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"Latar Belakang: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) memiliki berbagai spektrum gejala klinis salah satunya sesak napas. Sesak napas disertai hipoksia merupakan prediktor penurunan kapasitas fungsional. Uji jalan 6 menit dapat mengidentifikasi sesak napas dan hipoksia pasca-uji latih pada pasien COVID-19 saat perawatan dan pascarawat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui derajat sesak pada pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat dan pascarawat Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kohort prospektif yang dilakukan pada Bangsal COVID-19 dan poli paru RSUP Persahabatan dari Agustus 2021 – Juni 2022. Subjek penelitian adalah pasien COVID-19 derajat ringan atau sedang yang dirawat di Bangsal COVID-19 yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Subjek penelitian akan dilakukan uji jalan 6 menit, penilaian skala Borg, saturasi oksigen, skor RALE dan arus puncak ekspirasi saat perawatan dan akan di evaluasi pada 1 bulan dan 3 bulan pascarawat. Hasil: Pada penelitian ini didapatkan 40 subjek penelitian. Nilai rerata uji jalan 6 menit pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat 279,9 m (SB ± 75,4), 1 bulan pascarawat 332 m ((SB ± 63,7) dan 3 bulan pascarawat 394,52 m (SB ± 58). Median saturasi oksigen pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat 97%, 1 bulan pascarawat 97,5% dan 3 bulan pascarawat 98%. Nilai median skala Borg pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat 2, 1 bulan pascarawat 1, 3 bulan pascarawat 1. Arus puncak ekspirasi pasien COVID-19 250 L/menit, 1 bulan pascarawat 310 L/menit dan 3 bulam pascarawat 370 L/menit. Median skor RALE pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat 3, 1 bulan pascarawat 2,5 dan 3 bulan pascarawat 1,5. Terdapat korelasi bermakna skala Borg dengan uji jalan 6 menit, saturasi oksigen dengan uji jalan 6 menit dan uji jalan 6 menit dengan skor RALE, terdapat korelasi bermakna arus puncak ekspirasi dengan skala Borg pada pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat dan 1 bulan pascarawat, terdapat korelasi bermakna saturasi oksigen dengan skala Borg pada pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat dan 1 bulan pascarawat Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbaikan derajat sesak yang ditunjukkan dari hasil uji jalan 6 menit, skala Borg, saturasi oksigen, skor RALE dan arus puncak ekspirasi pada pasien COVID-19 ringan dan sedang yang dirawat dibandingkan 1 bulan pascarawat dan 3 bulan pascarawat.

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Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has various clinical symptoms, one of which is shortness of breath. Exertional dyspnea is a predictor of decreased functional capacity. The 6-minute walk test can identify exertional dyspnea and hypoxia in COVID-19 patients during hospitalization and post-hospitalization. This study aims to determine the degree of shortness of breath in hospitalized and post-hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in the COVID-19 isolation ward and pulmonology clinic National Respiratory Center Persahabatan Hospital from August 2021 – June 2022. The study subjects were mild or moderate COVID-19 patients admitted to the COVID-19 isolation ward who met the research criteria. Patients underwent a 6-minute walk test, assessment of Borg scale, oxygen saturation, RALE score, and peak expiratory flow rate and will be evaluated at a month and three months post-hospitalization. Results: There were 40 subjects participating in this study. The mean of the 6-minute walk test of COVID-19 patients was 279.9 m (SD ± 75.4), one-month post-hospitalized was 332 m (SD ± 63.7) and three months post-hospitalized was 394.52 m (SD±58) Median oxygen saturation of COVID-19 patients was 97%, one-month post-hospitalized was 97.5% and three months post-hospitalized was 98%. Median Borg scale of COVID-19 patients was 2, 1-month post-hospitalized was 1, 3 months post-hospitalized was 1. The median peak expiratory flow rate of COVID-19 patients was 250 L/min, one-month post-hospitalized was 310 L/min and three months post-hospitalized was 370 L/min. Median RALE scores for COVID-19 patients was 3, 1-month post-hospitalized was 2,5 and 3 months post-hospitalized was 1,5. There was a significant correlation between Borg scale and 6-minute walk test, oxygen saturation with the 6-minute walk test and the 6-minute walk test with RALE score. There was a significant correlation between peak expiratory flow and the Borg scale in hospitalized and one-month post-hospitalized COVID-19 patients. There was a significant correlation between oxygen saturation with the Borg scale in COVID-19 patients and one-month post-hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: There was an improvement in the degree of dyspnea in mild and moderate COVID-19 patients as indicated by 6-minute walk test distance, Borg scale, oxygen saturation, RALE score and peak expiratory flow rate compared to a-month and three-months post-hospitalized."

