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"Makalah ini membahas pola komposisional dalam buku cerita bergambar bilingual sebagai bentuk usulan kerangka membaca buku cerita bergambar bilingual. Studi kasus ini melakukan analisis wacana multimodal terhadap lima buku cerita bilingual Indonesia-Inggris. Pendekatan multimodal digunakan untuk memahami elemen visual dan teks bilingual dalam buku cerita bergambar. Analisis dilakukan dengan melihat pola fitur tata letak, bingkai, fokus, dan nilai informasi dari teks verbal dan visual. Studi ini menunjukkan beberapa temuan. Pertama, pola tata letak teks visual dalam buku cerita bilingual cenderung disusun terintegrasi di atas latar berwarna sehingga memudahkan pembaca mengenali teks verbal. Kedua, teks visual dan verbal cenderung dibuat tanpa bingkai dengan konteks digambarkan secara penuh sehingga pembaca merasa dekat dengan cerita. Ketiga, susunan fokus cenderung dibuat terpolarisasi pada dua kutub secara vertikal dengan menempatkan teks verbal di atas teks visual. Keempat, pengorganisasian teks verbal dalam buku cerita condong diletakkan pada posisi bernilai sedang untuk menyampaikan informasi umum dan familier bagi pembaca. Berdasarkan temuan tersebut, pembaca diharapkan dapat membangun interaksi dalam kegiatan membaca buku bersama dengan memanfaatkan pola-pola tersebut. Temuan ini juga dapat menjadi pertimbangan bagi pembaca dalam memilih buku bilingual sesuai tingkat literasi. Adapun susunan bahasa dalam buku bilingual perlu mendapat perhatian khusus bagi pembaca untuk menetapkan kembali tujuan membaca buku cerita bilingual, yakni sebagai bahan pendukung kegiatan belajar bahasa asing atau sebagai bahan bacaan rekreasi.

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This paper discusses the design of compositional meanings in bilingual picture books. It aims to offer a framework for reading bilingual picture books. Employing a case study, this study was conducted by using a multimodal discourse analysis drawing on five Indonesian - English picture books. The multimodal analytical approach involved the compositional meaning of the visual elements and dual texts in bilingual picture books. The analysis was carried out by examining the patterns of layout, frames, focus, and information values of verbiage and image in the books. This study highlights several findings. First, the layout design of verbiage and image tends to be arranged integrated over a coloured background making it easier for the reader to recognize the verbal text. Secondly, the image and verbiage tends to be frameless with contextualised background so as to allow readers to feel intimate with the story. The focus arrangements tend to be polarized vertically by placing the verbiage above the image. Finally, the organization of verbiage in bilingual picture books tends to be placed in a moderate value position conveying general and familiar information for readers. These findings suggest the expected reader to build interaction in joint-reading activities with those patterns of design. Readers however can choose their own bilingual picture books based on their level of literacy. The composition of languages in bilingual picture books require certain recognition from readers to redefine the purpose of reading bilingual books such as a supporting material for foreign language learning or as reading-for-pleasure material.

"

"ABSTRAKBuku cerita bergambar sangat bermanfaat, selain dapat menanamkan rasa cinta anak pada buku juga dapat menjalin keakraban anak dan orangtuanya. Di Indonesia, sejarah perkembangan buku cerita bergambar dimulai dari Balai Pustaka sebagai penerbit tertua dan juga pertama yang menerbitkan bacaan anak-anak. Sesudah tahun lima puluhan, barulah muncul buku cerita bergambar karya ilustrator dalam negeri. Walaupun penampilannya masih amat sederhana, namun buku-buku tersebut telah memenuhi syarat sebagai buku cerita bergambar. Selanjutnya sekitar tahun tujuh puluhan dengan munculnya penerbit-penerbit swasta yang menerbitkan bacaan anak, semakin bertambah pula buku cerita bergambar yang diterbitkan. Pada tahun tujuh puluhan ini ada beberapa buku cerita bergambar yang memiliki corak khas dari ilustrasinya, meskipun berwarna hitam-putih tetapi cukup dapat menumbuhkan imajinasi anak. Tahun delapan puluhan, adalah masa buku-buku terjemahan membanjiri bacaan anak terutama buku-buku yang memiliki ilustrasi sebagai porsi terbesar. Salah satu alasan mengapa penerbit-penerbit tersebut banyak menerbitkan buku cerita terjemahan, ialah karena masalah ongkos produksi yang tinggi unruk menerbitkan buku cerita bergambar dalam negeri. Keadaaan seperti ini tanpa disadari dapat membuat peranan ilustrator Indonesia semakin terpojok. Dalam waktu sepuluh tahun terakhir hingga pertengahan tahun 1988, tercatat jumlah buku cerita bergambar dalam negeri sebanyak 52,86% dan jumlah buku cerita bergambar luar negeri sebanyak 47,14%. Walaupun buku cerita bergambar yang diterbitkan atau yang beredar kini sudah lebih banyak dibandingkan sepuluh tahun yang lampau tetapi masih kurang baik dari segi variasi dan mutu. Beberapa masih berwarna hitam-putih. Tata letak dan ilustrasi kurang seimbang. Penggambaran karakter tokoh cerita masih lemah. Jumlah kalimat terlalu banyak. Dan penampilan ilustrasinya menunjukkan penguasaan teknik menggambar dari para ilustrator cukup baik.

