - Maret 2010 di Pusdikkowad, Lembang, Bandung. Jumlah sampel 45 siswi (total sampel). Data diperoleh dengan wawancara, pemeriksaan fisik, dan pengisian kuesioner SCL - 90.Hasil: Prevalensi gangguan haid menurun pada tiga bulan kedua pendidikan, 93,3 % menjadi 62,2 o/Perubaban pola haid yang terbanyak adalah 88,9 % mengalami amenorea sekunder pada tiga bulan pertama pendidikan. Tanpa pemeriksaan gangguan organik yang adekuat, faktor risiko latar belakang pendidikan, IMT, penurunan > 10 % BB, pengeluaran kalori, gangguan haid sebelum pendidikan, dan gejala gangguan mental emosional tidak terbukti berhubungan dengan gangguan haid.Kesimpulan Dan Saran : Gangguan haid banyak dialami para siswi tentara Penyelenggara pendidikan disarankan melakukan perubaban pola pengasuhan dan pendidikan serta pemeriksaan fisik dan psikis rutin untuk deteksi dini gangguan haid selama pendidikan. Para siswi diliarapkan mampu beradaptasi dengan baik terhadap sistem pendidikan yang dijalani.

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Background: Military women must have basic education to build their military character. This suddenly lifestyle changeover will make stress which cause menstrual dysfunction due to distrurbance on the hypothalamic -pituitary axis. The goal of this research are to find out the objective menstrual dysfunction prevalence and to find out the correlation between physical exercise and other factors with menstrual dysfunction.Method: This cross-sectional research was done in January 2009 - March 20l0 in Center of Military Woman School, Lembang, Bandung. The sample consists of 45 subjects (total sample}. The collecting of data is done by interviewing. physical examination, and filling of SCL - 90 questionnaires.Result: The prevalence of menstrual dysfunction decreased on second three months education from 93,3 % to 62,2 %, which the largest menstrual pattern changing was secondery amenorrhea (88,9 %) on first three months education. Without adecuate organic dysfunction examination, risk factors including educational background, Body Mass Index, decreasing 10 % of weight, energy expenditure, menstrual dysfunction before military education. and symptom of emotional disturbance showed no reiation with menstrual dysfunction.Conclusions and Suggestions: Most of the military women who following their first education experienced menstrual dysfunction which most of it was secondary amenorrthea. The education stakeholder is recommended to change their education style and to commit checking of physical and psychological condition regularly to early detection of menstrual pattern changing. The students are expected to he more adaptable with this education system."

"The contents also highlight efforts to conserve and promote traditional forest management practices that balance the environmental, economic and social objectives of forest management. It places these efforts in the context of recent trends towards the devolution of forest management authority in many parts of the world.The book includes regional chapters covering North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia and the Australia-Pacific region. As well as relating the general factors mentioned above to these specific areas, these chapters cover issues of special regional significance, such as the importance of traditional knowledge and practices for food security, economic development and cultural identity. Other chapters examine topics ranging from key policy issues to the significant programs of regional and international organisations, and from research ethics and best practices for scientific study of traditional knowledge to the adaptation of traditional forest knowledge to climate change and globalisation."

