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"Diosphyros celebica Bakh., also known as Sulawesi ebony, is an endemic to central and northern Sulawesi. Information about pollen dispersal patterns of D. celebica have not been previously investigated. This study was aimed to determine pollination type, percentage of selfing and outcrossing, as well as distance of pollen dispersal of D. celebica. This study was conducted at experimental forest of Universitas Hasanuddin, Maros District, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. One hundred and sixty six individuals of D. celebica consisted of adult trees and seedlings were analyzed in this study. Ninety four adult trees were selected to become parent trees. The trees were mapped with GPS coordinates . All samples were genotyped using four SSR markers loci. Parental analysis and determination of pollen dispersal patterns were carried out using Cervus 3.0.3. Results indicated that the evaluated markers were effective for assigning candidate of male parents to all evaluated seedlings. Donated pollens could come from male parents in any directions relative to female parent positions. Pollen dispersal pattern showed outcrossing pollination among different male parents (pollen donated trees). The results indicated that seeds were produced predominatly by outcrossing. Pollen dispersal reached up to 166 m. Pollen related processes were linked through female parents, pollinators availability and ecological environment. Simultaneous use of progeny genotyping, spatially explicit analysis of environmental variables and outcomes of plant–animal interactions, were the key elements for an expanded approach to gene flow analysis considering dispersal via pollen and seeds. Research on pollen dispersal of D. celebica should be carried out in other forest types, such as mixed forest and highland forest."

"Diosphyros celebica Bakh., also known as Sulawesi ebony, is an endemic to central and northern Sulawesi. Information about pollen dispersal patterns of D. celebicahave not been previously investigated. This study was aimed to determine pollination type, percentage ofselfing and outcrossing, as well as distance ofpollen dispersal of D. celebica.This study was conducted at experimental forest of Universitas Hasanuddin, Maros District, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. One hundred and sixty six individuals ofD. celebicaconsisted ofadult trees and seedlings were analyzed in this study. Ninety four adult trees were selected to become parent trees. The trees were mapped with GPS coordinates. All samples were genotyped using four SSR markers loci. Parental analysis and determination ofpollen dispersal patterns were carried out using Cervus 3.0.3.Results indicated that the evaluated markers were effective for assigning candidate ofmale parents to all evaluated seedlings. Donated pollens could come from male parents in any directions relative to female parent positions. Pollen dispersal pattern showed outcrossing pollination among different male parents (pollen donated trees). The results indicated that seeds were produced predominatly by outcrossing. Pollen dispersal reached up to 166 m. Pollen related processes were linked through female parents, pollinators availability and ecological environment. Simultaneous use ofprogeny genotyping, spatially explicit analysis ofenvironmental variables and outcomes ofplant–animal interactions were the key elements for an expanded approach to gene flow analysis considering dispersal via pollen and seeds. Research on pollen dispersal of D. celebica should be carried out in other forest types, such as mixed forest and highland forest."