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"

"Perkembangan NLP bahasa daerah di Indonesia masih tergolong lambat. Banyak faktor yang melatarbelakangi hal tersebut, seperti dokumentasi bahasa yang buruk, penutur bahasa yang sedikit, dan kurangnya sumber daya untuk mempelajari NLP bahasa daerah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode ekstraksi kamus dwibahasa Indonesia dan bahasa daerah yang umum untuk menghasilkan sumber daya NLP. Sistem yang dihasilkan mampu mengolah banyak kamus dwibahasa sekaligus menjadi sumber daya NLP. Kamus terlebih dahulu dikonversi ke dalam bentuk machine readable dan diolah ke bentuk korpus entri sebelum dilakukan ekstraksi. Korpus entri adalah korpus yang mengandung informasi lengkap setiap entri di dalam kamus beserta jenis font, ukuran, dan posisi setiap kata pada entri di dalam kamus dwibahasa. Proses ekstraksi dilakukan dengan memperhatikan pola entri sehingga perlu dilakukan tahap standardisasi entri terlebih dahulu sebelum sumber daya dibentuk. Selain pembentukan sumber daya, dilakukan pula perbaikan ejaan khusus untuk sumber daya korpus paralel. Dalam mengevaluasi hasil ekstraksi, diambil beberapa kamus dwibahasa sebagai sampel. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan memperhatikan ketepatan peletakan setiap komponen entri di dalam hasil ekstraksi. Tim peneliti menemukan bahwa sistem yang dibangun telah berhasil mengekstrak sumber daya NLP berupa leksikon bilingual, kamus morfologi, dan korpus paralel dengan optimal pada 32 kamus dwibahasa Indonesia dan bahasa daerah. Masih terdapat beberapa kekurangan pada sistem yang berhasil dibangun karena proses ekstraksi sangat bergantung dengan ketepatan pendeteksian font sehingga kualitas kamus masih memberikan pengaruh yang besar pada kualitas hasil ekstraksi.

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The development of regional language NLP in Indonesia is still relatively slow. There are several factors behind this, such as poor language documentation, a small number of speakers of the language, and lack of the resources needed to study regional language NLP. This research aims to develop a general extraction method for Indonesian and regional bilingual dictionaries to produce NLP resources. The resulting system is able to process multiple bilingual dictionaries at once into NLP resources. Dictionaries are converted to machine readable form and processed to the form of a corpus of entries in advance before extraction is carried out. A corpus of entries means corpus that contains full information of each entry in the dictionary as well as font style, font size, and the position of each word of the entry in the bilingual dictionary. The extraction process is carried out by observing the entry's pattern resulting in the entry standardization phase having to be done prior before resources are produced. Besides resource production, spell checking is also carried out specifically for parallel corpus resources. In order to evaluate the extraction results, several bilingual dictionaries are taken to be samples. Evaluation process is carried out by observing the accuracy of each entry component’s placement in the extraction results. Research team found that the resulting system has succeeded in extracting NLP resources optimally in the form of bilingual lexicon, morphology, and parallel corpus on 32 Indonesian and regional bilingual dictionaries. There are still some deficiencies in the developed system since the extraction process is highly dependent on the accuracy of font detection such that the qualities of dictionaries still have a big impact on the quality of extraction results."

