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"Molybdenum is an emerging pollutant worldwide. The objective of this study is to isolate molybdenum-reducing bacterium with the ability to grow on phenolic compounds (phenol and catechol). The screening process was carried out on a microplate. The bacterium reduced molybdenum in the form of sodium molybdate to molybdenum blue (Mo-blue). The bacterium required a narrow pH range for optimal reduction of molybdenum, i.e. between  pH 6.3 and 6.8, with temperature between 34 and 37 oC. Molybdate reduction to Mo-blue was best supported by glucose as the carbon source. However, both phenol and catechol could not support molybdate reduction. Other requirements for molybdate reduction included sodium molybdate concentrations between 15 and 30 mM, and phosphate concentration of 5.0 mM. The bacterium exhibited a Mo-blue absorption spectrum with a shoulder at 700 nm and a maximum peak near the infrared region at 865 nm. The Mo-reducing bacterium was partially identified as Enterobacter sp. strain Saw-2. The capability of this bacterium to grow on toxic phenolic compounds and to detoxify molybdenum made it a significant agent for bioremediation."

"The ability of native bacteria to utilize diesel fuel as the sole carbon and energy source was investigated in this research...."

"Bakteriosin dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri terutama yang memiliki hubungan kekerabatan yang dekat dengan bakteri penghasil. Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) telah diketahui dapat menghasilkan bakteriosin yang memiliki aktivitas antimikroba. Bakteriosin berpotensi digunakan sebagai komplemen antibiotika. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi serta mengkarakterisasi aktivitas bakteriosin dari BAL galur Leuconostoc dengan optimasi pH dan suhu inkubasi. Penelitian dilakukan melalui penentuan zona hambatan menggunakan metode difusi agar cara sumuran dan penentuan potensinya berdasarkan metode Konsentrasi Hambat Minimal (KHM). Bakteri indikator yang digunakan adalah Leu. mesenteroides TISTR 120 dan JCM 6124, Staphylococcus aureus FNCC 0047, Listeria monocytogenes FNCC 0156, Escherichia coli FNCC 0183, Pseudomonas aeruginosa FNCC 0063, Salmonella typhi FNCC 0165 dan Bacillus subtilis FNCC 0061. Katalase, Tripsin dan Protease K digunakan sebagai uji konfirmasi berdasarkan hasil skrining pengujian aktivitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Leu. mesenteroides MBF7-17 dan MBF2-5 menghasilkan bakteriosin yang hanya dapat menghambat Leu. mesenteroides TISTR 120 dan JCM 6124. Hasil penentuan potensi bakteriosin berdasarkan KHM dari BAL penghasil bakteriosin pada pH dan suhu inkubasi optimum yaitu pH 6 dan 32°C adalah 90% untuk Leu. mesenteroides MBF2- 5 dan 80% untuk Leu. mesenteroides MBF7-17.

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Bacteriocin can inhibit bacteria mostly those which have close relationship to the producer bacteria. Lactid Acid Bacteria (BAL) are known to produce bacteriocins which have function as antimicrobial activity. Bacteriocin has potentially been used as antibiotic complement.

This research aimed to isolate and characterize bacteriocins activity from Leuconostoc strains. Optimization of pH and incubation temperature have also been carried out.

This research used well diffusion agar method and bacteriocin potency assay by performing MIC. Bacterial indicators that used in this research are Leu. mesenteroides TISTR 120, and JCM 6124, Staphylococcus aureus FNCC 0047, Listeria monocytogenes FNCC 0156, Escherichia coli FNCC 0183, Pseudomonas aeruginosa FNCC 0063, Salmonella typhi FNCC 0165 and Bacillus subtilis FNCC 0061. Catalase, Trypsin and Protease K were also used following the screening assay for confirmation test.

Results showed that both Leu. mesenteroides MBF2-5 and MBF7-17 possessed bacteriocin activity although against both Leu. mesenteroides only, the TISTR 120 and JCM 6124 indicators strains. Result for bacteriocin potency assay of bacteriocin producer LAB i.e. Leu. mesenteroides MBF2-5 and MBF7-17 by performing MIC done at optimation pH incubation temperature, i.e. pH 6 and 32°C, showed value of 90% and 80%, respectively."