"Hutan mangrove tergolong sumberdaya hutan yang mempunyai peranan penting bagi pernbangunan Nasional. Hal ini karena lokasinya yang strategis dan potensi yang terkandung di dalamnya, serta fungsi perlindungannya yang secara langsung ataupun tidak langsung mempengaruhi eksistensi dan berfungsinya sumberdaya alam lain.Ekosistem ini dicirikan oleh produktivitasnya yang tinggi dan daur nutrisi yang cepat, sehingga mangrove dianggap penyedia nutrisi bagi kontinuitas sebagian besar energi yang diperlukan oleh berbagai biota akuatik di ekosisitem pantai. Ekosistem ini juga berperan sebagai pendukung eksistensi lingkungan fisik, yaitu sebagai penyangga abrasi pantai oleh gelombang, intrusi air laut ataupun hembusan angin yang dapat merusak ekosistem darat.Pertambahan jumlah penduduk yang semakin meningkat dan pesatnya perkembangan teknologi mengakibatkan tekanan terhadap keberadaan hutan mangrove. Pemanfaatan tidak saja dilakukan dalam bentuk pengambilan hasil hutan, tetapi berkembang ke bentuk pemanfaatan lahan mangrove.Pulau Bengkalis adalah satu diantara enam pulau yang ada di Kabupaten Bengkalis yang mempunyai hutan mangrove rnencapai 15.039 ha tersebar mengelilingi pulau. Wilayah hutan mangrove yang mengalami tekanan cukup berat berada di wilayah pantai utara yang berbatasan dengan Selat Malaka Luas hutan mangrove di wilayah tersebut mencapai 9.133 ha. Secara ekologis lingkungan fisik wilayah tersebut mendukung untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan hutan mangrove. Terdapat tiga aliran sungai yang bermuara di di Pantai Utara Pulau Bengkalis, dan menjadi sumber aliran air tawar. Kandungan lumpur (sedimen) berkisar antara 5%-85%, bahan organik 50%, salinitas 26-32 ppm. Keadaan laut, tenang sampai agak kuat yang tinggi gelombangnya antara 0,4 sampai 2,7 m dengan kecepatan 0,1-5 knot. Kondisi lingkungan alami tersebut selayaknya mendukung kelestarian hutan mangrove. Namun demikian, akibat pemanfaatan yang tidak terkendali dan sudah berlangsung lama, mengakibatkan terjadinya kerusakan hutan mangrove, sehingga menurunkan fungsinya sebagai pelindung pantai akibat abrasi. Terjadinya kerusakan hutan mangrove dan abrasi belum menjadi perhatian serius bagi masyarakat dan pemerintah, sekalipun dampaknya sudah dirasakan. Atas dasar permasalahan tersebut, rumusan yang perlu untuk dijawab adalah 1). Seberapa besar kerusakan hutan mangrove yang terjadi; dan 2). Seberapa besar abrasi di Pantai Utara Pulau Bengkalis; serta 3). Adakah hubungan kerusakan hutan mangrove dengan abrasi yang terjadi.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi kerusakan hutan mangrove dan hubungannya dengan abrasi yang telah terjadi. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberi masukan kepada perencana dan pengambil keputusan, khususnya Pemerintah Kabupaten Bengkalis dalam penyempurnaan, maupun pembuatan kebijakan tentang pengelolaan hutan mangrove yang ada di daerah penelitian atau kawasan lainnya. Hopotesis yang diajukan adalah bahwa semakin tinggi tingkat kerusakan hutan mangrove akan mengakibatkan semakin tinggi abrasi yang terjadi di Pantai Utara Pulau Bengkalis.Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa komposisi jenis mangrove di wilayah Pantai Utara Pulau Bengkalis terdiri dari 9 spesies jenis pohon. Jenis yang dominan adalah api-api (Avicennia marina), bakau (Rhizophora mucronata) dan lenggadai (Bruguiera cylindrica). Kerapatan individu setiap hektarnya pada strata anakan mencapai 1.897 pohon, sedangkan strata pancang 1.341 pohon dan strata pohon hanya 849 phn/ha.Pemanfaatan hutan mangrove oleh masyarakat meliputi pengambilan kayu untuk bangunan/pancang, bahan baku arang, dan untuk kayu bakar serta konversi menjadi lahan tambak. Rata-rata pemanfaatan setiap tahun untuk kayu bangunan/pancang sebanyak 2.812 pohon, kayu arang 3.217 pohon dan kayu bakar untuk rumah tangga 2.444 pohon, sedangkan yang kayu bakar industri bata mencapai 7.657 pohon.Akibat pemanfaatan yang tidak terkendali, menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan hutan mangrove yaitu menurunnya kerapatan pohon setiap tahun yang berkisar antara 0,32%-1,6% atau rata-rata 0,79%. Penurunan kerapatan pohon ini setara dengan berkurangnya pohon sebanyak 61.255 pohon setiap tahun. Kerusakan ini menyebabkan menurunnya kemampuan fisik hutan mangrove untuk menahan terjadinya abrasi. Laju abrasi per tahun berkisar antara 3,6-8,4 meter atau rata.-rata 6,03 meter. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif dan signitikan antara penurunan kerapatan pohon dengan laju abrasi yang terjadi.Kerusakan hutan mangrove dan terjadinya abrasi ada kaitannya dengan persepsi masyarakat mengenai hutan mangrove. Sebagian besar (5S,3 %) menyatakan hutan mangrove hanya sebagai sumber hasil hutan, dan tingkat kesadaran masyarakat untuk memelihara juga sangat rendah (4,57%), sedangkan sebagian besar (56,00%) menyadari pentingnya hutan mangrove tetapi tidak melakukan pemeliharaan.Berdasarkan kenyataan ini perlu adanya upaya rehabilitasi hutan mangrove, sekaligus meningkatkan sumberdaya manusia agar pengetahuan dan partisipasi masyarakat sehjngga upaya pelestarian fungsi hutan mangrove dapat meningkat.