"Perkembangan NLP bahasa daerah di Indonesia masih tergolong lambat. Banyak faktor yang melatarbelakangi hal tersebut, seperti dokumentasi bahasa yang buruk, penutur bahasa yang sedikit, dan kurangnya sumber daya untuk mempelajari NLP bahasa daerah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode ekstraksi kamus dwibahasa Indonesia dan bahasa daerah yang umum untuk menghasilkan sumber daya NLP. Sistem yang dihasilkan mampu mengolah banyak kamus dwibahasa sekaligus menjadi sumber daya NLP. Kamus terlebih dahulu dikonversi ke dalam bentuk machine readable dan diolah ke bentuk korpus entri sebelum dilakukan ekstraksi. Korpus entri adalah korpus yang mengandung informasi lengkap setiap entri di dalam kamus beserta jenis font, ukuran, dan posisi setiap kata pada entri di dalam kamus dwibahasa. Proses ekstraksi dilakukan dengan memperhatikan pola entri sehingga perlu dilakukan tahap standardisasi entri terlebih dahulu sebelum sumber daya dibentuk. Selain pembentukan sumber daya, dilakukan pula perbaikan ejaan khusus untuk sumber daya korpus paralel. Dalam mengevaluasi hasil ekstraksi, diambil beberapa kamus dwibahasa sebagai sampel. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan memperhatikan ketepatan peletakan setiap komponen entri di dalam hasil ekstraksi. Tim peneliti menemukan bahwa sistem yang dibangun telah berhasil mengekstrak sumber daya NLP berupa leksikon bilingual, kamus morfologi, dan korpus paralel dengan optimal pada 32 kamus dwibahasa Indonesia dan bahasa daerah. Masih terdapat beberapa kekurangan pada sistem yang berhasil dibangun karena proses ekstraksi sangat bergantung dengan ketepatan pendeteksian font sehingga kualitas kamus masih memberikan pengaruh yang besar pada kualitas hasil ekstraksi.

---

The development of regional language NLP in Indonesia is still relatively slow. There are several factors behind this, such as poor language documentation, a small number of speakers of the language, and lack of the resources needed to study regional language NLP. This research aims to develop a general extraction method for Indonesian and regional bilingual dictionaries to produce NLP resources. The resulting system is able to process multiple bilingual dictionaries at once into NLP resources. Dictionaries are converted to machine readable form and processed to the form of a corpus of entries in advance before extraction is carried out. A corpus of entries means corpus that contains full information of each entry in the dictionary as well as font style, font size, and the position of each word of the entry in the bilingual dictionary. The extraction process is carried out by observing the entry's pattern resulting in the entry standardization phase having to be done prior before resources are produced. Besides resource production, spell checking is also carried out specifically for parallel corpus resources. In order to evaluate the extraction results, several bilingual dictionaries are taken to be samples. Evaluation process is carried out by observing the accuracy of each entry component’s placement in the extraction results. Research team found that the resulting system has succeeded in extracting NLP resources optimally in the form of bilingual lexicon, morphology, and parallel corpus on 32 Indonesian and regional bilingual dictionaries. There are still some deficiencies in the developed system since the extraction process is highly dependent on the accuracy of font detection such that the qualities of dictionaries still have a big impact on the quality of extraction results."

"Perkembangan NLP bahasa daerah di Indonesia masih tergolong lambat. Banyak faktor yang melatarbelakangi hal tersebut, seperti dokumentasi bahasa yang buruk, penutur bahasa yang sedikit, dan kurangnya sumber daya untuk mempelajari NLP bahasa daerah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode ekstraksi kamus dwibahasa Indonesia dan bahasa daerah yang umum untuk menghasilkan sumber daya NLP. Sistem yang dihasilkan mampu mengolah banyak kamus dwibahasa sekaligus menjadi sumber daya NLP. Kamus terlebih dahulu dikonversi ke dalam bentuk machine readable dan diolah ke bentuk korpus entri sebelum dilakukan ekstraksi. Korpus entri adalah korpus yang mengandung informasi lengkap setiap entri di dalam kamus beserta jenis font, ukuran, dan posisi setiap kata pada entri di dalam kamus dwibahasa. Proses ekstraksi dilakukan dengan memperhatikan pola entri sehingga perlu dilakukan tahap standardisasi entri terlebih dahulu sebelum sumber daya dibentuk. Selain pembentukan sumber daya, dilakukan pula perbaikan ejaan khusus untuk sumber daya korpus paralel. Dalam mengevaluasi hasil ekstraksi, diambil beberapa kamus dwibahasa sebagai sampel. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan memperhatikan ketepatan peletakan setiap komponen entri di dalam hasil ekstraksi. Tim peneliti menemukan bahwa sistem yang dibangun telah berhasil mengekstrak sumber daya NLP berupa leksikon bilingual, kamus morfologi, dan korpus paralel dengan optimal pada 32 kamus dwibahasa Indonesia dan bahasa daerah. Masih terdapat beberapa kekurangan pada sistem yang berhasil dibangun karena proses ekstraksi sangat bergantung dengan ketepatan pendeteksian font sehingga kualitas kamus masih memberikan pengaruh yang besar pada kualitas hasil ekstraksi.