"Anoa merupakan satwa endemik Sulawesi yang terancam punah karena perburuan liar dan kehilangan habitat. Informasi terkait manajemen reproduksi anoa masih terbatas, sehingga upaya konservasi menjadi terhambat. Penelitian terkait manajemen reproduksi perlu dilakukan untuk mengoptimalkan pengembangbiakan anoa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor pendukung keberhasilan kebuntingan anoa (Bubalus depressicornis C.H. Smith, 1827) melalui kawin alami serta mendeteksi kebuntingan anoa (Bubalus depressicornis C.H. Smith, 1827) melalui perubahan perilaku dan morfologi, pengukuran profil biokimia urine, dan gambaran ultrasonografi transabdominal. Penelitian dilakukan di Anoa Breeding Centre Manado (ABC), Sulawesi Utara. Pengambilan data penelitian dilakukan pada Juli–Oktober 2017 untuk mengetahui siklus estrus, waktu optimal kawin, dan perilaku kawin anoa, pada Maret–Mei 2019 untuk melakukan verifikasi keberhasilan perkawinan alami anoa selama periode April 2016– Mei 2019, dan Januari–Mei 2019 untuk pengukuran profil biokimia urine. Penelitian menggunakan 2 ekor anoa jantan dan 4 ekor anoa. Faktor pendukung kebuntingan dianalisis menggunakan analisis jalur dengan bantuan perangkat lunak SmartPLS dan analisis diskriminan. Data perubahan perilaku dan morfologi dianalisis menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Data profil biokimia urine dianalisis menggunakan uji T. Data USG transabdominal dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat variasi panjang dan lama estrus di antara individu anoa. Panjang siklus estrus anoa berkisar antara 14–24 hari dengan lama estrus 2–4 hari. Berdasarkan hasil SmartPLS diketahui bahwa faktor eksternal (manajemen dan iklim) dan faktor internal (individu jantan dan individu betina) tidak menunjukkan adanya pengaruh nyata terhadap kebuntingan. Berdasarkan analisis Principal Component Analysis (PCA) diketahui bahwa karakteristik utama perubahan perilaku dan morfologi yang menjadi penanda kebuntingan yaitu puting membengkak, ambing susu membengkak, rambut mengilap, bentuk abdomen membesar dan turun, dan frekuensi makan yang meningkat. Peningkatan nilai kadar glukosa dan total protein di dalam urine anoa yang sedang bunting terjadi secara nyata yang nyata USG transabdominal tidak mampu menunjukkan kenampakan vesikel embrionik sebagai tanda awal kebuntingan. USG transabdominal menunjukkan dengan jelas gambaran organ tubuh janin yaitu tulang dada, tulang belakang, kepala, jantung, dan paru-paru pada usia kebuntingan bulan ke-6 atau hari ke-191.

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Anoa is Sulawesi's endemic animal that is endangered due to poaching and habitat loss. Information regarding the management of anoa reproduction is still limited, so conservation efforts are hampered. Research related to reproductive management needs to be done to optimize the breeding of anoa. This study aims to determine the factors supporting the success of anoa pregnancy (Bubalus depressicornis CH Smith, 1827) through natural mating and detecting anoa pregnancy (Bubalus depressicornis CH Smith, 1827) through behavioral and morphological changes, measurement of urine biochemical profile, and transabdominal ultrasonography. The study was conducted at Anoa Breeding Center in Manado (ABC), North Sulawesi. The research data was collected in July- October 2017 to find out the estrous cycle, optimal mating time, and mating behavior, in March-May 2019 to verify the success of anoa natural mating during the April 2016-May 2019 period, and January -May 2019 for urine biochemical profile measurement. The study used 2 male Anoa and 4 Anoa. Pregnancy supporting factors were analyzed using path analysis with the help of SmartPLS software and discriminant analysis. Behavior and morphological change data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The urine biochemical profile data were analyzed using the T-test. Transabdominal ultrasound data was analyzed descriptively. The results showed that there were variations in the length and duration of estrus among individual anoa. The length of estrous anoa cycles ranges from 14-24 days with estrous length of 2-4 days. Based on the results of SmartPLS, it is known that external factors (management and climate) and internal factors (male and female individuals) do not show any real influence on pregnancy. Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis, it is known that the main characteristics of behavioral and morphological changes are that pregnancy becomes swollen nipples, swollen udders, shiny hair, enlarged and lowered abdominal shape, and increased frequency of eating. An increase in the value of glucose levels and total protein in the urine of a pregnant anoa occurs significantly that transabdominal ultrasound is not able to show the appearance of embryonic vesicles as an early sign of pregnancy. Transabdominal ultrasound clearly shows a picture of fetal organs, namely the breastbone, spine, head, heart, and lungs at the age of pregnancy in the 6th month or 191st day."

"lake towuti is a tectonic-oligotrophic (A=56000 ha) located in malili complex, south sulawesi and has been designated as a recreation park. this lake is one of the ancient lakes in sulawesi. there are 29 fish species from 13 families in lake towuti, 19 species are endemic. all of the andemic fishes are recently utilized by people around the lake for consumption (fresh fish, dry fish and salty fish). on the other side the fast growth of fishing activities especially used a dipnet ("bagan") namely instrument unfriendly environmenral increases number, in 2007 totaled 19 and in 2009 had reached 30 pieces. an increasing number of dipnet that are operating in the waters of this indicates a threat to fish populations endemic. there are indication that lake towuti has been biologically contaminated. considering potential threats againts endemic ichthyofauna of lake towuti enough redoubted, then information about the ecological parameters already collected should be used to designate and map conservation area zoning endemic ichthyofauna."