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Mangrove forests has a very strategic locations, many potentials and great protective functions that bring them to be one of forest resources that play important role for the nation development. Its protective functions have a strong influence to the existence and the function of other resources, directly or indirectly.This ecosystem is characterized by its high productivity and fast nutrient cycle made it become the nutrient source for the most energy supply need by varies aquatic biota in coastal ecosystems. Mangrove ecosystem also functioned as physical environment existence support to protect the coast from abrasion, restrain seawater intrusion and strong wind that can ravage terrestrial ecosystems.The fast growth of population and high technology development has lead to a high pressure on mangrove forests existence. The exploitations of mangrove forest resources are not only done by reaping its product but as well as exploit its land.Bengkalis Island as one of six islands in Bengkalis District has a 15.093 ha mangrove forests spreading along its coastal area. Mangrove forests at the north coast, bordered on Malacca Strait, are the one received high pressure. Its area occupied 9.133 hectare area. Ecologically, its physical environment supports the growth of that mangrove forest. There are three rivers ending in Bengkalis Island North Coast that become the source of fresh water. The sediment content of those streams varies between 5% to 85%, organic matter 50%, and salinity between 26-32 ppm. The sea situation is still to strong. The wave height is between 0,4 to 2,7 m with the speed of 0,1 - 5 knots. This natural condition supposed to support mangrove forest sustainability. However, uncontrolled exploitation for a long time result in the degradation of mangrove forest that decrease its function to prevent coastal abrasion Those two phenomenons haven?t got a big concem of the govemment and the community yet, even though some of its impact has been experienced. Based on those problems, there is some questions arise: I). How worse is that mangrove forest degradation?, 2). How big is the abrasion in Bengkalis Island north coast?, 3). Is there a conelation between mangrove forest degradation and the abrasion?.The purpose of this research is to gain information of mangrove forest degradation and its correlation with the abrasion. The result is expected to be a valuable input for the planner and the decision makers in Bengkalis District to make and perfecting policies on mangrove forest management, not only in the research area but also in other regions.The research showed that mangrove forest in Bengkalis Island North Coast composed 9 tree species. The dominant species are api-api (A vicennia marina), bakau (Rhizophora mucronara) dan lenggadai (Bruguiera cylindrica). The density in seedling stratum reaches 1.897 individual per hectare, while sapling stratum reach 1.341 and there are only 849 in tree stratum.People use the forest to get the log to build houses. They also use the resources as raw material to make charcoal, use it as fuel and converse the land to be used as fishpond. Average usage for building need is 2.812 trees annually, 3.217 trees converted to charcoal annually, 2.444 trees used as fuel annually, and 7.657 trees cut to supply brick indusuies.This uncontrolled use of the mangrove lead to its degradation showed by the decreasing of its density between 0,32% to 1,6% annually or 0,66% on the average. This decrease is equal to the loose of 61,255 trees annually. It also leads to the declining of mangrove forest function to prevent the land from abrasion. Abrasion rate varied between 3,6 to 8,4 meter annually or 6,03 meter on the average. The analysis showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between trees decreasing rate and abrasion rate.Mangrove forest degradation and coast abrasion are related to community perception. Most of the respondents (58,3%) stated that mangrove forest is functioned only as the source of mangrove product they need. They also have a low awareness to preserve the mangrove (4,57%). Most of them (56%) understand the important role of mangrove forest but didn?t conduct any acts to preserve it.Based on these findings, mangrove forest rehabilitation is very needed along with environmental education to develop human resources lived surrounding the forest and increase community participation to preserve functions of mangrove forest could be step up."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik hutan mangrove dan pola distribusinya di wilayah pesisir Brebes pada tahun 2013-2022. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah indeks vegetasi dan Random Forest. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perubahan luas yang signifikan selama periode penelitian dan hutan mangrove di wilayah pesisir Brebes memiliki persebaran yang luas, serta tingkat kerapatan yang cukup tinggi. Meskipun telah mengalami kerusakan yang diakibatkan oleh bencana banjir Rob di tahun 2014 dan dampak dari aktivitas manusia, seperti pengalih fungsi lahan serta penebangan ilegal, hutan mangrove di lokasi penelitian terus berkembang karena adanya program rehabilitasi mangrove yang dilakukan oleh komunitas setempat dalam menjaga keasrian hutan mangrove di wilayah pesisir Brebes.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of mangrove forests and their distribution pattern at the Coast of Brebes in 2013-2022. The method used in this study are the Vegetation Index and Random Forest. The results indicate that there were significant changes in area during the study period and the mangrove forests in the coastal area of Brebes have a wide distribution, and a fairly high level of density. Despite the damage caused by the 2014 tidal flood disaster and the impact of human activities, such as land conversion and illegal logging, the mangrove forests in the study area continue to grow due to the mangrove rehabilitation program carried out by the local community in maintaining the beauty of the mangrove forests in Brebes coastal area."