---

The development of regional language NLP in Indonesia is still relatively slow. There are several factors behind this, such as poor language documentation, a small number of speakers of the language, and lack of the resources needed to study regional language NLP. This research aims to develop a general extraction method for Indonesian and regional bilingual dictionaries to produce NLP resources. The resulting system is able to process multiple bilingual dictionaries at once into NLP resources. Dictionaries are converted to machine readable form and processed to the form of a corpus of entries in advance before extraction is carried out. A corpus of entries means corpus that contains full information of each entry in the dictionary as well as font style, font size, and the position of each word of the entry in the bilingual dictionary. The extraction process is carried out by observing the entry's pattern resulting in the entry standardization phase having to be done prior before resources are produced. Besides resource production, spell checking is also carried out specifically for parallel corpus resources. In order to evaluate the extraction results, several bilingual dictionaries are taken to be samples. Evaluation process is carried out by observing the accuracy of each entry component’s placement in the extraction results. Research team found that the resulting system has succeeded in extracting NLP resources optimally in the form of bilingual lexicon, morphology, and parallel corpus on 32 Indonesian and regional bilingual dictionaries. There are still some deficiencies in the developed system since the extraction process is highly dependent on the accuracy of font detection such that the qualities of dictionaries still have a big impact on the quality of extraction results."