"A total of 2,310 individuals of elasmobranch fishes consisting of 60 species from 13 families were recorded from survey trips in Kalimantan were visited from September 2005 to November 2006....."

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Pinang Jawa (Pinanga javana Blume) merupakan spesies palem endemik Pulau Jawa.  Keberadaan Pinang Jawa diketahui terdistribusi di hutan dataran tinggi.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan autekologi Pinang Jawa secara komprehensif.  Lokasi penelitian dilakukan di lereng selatan dan lereng timur Gunung Slamet. Metode pengambilan data menggunakan metode purposive sampling dengan membuat plot berukuran 10x10 m berjumlah 183 plot.  Analisis data menggunaan analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif.  Analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk menjelaskan perkembangan pertumbuhan Pinang Jawa. Analisis untuk mengetahui pola penyebaran menggunakan perhitungan indeks Morisita.  Asosiasi pertumbuhan Pinang Jawa diketahui dengan perhitungan tabel kontingensi 2x2, uji Chi-square, dan indeks Jaccard. Analisis statistik diterapkan untuk pengujian faktor abiotik yang mempengaruhi kehadiran dan kerapatan Pinang Jawa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa stuktur populasi Pinang Jawa didominasi oleh individu dewasa dengan kelas tinggi antara 6,1 – 8,1 m dan kelas diameter 7 – 8,9 cm. Pola penyebaran Pinang Jawa di Gunung Slamet yaitu menyebar berkelompok.  Berdasarkan pengamatan selama penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyebaran Pinang Jawa secara alami dilakukan oleh musang hutan dengan banyak ditemukannya kotoran musang hutan yang terdiri atas biji Pinang Jawa.  Pertumbuhan Pinang Jawa diketahui tidak mempunyai asosiasi dengan tumbuhan lain.  Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan dan kerapatan Pinang Jawa dipengaruhi oleh kelerengan, ketebalan seresah, dan kelembaban udara.  Ancaman terhadap habitat Pinang Jawa diklasifikasikan berdasarkan faktor manusia dan alam.

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Pinang Jawa (Pinanga javana Blume) is an endemic palm species in Java. The existence of Pinang Jawa is known to be distributed in highland forests. This study aims to explain the autecology of Pinang Jawa in a comprehensive manner. The location of the study was carried out on the southern slope and the eastern slope of Mount Slamet. The data collection method uses a purposive sampling method by making 10x10 m plots totaling 183 plots. Data analysis uses qualitative and quantitative analysis. Descriptive analysis is used to explain the developmental growth of Pinang Jawa. Analysis to find out the distribution pattern using the Morisita index calculation. The Pinang Jawa growth association is known by the calculation of the 2x2 contingency table, the Chi-square test, and the Jaccard index. Statistical analysis was applied for testing abiotic factors that influence the presence and density of Pinang Jawa. The results showed that the structure of Pinang Jawa population was dominated by high-grade adult individuals between 6.1 - 8.1 m and diameter classes 7 - 8.9 cm. The pattern of the spread of Pinang Jawa on Mt. Slamet is spread in groups. Based on observations during the study showed that the spread of Pinang Jawa was naturally carried out by forest civet with many found civet feces of forest consisting of Pinang Jawa seeds. The growth of Pinang Jawa is known to have no association with other plants. The results of the statistical analysis show that the presence and density of Pinang Jawa is influenced by slope, litter thickness, and air humidity. Threats to Pinang Jawa habitat are classified based on human and natural factors.

