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"This book focuses on the utilisation of construction waste material as coarse aggregate in making concrete. It discusses in detail the behaviour of recycled aggregate under impact load along with other structural applications, and explains the various quality-improvement techniques for recycled aggregate and recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). The first chapter describes the importance of recycling construction and demolition waste and the status quo of global construction and demolition waste recycling. The second chapter examines the recycled aggregate production methodology. Subsequent chapters address the physical and mechanical characteristics and different research findings, as well as the engineering properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Further, the interrelationships among the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete are discussed. The book also explores long-term properties like shrinkage and creep, durability properties, and microstructural characterisation. It will serve as a valuable resource for researchers and professionals alike."

"In the construction world, concrete is still the main choice because of good economic value, as well as a variety of advantages. As one of the primary material in the construction world, concrete has always been developed in order to achieve improvement. Nearly all the material used for the manufacture of concrete using materials from nature so that with the use of concrete, the many large-scale mining occurred on natural rocks as concrete forming materials. This causes the least capacity provided by nature. Based on the results of an experimental study, recycled aggregate mortar containing 25% to 45% for coarse aggregate, and 70% to 100% for fine aggregate. From the explanation of it, arising out of research on the use of recycled aggregates instead of natural aggregate in concrete production. In this study, the waste concrete is concrete that is used with the K300-K350 quality crushed into aggregate recycling. The study was conducted on compressive strength, flexural strength, and shrinkage of the concrete. Compressive strength is reviewed at the age of 7 to 56 days, whereas for flexural strength at 28 and 56 days. For the composition of recycled aggregate is set at 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%. Results of the testing showed that concrete with recycled coarse aggregate 20% has the highest compressive strength value, which is an increase of 22.67% from the normal concrete compressive strength at 28 days. The results of flexural strength testing, concrete with recycled coarse aggregate composition of 20% and 40% had the highest flexural strength values, ie an increase of 2.1807% of the flexural strength of normal concrete at 28 days. For shrinkage testing, concrete with recycled coarse aggregate content of 60% has the highest shrinkage rate when compared with the composition of the mixture of other aggregate.

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Dalam dunia konstruksi, beton masih menjadi pilihan utama karena nilai ekonomisnya yang baik, serta berbagai keuntungan. Sebagai salah satu material utama dalam dunia konstruksi, beton selalu dikembangkan demi mencapai peningkatan. Hampir semua material yang digunakan untuk pembuatan beton menggunakan material dari alam sehingga dengan penggunaan beton yang banyak maka terjadi penambangan besar-besaran terhadap batuan alam sebagai bahan pembentuk beton. Hal ini menyebabkan semakin sedikitnya kapasitas yang disediakan oleh alam. Berdasarkan hasil studi eksperimental, agregat daur ulang mengandung mortar sebesar 25% hingga 45% untuk agregat kasar, dan 70% hingga 100% untuk agregat halus. Dari penjabaran itu, timbul penelitian mengenai penggunaan agregat daur ulang sebagai pengganti agregat alam pada pembuatan beton. Dalam penelitian ini, limbah beton yang digunakan adalah beton dengan mutu K300-K350 yang dihancurkan menjadi agregat daur ulang. Penelitian dilakukan pada kuat tekan, kuat lentur, dan susut pada beton. Kuat tekan ditinjau pada umur 7 hingga 56 hari, sedangkan untuk kuat lentur pada 28 dan 56 hari. Untuk komposisi agregat daur ulang ditetapkan sebesar 0%, 20%, 40%, dan 60%. Hasil dari pengujian didapatkan bahwa beton dengan agregat kasar daur ulang 20% mempunyai nilai kuat tekan tertinggi, yaitu meningkat sebesar 22,67% dari kuat tekan beton normal pada umur 28 hari. Hasil pengujian kuat lentur, beton dengan komposisi agregat kasar daur ulang 20% dan 40% memiliki nilai kuat lentur tertinggi, yaitu meningkat sebesar 2,1807% dari kuat lentur beton normal pada umur 28 hari. Untuk pengujian susut, beton dengan kandungan agregat kasar daur ulang 60% memiliki nilai susut tertinggi apabila dibandingkan dengan komposisi campuran agregat lainnya."