"Jerami padi merupakan salah satu limbah lignoselulosa pertanian yang jumlahnya cukup melimpah dan mengandung komponen lignin, selulosa, dan hemiselulosa yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku/substrat yang digunakan untuk pembuatan selulase, sehingga memiliki nilai ekonomi dan ramah lingkungan. Sebelum lignoselulosa digunakan sebagai substrat perlu dilakukan minimalisasi kadar ligninnya dengan menggunakan pretreatment kimia basa dengan menggunakan NaOH 4%. Kapang yang digunakan adalah Trichoderma viride strain T051, jamur ini merupakan penghasil enzim selulase yang berfungsi menghidrolisis selulosa menjadi glukosa. Karakteristik enzim selulase berdasarkan mekanisme hidolisis ada tiga jenis, yaitu endoglukanase, exoglukanase dan glukosidase. Aktivitas enzim dengan menggunakan substrat jerami yang didelignifikasi basa lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan jerami tanpa delignifikasi. Variasi nutrisi pada medium produksi yang memberikan unit aktivitas optimum adalah dengan penambahan medium basal pada substrat uji aktivitas CMC 1% sebesar 59,97 mU/mL. Definisi satu unit aktivitas adalah 1 μmol glukosa yang dihasilkan permenit pada suhu 450C. Enzim dengan aktivitas tertinggi selanjutnya difraksionasi menggunakan amonium sulfat dengan kenaikan tingkat kejenuhan dan didialisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan fraksi amonium sulfat dengan kejenuhan 50-70% memiliki aktivitas tertinggi sebesar 62,55 mU/mL dengan aktivitas spesifik sebesar 16,96 mU/mL. Hasil dialisis memiliki aktivitas spesifik sebesar 24,94 mU/mg. pH optimum aktivitas enzim selulase adalah 5. Logam Cu2+ dapat menginhibisi aktivitas enzim selulase, sementara Zn2+ dan Mg2+ memberi dampak peningkatan aktivitas enzim.

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Rice straw is one of lignocellulosic agricultural waste which is quite abundant and contain components of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose which can be used as raw materials / substrates used to manufacture cellulase, so it has economic value and environmental friendliness. Before the lignocellulose is used as the substrate is necessary to minimize the levels of lignin using alkaline chemical pretreatment using NaOH 4%. Fungus that used were Trichoderma viride strain T051, this fungus is a producer of cellulase enzymes that function hydrolyze cellulose into glucose.

Characteristics of cellulase enzymes by mechanisms hidolisis there are three types, namely endoglukanase, exoglukanase and glucosidase. Enzyme activity by using straw substrate base delignification higher than the straw without delignification. Variation of nutrients in the medium production unit that provides an optimum activity is the addition of basal medium on the substrate 1% CMC activity assay of 59.97 mU/mL. Definition of one unit of activity is 1 mol of glucose produced per minute at 450C. With the next highest enzyme activity fractionated using ammonium sulfate with increasing levels of saturation and dialyzed.

The results showed fractions with ammonium sulfate saturation of 50-70% has the highest activity of 62.55 mU/mL with a specific activity of 16.96 mU/mL. The results of dialysis had a specific activity of 24.94 mU/mg. The optimum pH of the enzyme activity of cellulase is 5. Metals Cu2+ can inhibit cellulase enzyme activity, whereas Zn2+ and Mg2+ gives the impact of increased enzyme activity."

"This study aims to isolate the phytase producing bacteria (PPB), a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), from 1Cigna sinensis rhizosphere and to optimize its physicochemical conditioning. Phytase is an enzyme that can hydrolyze the phosphoester bond in organic phosphorus (phytic acid) to form ester phosphate and inorganic phosphate, the available forms of phosphorus. To test its ability to hydrolyze organic phosphates (calcium phytate), the phytase was screened in solid and liquid phytase screening medium (PSM). After isolation, a total of 13 bacteria were positive for this enzyme’s production as indicated by the clear zones of hydrolysis observed around the colony. Enterobacter cloacae strain B1 had the largest hydrolysis efficient (3.43) on solid medium. The phytase-production of the Enterobacter cloacae strain grown in liquid PSM, showed 0.92 U/mL after 48 hours of incubation. This strain produced optimum levels of phytase in the presence of lactose and monoammonium phosphate (NH4H2PO4), as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, at 30 °C and pH 5.0. The PPB obtained in this study are recommended for further research as to their use as plant biological fertilizers."

"Asam lemak omega-3 merupakan asam lemak essensial bagi tubuh manusia. Mikroalga merupakan salah satu sumber asam lemak omega-3 yang sangat prospektif untuk dikembangkan, karena kualitas yang lebih tinggi dibanding sumber asam lemak omega-3 lainnya. Pemanfaatan langsung asam lemak omega-3 dari mikroalga memerlukan biaya produksi lebih tinggi. Sehingga penelitian terkini banyak diarahkan pada studi genetika terhadap enzim yang berperan penting dalam biosintesis asam lemak omega-3, salah satunya adalah enzim omega-3 desaturase. Penelitian ini akan difokuskan pada isolasi dan kloning gen yang mengkode enzim omega-3 desaturase dari mikroalga Nannochloropsis sp. Gradient Polymerase Chain Reaction ( PCR ) berhasil mengamplifikasi gen omega-3 desaturase dengan panjang 489bp. Gen disisipkan pada plasmid T-vector pMD20 dan dikloning pada sel kompeten bakteri Escherichia coli DH5α. Konfirmasi produk kloning melalui colony PCR dan dari hasil konfirmasi berat molekul yang dianalisa menggunakan metode agarose electrophoresis menunjukkan terdapat 6 koloni yang positif mengandung gen omega-3 desaturase. Konfirmasi dengan DNA sequencing masih perlu dilakukan di masa yang akan datang.