 

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"Ruang lingkup dan Cara penelitian: Buah merah merupakan tanaman yang kaya akan bahan-bahan antioksidan seperti beta karoten dan alfa tokoferol. Baik buah maupun minyaknya sudah banyak dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat dan diyakini memiliki khasiat dalam pengobatan berbagai penyakit, salah satunya adalah kanker. Meskipun buah merah sudah digunakan secara luas oleh masyarakat, namun penelitian ilmiah tentang khasiat buah merah masih sangat terbatas. Penelitian pengaruh minyak buah merah terhadap karsinogenesis hati pada tikus yang diinduksi N-2-Fluroenilasetamida (FAA) bertujuan untuk menganalisis perlindungan minyak buah merah terhadap karsinogenesis akibat FAA pada tikus. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan 24 ekor tikus jantan galur Wistar, berumur ± 3 bulan dengan berat badan berkisar 150-200 gram, yang dibagi ke dalam 4 kelompok yaitu: kelompok kontrol, merupakan kelompok yang mendapatkan akuades, kelompok BM, adalah kelompok yang diberi minyak buah merah 10μl/gram BB/hari, kelompok FAA, merupakan kelompok yang diinduksi karsinogenesis FAA 40μg/hari dan kelompok BM+FAA, merupakan kelompok yang mendapatkan minyak buah merah dan FAA dengan dosis yang sama dengan kelompok BM dan kelompok FAA Perlakuan diberikan dengan sonde lambung setiap had selama ± 8 minggu. Pada minggu ke 8 tikus dikorbankan kemudian diambil hati dan darab dari jantung. Sebagai parameter karsinogenesis adalah kadar asam sialat, kadar proteasom dan skor karsinogenesis berdasarkan pemeriksaan histopatologis. Disamping itu juga diukur parameter untuk menilai fungsi hati seperti: albumin, protein total dan pola elekroforesis protein plasma serta aktivitas glutamatepiruvate transaminase (GPT) plasma. Data penelitian kemudian diolah secara statistik.Hasil dan kesimpulan: Pada pemeriksaan asam sialat ditemukan bahwa kadar asam sialat hati kelompok FAA secara statistik lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol, namun demikian kadar asam sialat plasma belum ditemukan perbedaan yang bermakna. Uji statistik yang dilakukan terhadap kadar proteasom plasma dan jaringan hati menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antar kelompok perlakuan. Sedangkan pemeriksaan histopatologis memperlihatkan skor karsinogenesis kelompok FAA lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan kontrol. Sementara itu pemeriksaan asam sialat, proteasom maupun histopatologis kelompok BM+FAA tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan kelompok FAA. Dari basil-basil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa karsinogenesis yang terjadi masih pada tahap dini dan belum ditemukan perlindungan minyak buah merah terhadap karsinogenesis. Pada penilaian fungsi hati tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna kadar protein total, kadar albumin dan pola elektroforesis protein plasma. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa FAA walaupun sudah menimbulkan karsinogenesis tapi tidak menggangu fungsi hati. Pada pemeriksaan GPT plasma ditemukan aktivilas pada kelompok BM dan FAA Iebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan kelompok kontrol atau kelompok FAA. Hal ini memberikan kesan bahwa minyak buah merah, walaupun tidak menyebabkan karsinogenesis hati namun dapat menimbulkan kerusakan hati. Hal ini didukung oleh pemeriksaan histopatologis jaringan hati yaitu ditemukannya gambaran degenerasi hidropik yang menandai awal kerusakan sel hati.

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Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) is an endemic plant in Eastern Indonesia especially in Papua. This fruit has been used traditionally since many years ago for various purposes such as daily food consumption, traditional medicine, handycraft etc. As traditional medicine it is believed that this fruit can cure many diseases like cancer, AIDS, arthritis and many others. This advantage might be due to it's rich antioxidant substances such as carotene and a tocopherol. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of red fruit oil on FAA induced carcinogenesis in rat Twenty four male Wistar rats, approximately 3 months old, weighing 150-200 g were equally divided into 4 groups. The first (control) group, received distilled water. The second (BM) group received 10pLIg body weight/day of red fruit oil. The third (FAA) group received 40µg FAAIday. The fourth (BM+FAA) group received red fruit oil as well as FAA with similar dose as BM and FAA group_ The treatments were given for eight weeks and at the end of S~' weeks the animal were sacrificed, liver and the blood were collected. To analyzed liver carcinogenesis, the level of sialic acid, proteasome and histopathological based carcinogenesis score were measured To asses liver function, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activity, albumin and total plasma level protein were measured, and plasma protein electrophoresis pattern were also determined. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test.