"Latar Belakang: Pandemi COVID-19 telah menjadi tantangan besar bagi dunia kesehatan. Tenaga kesehatan merupakan populasi yang sangat rentan tertular dikarenakan tingginya intensitas dan frekuensi pajanan SARS-CoV-2. Risiko penularan meningkat apabila tenaga medis melakukan tindakan yang memicu aerosilisasi, salah satunya adalah intubasi endotrakeal karena tingginya viral load pada saluran napas. Sebanyak 3,2% pasien COVID-19 memerlukan tindakan intubasi endotrakeal dan ventilasi mekanis. Intubasi endotrakeal yang efektif pada pasien COVID-19 penting dilakukan untuk menurunkan mortalitas dan risiko penularan. Penelitian ini bertujuan intuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi efektivitas intubasi endotrakeal pada pasien terkonfirmasi COVID- 19 di RSUP Persahabatan.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional yang menggunakan desain potong lintang yang dilakukan di IGD, ICU Rasmin Rasjid dan ICU PINERE RSUP Persahabatan pada bulan Juni 2021 – Juni 2022. Subjek peneltian ini adalah pasien terkonfirmasi COVID-19 yang dilakukan tindakan intubasi endotrakeal yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Tindakan intubasi endotrakeal dinilai dari observasi rekaman CCTV. Selanjutnya karakteristik subjek, karakteristik intubasi endotrakeal dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi intubasi endotrakeal dievaluasi.Hasil: Pada penelitian ini didapatkan 59 subjek penelitian. Proporsi intubasi endotrakeal efektif pada pasien COVID-19 sebesar 20,34%. Median lama waktu tindakan intubasi endotrakeal adalah 38 (19-189) detik. Sebanyak 32 (54,24%) tindakan intubasi endotrakeal dilakukan oleh spesialis anestesi dan 27 (45,76%) oleh PPDS Pulmonologi dan Kedokteran Respirasi. Hasil analisis bivariat didapatkan hasil bermakna secara statistik pada variabel penyakit kardiovaskular+DM (OR 0,24 (IK 95% 0,06-0,91), p=0,028) dan variabel operator (OR 0,07 (IK 95% 0,01-0,62), p=0,004). Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan hasil bermakna secara statistik hanya pada variabel operator (adjusted OR 0,06 (IK 95% 0,01-0,60), p=0,016).Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan penyakit kardiovaskular+DM dan operator terhadap intubasi endotrakeal efektif pada pasien COVID-19 di RSUP Persahabatan.

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has become a major challenge for the healthcare system. Healthcare workers are vulnerable population of COVID-19 transmission due to high intensity and frequency of exposure to SARS-CoV-2. The risk of transmission increases in aerosolization procedure such as endotracheal intubation because of the high viral load in the airways. Approximately 3.2% of COVID-19 patients require endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Effective endotracheal intubation in COVID-19 patients is important parameter to reduce mortality and the risk of transmission to healthcare workers. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the effectiveness of endotracheal intubation in patients with COVID-19 in National Respiratory Center, Persahabatan Hospital.

Methods: This study is an observational study using a cross-sectional design which was carried out in the emergency department, ICU Rasmin Rasjid and ICU PINERE of National Respiratory Center, Persahabatan Hospital in June 2021 – June 2022. The subjects of this study were COVID-19 patients who underwent endotracheal intubation who met the criteria inclusion and exclusion. The endotracheal intubation procedure was assessed from the observation of CCTV recordings. The characteristics of the subject, the characteristics of endotracheal intubation and the factors that influence endotracheal intubation were evaluated.