"Bandung is a city with rapid growth of development and should be offset by increassing the level of good health. To make it happen, it is required to have a good health facilities such as hospital. A hospital should provide comfort to patients and other occupants, especially if there is a fire, earthquake or other natural disaster so that patients can be evacuated safely. Therefore, it is necessary to design an appropriate evacuation system that is ramp. Ramp can be designed separate or conected to the main structure. Those are 2 variation in this research. After analysis of comparative strength, stiffness and ductility of the variations, found that hospital with ramp conected to main structure has greater strength, stiffness and ductility than the hospital with ramp separated to main structure. But hospital with conected ramp has high torsional irregularity (torsional irregularity 1b), so this building has to be improved by adding shearwall on a side of the main building.

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Bandung merupakan kota dengan perkembangan pertumbuhan yang pesat sehingga harus diimbangi dengan peningkatan taraf kesehatan yang baik pula. Untuk mewujudkannya diperlukan penyediaan sarana kesehatan yang baik yaitu rumah sakit. Rumah sakit harus memberikan rasa nyaman bagi para pasien dan penghuninya, khususnya jika terjadi kebakaran, gempa atau bencana alam lainnya sehingga pasien dapat dievakusi secara aman dan lancar. Oleh karena itu diperlukan perancangan sistem evakuasi berupa ramp. Ramp dapat dirancang terpisah atau menyatu dengan struktur utama. Hal tersebut merupakan variasi pada penelitian ini. Setelah dilakukan analisa terhadap perbandingan kekakuan, kekuatan dan daktilitas, diperoleh bahwa rumah sakit yang rampnya menyatu memiliki kekakuan, kekuatan dan daktilitas yang dominan lebih besar dibandingkan rumah sakit yang rampnya terpisah. Namun ketidakberaturan torsi pada bangunan yang rampnya disatukan tidak terpenuhi sehingga dilakukan perbaikan terhadap struktur ini dengan menambah dinding geser pada salah satu sisi bangunan."

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persebaran temperatur pada beton massa yang ditinjau secara horizontal pada raft foundation Rasuna Tower. Parameter yang ditinjau dalam makalah ini adalah initial temperatur, temperatur maksimum, perbedaan temperatur dan tegangan yang terjadi pada beton massa secara horizontal. Batasan temperatur maksimum dan perbedaan temperatur yang diizinkan pada umumnya adalah 70°C dan perbedaan temperatur ≥ 20 °C. perbedaan temperatur yang terjadi tergantung dari pengendalian temperatur yang dilakukan. Temperatur puncak yang terjadi ± 80 °C. Temperatur puncak yang terjadi tergantung dari initial temperature dan mix design. Tegangan yang terjadi dipengaruhi oleh perubahan temperatur pada nodal. Semakin jauh jaraknya dari tepi maka semakin tinggi temperatur yang terjadi karena pelepasan panas yang semakin lama. Namun pada penyebaran tegangan, nilainya tidak dipengaruhi oleh jarak ke tepi beton. Tapi sangat dipengaruhi oleh lapisan insulasi dan terdekat dengan titik yang ditinjau.

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This final report aims to determine the temperature distribution in mass concrete terms horizontally on a raft foundation Rasuna Tower. The parameters of interest in this paper is the initial temperature, maximum temperature, temperature difference and stress happened on mass concrete horizontally. The maximum temperature and the temperature difference that allowed in general is 70°C and not exceed 20°C. Temperature difference that occur depends on the temperature control is performed. Peak temperature occurred ± 80°C. Peak temperature is dependent on the initial temperature and mix design. Stress that occurs is influenced by changes in the nodal temperature. Increasing distance from the edge makes higher temperatures due to the longer heat release. The deployment stress is not influenced by the distance to the edge of the concrete but is strongly influenced by the insulation layer and the closest to the point of being reviewed."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai perilaku lentur papan laminasi dengan bahan karton minuman daur ulang/ kotak aseptik yang menggunakan perekat phenol formaldehida. Kotakaseptik tersebut dipotong menjadi ukuran cacah 50 mm x 5 mm. Dalam pengujian digunakan persentase phenol formaldehida 0%, 2,5%, 5%, dan 7,5% dengan menggunakan perbandingan berat terhadap cacah aseptik. Dari hasil pengujian kuat lentur, papan partikel dengan persentase phenol formaldehida 0% merupakan hasil yang terbaik dibandingkan dengan papan partikel dengan persentase phenol formaldehida 2,5% ,5%, dan 7,5%. Selanjutnya papan partikel dengan persentase phenol formaldehida 0% akan direkatkan menjadi papan laminasi 2 lapis dan 3 lapis dengan perekat panas(phenol formaldehida) yang akan dibandingkan kekuatannya bila menggunakan perekat dingin (epoksi).