"In this paper I report the results of my observations about the development of small-scale private forests on Java Island. During my travels to various villages on the Island of Java, I observed a lot of small-scale private forests. I also interviewed several forest owners. Clarity of land rights, the high demand for timber leading to attractive prices, adequate road network, changes in demographic structure in rural areas, forestry extension, and other sources of income are the six factors that support the development of small-scale private forests. Difficult situation that is often faced by the farmers is the need for quick cash that had to be met from selling the trees that have not reached optimal growth. Farmers from Kulonprogo District-Yogyakarta overcome the difliculty by forming cooperatives in cooperation with the credit union, while the farmers from District of Blora received microcredit from the government to combat the difficulty. Another impediment to the development of small-scale private forestis the government rule, like the SKAU, which is actually perverse incentive. "

"Produksi kayu bulat yang berasal dari hutan rakyat memberikan kontribusi yang positif dalam memenuhi kebutuhan pasokan bahan baku industri nasional. Sertifikasi SVLK hutan rakyat terus didorong oleh pemerintah agar tidak menjadi celah pada sistem legalitas kayu yang telah dibangun secara multi-pihak. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis biaya sertifikasi SVLK hutan rakyat; menganalisis kemampuan dan kemauan membayar petani hutan rakyat; menganalisis pengaruh hutan rakyat serta manfaat SVLK terhadap pendapatan dan matapencaharian petani; menganalisis manfaat sertifikasi SVLK terhadap volume panen kayu; dan memperoleh konsep sertifikasi SVLK bagi hutan rakyat yang berkelanjutan dengan pendekatan kemampuan membayar petani. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan metode gabungan. Pengambilan data melalui kuesioner dan wawancara dilakukan kepada petani hutan, perwakilan pemerintah dan pihak swasta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan membayar dan keinginan membayar pada kedua KTH rendah terhadap biaya sertifikasi SVLK sehingga disimpulkan kelompok petani hutan belum mampu membayar biaya tambahan sertifikasi SVLK dalam pengusahaan hutan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah kemampuan membayar terhadap sertifikasi SVLK oleh petani mempengaruhi keberlanjutan penerapan sertifikasi SVLK sehingga diperlukan dukungan dari pasar dan peran mitra.

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Logs production from private forests has made a positive contribution to meeting the demand for raw material supplies for the national industry. The government continues to encourage private forest to SVLK certification so that it does not become a gap in the timber legality system that has been developed in a multi-stakeholder manner. This study aims to analyze the costs of community forest SVLK certification; analyzing the ability and willingness to pay of forest farmers; analyze the effect of SVLK certification on farmers’ income and livelihood; analyze the effect of SVLK certification on timber harvest volume; and obtaining the concept of SVLK certification for sustainable private forests using approach of farmers' ability to pay. The research was conducted using a quantitative approach and a combined method. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews with forest farmers, government representatives and private sector. Result showed that ability to pay and willingness to pay of SVLK certification in both KTH were low, so it was concluded that private forest farmer groups not been able to pay SVLK certification as an additional cost of log business. The conclusion of this study is that the ability to pay for SVLK certification by farmers affects the sustainability of the application of SVLK certification so that support from the market and role of partners is needed."