Results: In this study, there were 59 subjects. The proportion of effective endotracheal intubation in COVID-19 patients was 20.34%. The median length of time for endotracheal intubation was 38 (19-189) seconds. Among the subjects, 32 (54.24%) endotracheal intubation were performed by anesthesiologists and 27 (45.76%) were performed by Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine residents. The results of the bivariate analysis showed statistically significant results on the cardiovascular disease + DM comorbid (OR 0.24 (95% CI 0.06-0.91), p=0.028) and operator (OR 0.07 (95% CI 0.01-0.62), p=0.04). The results of the multivariate analysis showed statistically significant results only for operator (adjusted OR 0.06 (95% CI 0.01-0.60), p=0.016).

Conclusion: There is relationship of cardiovascular disease + DM comorbid and operator with effective endotracheal intubation in COVID-19 patients at National Respiratory Center, Persahabatan Hospital."

"Pendahuluan: Pasien penyakit paru obstruktif kronik (PPOK) yang mengalami eksaserbasi akan meningkatan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas. Berdasarkan Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GOLD), PPOK derajat sedang dan berat dapat diberikan antibiotik sebagai tata laksananya. Salah satu cara menilai ketepatan pemberian antibiotik adalah dengan menggunakan alur Gyssens. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat proporsi ketepatan pemberian antibiotik berdasarkan alur Gyssens dan hubungannya dengan mortalitas, perbaikan klinis, kebutuhan ventilasi mekanis invasif dan perawatan berulang dalam satu tahun. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi observasional dengan menggunakan desain penelitian kohort restrospektif. Sebanyak 161 pasien PPOK derajat sedang dan berat yang dirawat di RS Persahabatan Pusat Respirasi Nasional pada Januari 2022 hingga Desember 2023 mendapatkan terapi antibiotik. Pasien yang mendapatkan antibiotik selama perawatan dinilai ketepatannya sesuai alur Gyssens. Hasil: Berdasarkan ketepatan pemberian antibiotik sesuai alur Gyssens, sebanyak 93 subjek (62,8%) laki-laki dan lima subjek (38,5%) perempuan dengan rerata usia 64,34 (±9,62) tahun. Sebagian besar memiliki status merokok indeks Brinkman berat dengan kelompok PPOK grup E dan derajat esksaserbasi sedang. Hipertensi merupakan komorbiditas yang paling sering ditemukan. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara ketepatan pembrian antibiotik dengan rerata lama rawat (p=<0,001). Proporsi ketepatan pemberian antibiotik sesuai alur Gyssens sebesar 60,9%. Antibiotik yang paling seering digunakan adalah levofloxacin. Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara ketepatan pemberian antibiotik berdasarkan alur Gyssens dengan mortalitas, lama perbaikan klinis, penggunaan ventilasi mekanis invasif dan perawatan berulang dalam satu tahun. Kesimpulan: Proporsi pemberian antibiotik sesuai alur Gyssens pada pasien PPOK eksaserbasi derajat sedang dan berat sebesar 60,9%. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara ketepatan pemberian antibiotik sesuai alur Gyssens dengan mortalitas, lama perbaikan klinis, penggunaan ventilasi mekanis invasif dan perawatan berulang dalam satu tahun.

