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"This study aims to reveal the phenomenon of compliance with mandatory spending on education and health in 29 regencies/cities in Papua. The data analysis method applies quantitative descriptive data by using regional financial data, namely: Regional Revenue and Expenditure Targets, Education and Health Expenditure Allocation for Fiscal Year 2021, Realization of Regional Income, and Expenditure, Education and Health Expenditure Allocation for the Fiscal Year 2017-2020. The main finding of this study is that 27 local governments have not complied with mandatory spending on education, while for health, there are six local governments in Papua. Of course, this fact indicates one of the weaknesses in achieving the competitiveness of human development in Papua. Next is the fact that study results show that the amount of regional income and expenditure is not necessarily accompanied by the level of compliance with mandatory spending. This indicates the poor quality of planning and budgeting at the local government level in Papua. The author is aware of the limitations of this study; in disclosing the facts of compliance with mandatory spending on education and health, it is hoped that further research can measure the impact of mandatory spending on regional development performance indicators through an econometric model approach."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh kebijakan mandatory spending bidang pendidikan terhadap efisiensi belanja daerah di bidang pendidikan. Dalam menganalisis hubungan antara mandatory spending dan efisiensi belanja daerah, studi ini menggunakan teori terkait earmarking terutama model debate prevention yang menyatakan bahwa institusi pemegang dana earmark cenderung tidak efisien dalam melaksanakan belanjanya. Dengan data pendidikan yang diagregasi pada level kabuapten/kota sepanjang tahun 2016-2019 studi ini menemukan hasil yang mengkonfirmasi teori tersebut yaitu daerah-daerah yang memenuhi pengalokasian mandatory spending secara rata-rata memiliki tingkat efisiensi yang lebih rendah dibanding daerah-daerah yang belum/tidak memenuhi mandatory spending.

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This paper aims to study the effect of mandatory spending policy on local government spending efficiency especialy in education sector. We used debate prevention model in the earmarking literature to study the effect of mandatory spending that suggest institutions that have an earmark budget have tendency to make inefficient spending. Using data related to education sector aggregated at district/city level from 2016 to 2019, the result shows that district/city which are complied with minimum spending criterion at average have level of efficiency lower than district/city which are not complied with the minimum spending criterion."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan sebaran input (belanja) pendidikan dan indikator outcome pendidikan, serta menganalisis dampak belanja pendidikan terhadap indikator outcome pendidikan di Indonesia. Analisis pemetaan sebaran belanja dan indikator outcome pendidikan dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis Biplot. Sementara itu, dampak belanja pendidikan terhadap indikator pendidikan dianalisis menggunakan regresi data panel. Hasil analisis Biplot menunjukkan bahwa Belanja Pendidikan per Kapita memiliki korelasi positif dengan indikator outcome pendidikan. Pada beberapa provinsi, Rasio Guru Murid (RGM) memiliki korelasi positif dengan indikator pendidikan terutama pada indikator Angka Partisipasi Kasar (APK) tingkat SMA. Hasil analisis regresi data panel menunjukkan bahwa Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS), Tunjangan Guru, Dana Alokasi Khusus Fisik (DAK Fisik) Bidang Pendidikan, dan Jumlah Sekolah berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Angka Partisipasi Murni (APM) Wajib Belajar dan Rata-rata Lama Sekolah (RLS).Kemudian Tunjangan Guru, Dana Alokasi Khusus Fisik (DAK Fisik) Bidang Pendidikan, dan Jumlah Sekolah berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Harapan Lama ekolah(HLS). Penelitian ini merekomendasikan supaya pemerintah mempertimbangkan indikator outcome pendidikan per provinsi dalam mengalokasikan belanja pendidikan, dan mendorong pemerataan rasio dan kualitas guru untuk meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan di setiap provinsi."

"Contents: Foreword Preface Acknowledgments 1. A Background for the Profession 2. The History of Health and Health Education/Promotion 3. Philosophical Foundations 4. Theoretical Foundations 5. Ethics and Health Education/Promotion 6. The Health Education Specalisist: Roles, Responsibilities, Certifications, Advanced Study 7. The Settings for Health Education/Promotion 8. Agencies/Associations/Organizations Associated with Health Education/Promotion 9. The Literature of Health Education/Promotion 10. Future Trends in Health Education/Promotion Appendix A: Development of a Unified Code of Ethics for the Health Education Profession Appendix B: Responsibilities and Competencies Hierarchical Model (CUP) Appendix C: Eta Sigma Gamma Chapters: Locations and Dates of installation Glossary Credits Index"