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ABSTRACTThe final project discussed about bending behavior of board laminates of recycled beverage carton/aseptic using phenol formaldehyd adhesive. The aseptic was cut to be spesific meassure 50mm x 5 mm in size. In eksperimental used 0%, 2,5%, 5%, and 7,5% of phenol formaldehyde. From the results of flexural strength testing, particle board with phenol formaldehyde percentage of 0% was the best result if compared with the percentage of particle board with 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% of phenol formaldehyde. Furthermore, particle board with percentage of phenol formaldehyde 0% would be glued to rise 2 ply and 3 ply of board laminates with hot glue (phenol formaldehyde) that will be compared its strength when using cold adhesive (epoxy)."

"Menurut sebuah studi oleh “World Business Council for Sustainable Developmet”, diungkapkan bahwa hampir 3 ton beton digunakan untuk setiap manusia di bumi ini. Beton daur ulang memberikan kelebihan preservasi alam terhadap keberadaan material alam yang akan habis jika digunakan terus menerus. Komponen agregat daur ulang ini salah satunya adalah agregat kasar yang berasal dari sisa-sisa beton kontruksi bangunan yang tidak terpakai, dan juga sisa pengujian material laboratorium. Akan tetapi, di Indonesia masih belum banyak penelitian tentang beton daur ulang ini, terdapat perbedaan antara jenis semen yang digunakan di dimana terdapat perbedaan jenis semen yang digunakan antara di luar negeri dan Indonesia. Indonesia menggunakan PCC (Portland Composite Concrete). Selain perbedaan dalam hal penggunaan material, juga tidak terdapat pengontrolan kualitas dari agregat kasar daur ulang. Dengan diberlakukannya pengontrolan mutu didapatkan peningkatan mutu tekan dari beton daur ulang yang dihasilkan sebesar 117.46% pada komposisi 20%, demikian pula untuk pengujian lentur dapat menghasilkan lentur pada komposisi 40% sebesar 1,34%. Akan tetapi, untuk pengujian susut didapat nilai presentase susut yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan beton dengan kadar daur ulang 0%.

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According to a study by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, it reveals that nearly 3 tons of concrete has been used for every human being on this earth. Concrete that’s derived from recycled material, and it provides the advantages of natural preservation of the existence of natural materials that will be depleted if used continuously. The recycled aggregate components, one of which is coarse aggregate derived from the remnants of concrete construction of unused buildings, and also the rest of the material tested from a laboratory.. However, in Indonesia there is still not much research on recycled concrete, where there is a difference between the type of cement used abroad and in Indonesia where we use PCC (Portland Composite Concrete). In addition to the differences in the use of materials, there is also no quality control of the recycled coarse aggregate recycling. With the obtained quality control applied, the quality of recycled concrete press can be generated at 117.46% at the 20% composition. Testing flexural bending can result in a composition of 40% at 1.34%. Nevertheless, for testing shrinkage percentage, shrinkage values have ​​obtained greater percentage than the concrete with recycled content at 0%."

"The response of concrete under tensile loading is crucial for most applications because concrete is much weaker in tension than in compression. Understanding the response mechanisms of concrete under tensile conditions is therefore key to understanding and using concrete in structural applications. Understanding the tensile properties of concrete summarises key recent research in this important subject.After an introduction to concrete, the book is divided into two parts: part one on static response and part two on dynamic response. Part one starts with a summary chapter on the most important parameters that affect the tensile response of concrete. Chapters show how multi scale modelling is used to relate concrete composition to tensile properties. Part two focuses on dynamic response and starts with an introduction to the different regimes of dynamic loading, ranging from the low frequency loading by wind or earthquakes up to the extreme dynamic conditions due to explosions and ballistic impacts. Following chapters review dynamic testing techniques and devices that deal with the various regimes of dynamic loading. Later chapters highlight the dynamic behaviour of concrete from different viewpoints, and the book ends with a chapter on practical examples of how detailed knowledge on tensile properties is used by engineers in structural applications."

"In this handbook, the editors systematically present the maximum possible number of known eco-materials, including ”cyclic” materials; materials for ecology and environmental protection; materials for society and human health; and materials for energy based on two main criteria: their sources and their functions. Eco-materials (also called “environmentally friendly materials” or “environmentally preferable” materials) are materials that enhance, or refrain from damaging, the environment throughout their life cycles.The chapters are written by global leaders in their fields. The book will cater to the strong and ever-increasing demand for energy, benign materials, and cost efficiency. Eco-materials is arguably one of the most important fields of modern science & technology. "