This study showed that liver sialic acid level of FAA rats was significantly higher than those in the control group but there was no statistically difference between sialic plasma level of FAA group compared to the control. The liver and proteasome plasma level found to be similar among the groups. Histopatological finding showed that carcinogenesis scores in FAA group was higher than the control group. Moreover, there were no differences in sialic acid level as well as carcinogenesis scores between BM+FAA group compared to FAA group. The analysis of liver function showed that liver function of all groups were still in normal range.

It can be concluded that the FAA induced liver carcinogenesis was still in early stage and red fruit oil supplementation has no protection effect on liver carcinogenesis. Surprisingly, the plasma GPT activity of BM and BM+FAA group were significantly higher than control group or FAA group_ This result showed that red fruit oil supplementation it self, even though couldn't induce carcinogenesis, lead to liver cells changes, a cloudy swelling degeneration, which reflecting an early liver injury."

"Limfatik filariasis atau yang lebih dikenal dengan penyakit kaki gajah adalah salah satu penyakit yang endemik di wilayah Papua. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh cacing filaria yang menyerang saluran dan kelenjar getah bening pada manusia dan ditularkan oleh nyamuk. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh tiga jenis cacing filaria, yaitu Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, dan Brugia timori yang ditularkan oleh nyamuk dengan genus Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, dan Mansonia. Pemerintah telah melakukan banyak upaya dalam menanggulangi penyakit ini, salah satunya adalah melalui pengobatan, yaitu BELKAGA (Bulan ELiminasi Kaki Gajah). Penelitian ini menggunakan model matematika untuk membahas bagaimana penanggulangan penyakit limfatik filariasis dengan mempertimbangkan beberapa intervensi, yaitu penggunaan repellent, proses screening, pengobatan bersaturasi, dan fumigasi. Model dikonstruksi dengan menggunakan pendekatan sistem persamaan diferensial nonlinier berdimensi sembilan dengan dua populasi. Populasi manusia dibagi ke dalam enam kompartemen dan populasi nyamuk dibagi ke dalam tiga kompartemen. Selanjutnya, dilakukan kajian analitik terhadap model yang telah dikonstruksi, yaitu menentukan eksistensi dan menganalisis kestabilan titik kesetimbangan, menentukan bilangan reproduksi dasar (R0), dan menyelidiki eksistensi bifurkasi dari model yang terbentuk. Kemudian, dilakukan simulasi numerik pada model yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil-hasil kajian analitik maupun numerik pada akhirnya akan dianalisis agar diperoleh interpretasi yang dapat memberi manfaat dalam pemahaman penanggulangan penyakit limfatik filariasis.

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Lymphatic filariasis or better known as elephantiasis, is a disease that is endemic to Papua. This disease is caused by filarial worms that attack the ducts and lymph nodes in humans and are transmitted by mosquitoes. Three types of filarial worms cause this disease, namely Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. Mosquitoes that transmit it are from the genus Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, and Mansonia. The government has made various efforts to overcome this disease, one of which is through treatment, namely BELKAGA (Bulan Eliminasi Kaki Gajah). This thesis use a mathematical model to discuss how to treat lymphatic filariasis by considering several interventions, namely repellents, the screening process, saturation treatment, and fumigation. The model will use a nine-dimensional nonlinear differential equation system approach with two populations. The human population will divide into six compartments, and the mosquito population divides into three compartments. Furthermore, an analytical study will be carried out on the model that has been built, namely determining the existence and analyzing the stability of the equilibrium point, determining the basic reproduction number R0, and investigating the existence of the bifurcation of the model. Then a numerical simulation will be carried out on the model proposed in this study. This thesis will analyze the results of analytical and numerical studies to obtain interpretations that can help understand the prevention of lymphatic filariasis."