"[ABSTRAKDalam makalah ini, penulis menganalisa penggabungan dua bahasa secara bersamaan oleh para penutur dwibahasa. Penggabungan bahasa ini disebut campur kode. Makalah ini membahas penggunaan campur kode antara dua kelompok penutur yang berbeda dalam acara kompetisi memasak Master Chef Indonesia (RCTI). Dua kelompok tersebut terdiri dari koki amatir dan koki profesional. Para penutur tersebut mencampurkode kata, frase, klausa, dan kalimat dari Bahasa Indonesia ke dalam Bahasa Inggris. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan apakah kecenderungan pemakaian campur kode yang berbeda antara kedua kelompok penutur secara tidak sadar dimaksudkan untuk menunjukkan keakraban dan hubungan kuasa di antara mereka. Dalam pembuktian tersebut, penulis menggunakan pola-pola campur kode dari Musyken dan teori bahasa dan hubungan kuasa dari El-daly. Karena adanya hubungan sosial di antara mereka, yaitu hubungan guru-siswa, ditemukan bahwa koki profesional lebih cenderung menggunakan campur kode dan memiliki kuasa yang lebih tinggi daripada koki amatir dalam kompetisi tersebut.;In bilingual phenomenon in Indonesia it is very common that speakers especially who sn bilingual phenomenon in Indonesia, it is very common that speakers, especially who speak two languages, combine two languages altogether in one sentence. This language combination is called code-mixing. This paper discusses the use of code-mixing between two different groups of speakers in the cooking competition show Master Chef Indonesia (RCTI). They are amateur chefs and professional chefs. The speakers code-mix words, phrases, clauses, and sentences from Indonesian into English. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the different tendencies of code-mixing between them are unconsciously meant to show their solidarity and power relation by utilizing Muysken?s fundamental patterns of code-mixing and El-daly?s theory of language and power relationship. Due to their social relationship which is teacher-student relationship, it is found that the professional chefs have more tendencies in using code-mixing and higher power than the amateur chefs in the competition show. peak two languages combine two languages altogether in one sentence This language combination is called code mixing This paper discusses the use of code mixing between two different groups of speakers in the cooking competition show Master Chef Indonesia RCTI They are amateur chefs and professional chefs The speakers code mix words phrases clauses and sentences from Indonesian into English The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the different tendencies of code mixing between them are unconsciously meant to show their solidarity and power relation by utilizing Muysken rsquo s fundamental patterns of code mixing and El daly rsquo s theory of language and power relationship Due to their social relationship which is teacher student relationship it is found that the professional chefs have more tendencies in using code mixing and higher power than the amateur chefs in the competition show ;In bilingual phenomenon in Indonesia it is very common that speakers especially who sn bilingual phenomenon in Indonesia, it is very common that speakers, especially who speak two languages, combine two languages altogether in one sentence. This language combination is called code-mixing. This paper discusses the use of code-mixing between two different groups of speakers in the cooking competition show Master Chef Indonesia (RCTI). They are amateur chefs and professional chefs. The speakers code-mix words, phrases, clauses, and sentences from Indonesian into English. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the different tendencies of code-mixing between them are unconsciously meant to show their solidarity and power relation by utilizing Muysken?s fundamental patterns of code-mixing and El-daly?s theory of language and power relationship. Due to their social relationship which is teacher-student relationship, it is found that the professional chefs have more tendencies in using code-mixing and higher power than the amateur chefs in the competition show. peak two languages combine two languages altogether in one sentence This language combination is called code mixing This paper discusses the use of code mixing between two different groups of speakers in the cooking competition show Master Chef Indonesia RCTI They are amateur chefs and professional chefs The speakers code mix words phrases clauses and sentences from Indonesian into English The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the different tendencies of code mixing between them are unconsciously meant to show their solidarity and power relation by utilizing Muysken rsquo s fundamental patterns of code mixing and El daly rsquo s theory of language and power relationship Due to their social relationship which is teacher student relationship it is found that the professional chefs have more tendencies in using code mixing and higher power than the amateur chefs in the competition show ;In bilingual phenomenon in Indonesia it is very common that speakers especially who sn bilingual phenomenon in Indonesia, it is very common that speakers, especially who speak two languages, combine two languages altogether in one sentence. This language combination is called code-mixing. This paper discusses the use of code-mixing between two different groups of speakers in the cooking competition show Master Chef Indonesia (RCTI). They are amateur chefs and professional chefs. The speakers code-mix words, phrases, clauses, and sentences from Indonesian into English. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the different tendencies of code-mixing between them are unconsciously meant to show their solidarity and power relation by utilizing Muysken?s fundamental patterns of code-mixing and El-daly?s theory of language and power relationship. Due to their social relationship which is teacher-student relationship, it is found that the professional chefs have more tendencies in using code-mixing and higher power than the amateur chefs in the competition show. peak two languages combine two languages altogether in one sentence This language combination is called code mixing This paper discusses the use of code mixing between two different groups of speakers in the cooking competition show Master Chef Indonesia RCTI They are amateur chefs and professional chefs The speakers code mix words phrases clauses and sentences from Indonesian into English The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the different tendencies of code mixing between them are unconsciously meant to show their solidarity and power relation by utilizing Muysken rsquo s fundamental patterns of code mixing and El daly rsquo s theory of language and power relationship Due to their social relationship which is teacher student relationship it is found that the professional chefs have more tendencies in using code mixing and higher power than the amateur chefs in the competition show , In bilingual phenomenon in Indonesia it is very common that speakers especially who sn bilingual phenomenon in Indonesia, it is very common that speakers, especially who speak two languages, combine two languages altogether in one sentence. This language combination is called code-mixing. This paper discusses the use of code-mixing between two different groups of speakers in the cooking competition show Master Chef Indonesia (RCTI). They are amateur chefs and professional chefs. The speakers code-mix words, phrases, clauses, and sentences from Indonesian into English. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the different tendencies of code-mixing between them are unconsciously meant to show their solidarity and power relation by utilizing Muysken’s fundamental patterns of code-mixing and El-daly’s theory of language and power relationship. Due to their social relationship which is teacher-student relationship, it is found that the professional chefs have more tendencies in using code-mixing and higher power than the amateur chefs in the competition show. peak two languages combine two languages altogether in one sentence This language combination is called code mixing This paper discusses the use of code mixing between two different groups of speakers in the cooking competition show Master Chef Indonesia RCTI They are amateur chefs and professional chefs The speakers code mix words phrases clauses and sentences from Indonesian into English The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the different tendencies of code mixing between them are unconsciously meant to show their solidarity and power relation by utilizing Muysken rsquo s fundamental patterns of code mixing and El daly rsquo s theory of language and power relationship Due to their social relationship which is teacher student relationship it is found that the professional chefs have more tendencies in using code mixing and higher power than the amateur chefs in the competition show ]"