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Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids for the human body. Microalgae is one source of omega-3 fatty acids which is highly prospective for development, because it has higher quality than the other sources of omega-3 fatty acids. Direct utilization of omega-3 fatty acids from microalgae requires higher production cost. Therefore, many of the recently studies focus on genetic study for the enzymes which play important role in biosynthesis of omega-3 fatty acids, one of them is omega-3 desaturase enzyme. This research will be focused on the isolation and cloning of gene encoding omega-3 desaturase enzyme from microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. Gradient Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) successfully amplified 489bp of omega-3 desaturase gene. The gene was inserted into T-Vector pMD20 plasmid and cloned to Escherichia coli DH5α competent cell. Confirmation cloning product using colony PCR and from molecular weight analyzing by agarose electrophoresis method showed that there are 6 colonies positively content omega-3 desaturase gene. Confirmation by DNA sequencing still needs to be done in the future."

"Mitigasi terhadap dampak pemanasan global dapat dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan mikroalga yang berfotosintesis menangkap CO2 secara biologis. Penelitian biofiksasi karbon dioksida bertujuan untuk mengetahui respon pertumbuhan, produksi biomasa dan lipid alga Chlorella sp., strain Ancol dan Nannochloropsis oculata terhadap penambahan 5%CO2 dengan sistem aerasi yang berbeda. Aerasi secara interval tidak mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan pada aerasi kontinyu N. oculata, yang dipicu oleh kondisi stres pada pH rendah."

"Temu mangga (Curcuma amada) adalah salah satu jenis tanaman herbal yang termasuk dalam genus Curcuma dan famili Zingiberaceae. Dari beberapa penelitian, tanaman ini diketahui memiliki aktivitas biologi yang menarik seperti antijamur, antibakteri, antioksidan, antikanker, antihelmitik, antihiperglikemik, antiturbekular, dan berperan dalam penurunan kolesterol. Senyawa yang sebelumnya telah diisolasi dan diidentifikasi dari temu mangga diantaranya adalah senyawa volatil (minyak atsiri), asam fenolik, flavonoid, kurkuminoid, dan terpenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi senyawa fenolik dari ekstrak etanol rimpang temu mangga serta mengulas aktivitas antibakterinya dari berbagai jurnal internasional. Rimpang temu mangga dimaserasi dalam etanol (3 x 24 jam) hingga diperoleh ekstrak etanol sebesar 50,73 g dengan rendemen 5,084% (b/b). Uji fitokimia terhadap ekstrak etanol menunjukkan bahwa rimpang temu mangga mengandung senyawa flavonoid, alkaloid, terpenoid, tanin, dan saponin. Hasil fraksinasi dan purifikasi ekstrak etanol dengan berbagai teknik kromatografi seperti kromatografi cair vakum (KCV), kromatografi kolom (KK), dan kromatografi lapis tipis preparatif (KLTP) menghasilkan tiga isolat sederhana (fraksi C1, F1, dan F2). Ketiga isolat tersebut kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan instrumen UV-Vis, FT-IR, dan LC-MS untuk mengetahui struktur senyawanya. Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi, ketiga fraksi diidentifikasi sebagai senyawa fenolik yaitu kurkumin (fraksi C1), naringenin (fraksi F1), serta gabungan kurkumin dan naringenin (fraksi F2). Berdasarkan studi literatur dari berbagai jurnal internasional diketahui rimpang temu mangga memiliki potensi antibakteri, baik terhadap bakteri gram positif maupun gram negatif.

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Mango ginger (Curcuma amada) is herbal plant belonging to Curcuma genus and Zingiberaceae family. Several studies proved that this plant had interesting biological activities such as antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antihelmytic, antihyperglycemic, antitubercular, and plays a role in lowering cholesterol. Research on isolated compounds from mango ginger showed that this plant consisted of volatile compounds (essential oil), phenolic acids, flavonoids, curcuminoids, and terpenoids. This study aims to isolate phenolic compounds from ethanol extract of mango ginger rhizomes and to analyze its antibacterial activity based on literary review from various international journals. The rhizomes of mango ginger were macerated in ethanol (3 x 24 hours) to obtain 50.73 g ethanol extract with the percentage yield of 5.084% (w/w). Phytochemical tests on the ethanol extract exhibited the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins and saponins. The results of fractionation and purification of ethanol extract using various chromatography techniques such as vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), column chromatography (CC), and preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) produced three simple isolates (fractions C1, F1, and F2). The three isolates then were characterized using UV-Vis, FT-IR, and LC-MS instruments to determine their structures. According to the characterization data, three isolates were identified as curcumin (C1 fraction), naringenin (F1 fraction), and the mixture of curcumin and naringenin (F2 fraction). Literary studies from various international journals showed that mango ginger rhizomes had"