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Introduction: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experiencing exacerbations will increase morbidity and mortality rates. According to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GOLD), moderate and severe COPD can be treated with antibiotics. One way to assess the appropriateness of antibiotic administration is by using the Gyssens flowchart. This study aims to examine the proportion of appropriateness of antibiotic administration based on the Gyssens flowchart and its relationship with mortality, clinical improvement, need for mechanical ventilation and readmission within one year. Method: This study is an observational study using a retrospective cohort design. A total of 161 moderate and severe COPD patients treated at Persahabatan Hospital National Respiratory Center from January 2022 to December 2023 received antibiotic therapy. The appropriateness of antibiotic administration during treatment was assessed according to the Gyssens flowchart.. Results: Based on the appropriateness of antibiotic administration according to the Gyssens flowchart, there were 93 male subjects (62.8%) and five female subjects (38.5%) with a mean age of 64.34 (±9.62) years. Most of them had a heavy Brinkman smoking index with COPD group E and moderate exacerbation. Hypertension was the most commonly found comorbidity. There is a significant relationship between the appropriateness of antibiotic administration and length of stay (p=<0.001). The proportion of appropriateness of antibiotic administration according to the Gyssens flowchart was 60.9%. Levofloxacin was the most frequently used antibiotic. Bivariate analysis results showed no significant relationship between the appropriateness of antibiotic administration based on the Gyssens flowchart with mortality, duration of clinical improvement, use of invasive mechanical ventilation and readmission within one year. Conclusion: The proportion of antibiotic administration according to the Gyssens flowchart in patients with moderate and severe exacerbations of COPD is 60.9%. There is no statistically significant relationship between the appropriateness of antibiotic administration according to the Gyssens flowchart and mortality, duration of clinical improvement, use of invasive mechanical ventilation and readmission within one year"

"Latar Belakang. Obesitas merupakan faktor risiko luaran buruk pada pasien COVID-19. Sampai saat ini studi penilaian hubungan parameter obesitas berupa nilai lemak viseral, lingkar pinggang (LP), indeks massa tubuh (IMT), dan persentase lemak tubuh secara bersamaan dengan luaran COVID-19 menggunakan metode sederhana berupa bioimpedance analyzer (BIA) masih terbatas. Keempat variabel tersebut akan dinilai kemampuannya untuk memprediksi luaran buruk selama perawatan pasien COVID-19.Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan kohort prospektif dari 261 pasien COVID-19 ringan-sedang di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo rawat inap sejak Desember 2020 hingga Maret 2021. Pasien dilakukan pemeriksaan BIA, LP, dan IMT saat admisi. Dilakukan analisis multivariat regresi logistik untuk menilai kemampuan nilai lemak viseral, persentase massa tubuh, IMT dan LP untuk memprediksi luaran buruk komposit yang mencakup ARDS dan mortalitas.Hasil. Didapatkan median nilai lemak viseral 10 (setara 100 cm2 ), lingkar pinggang 93 cm, IMT 26,1 kg/m2 , dan persentase lemak tubuh 31,5%. Berdasarkan multivariat regresi logistik, lingkar pinggang secara statistik bermakna sebagai faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap luaran buruk pada pasien COVID-19 [RR 1,04 (IK 95% 1,01-1,08)] bersama dengan derajat COVID-19 [RR 4,3 (IK 95% 1,9- 9,9)], skor NEWS [RR 5,8 (IK 95% 1,1-31)] saat admisi, dan komorbiditas [RR 2,7 (IK 95% 1,1-6,3)].Kesimpulan. Luaran buruk COVID-19 selama perawatan pasien COVID-19 terkonfirmasi dapat dipengaruhi oleh lingkar pinggang.

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Background. Obesity is a risk factor for adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Until now, studies on assessing the relationship between obesity parameters in the form of visceral fat, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentage simultaneously with COVID-19 outcomes using a simple method such as bioimpedance analyzer (BIA) are still limited. The four variables will be assessed for their ability to predict adverse outcomes during the treatment of COVID-19 patients.

Method. This study is a prospective cohort of 261 mild-moderate COVID-19 subjects at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital who were hospitalized from December 2020 to March 2021. Patients underwent BIA, WC, and BMI examinations upon admission. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the ability of visceral fat, body mass percentage, BMI, and WC to predict poor composite outcomes, including ARDS and mortality.

Results. The median value of visceral fat was 10 (equivalent to 100 cm2 ), WC was 93 cm, BMI was 26.1 kg/m2 , and body fat percentage was 31.5%. Based on multivariate logistic regression, WC was statistically significant as a factor influencing poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients [RR 1.04 (95% CI 1.01-1.08)] along with COVID-19 degree of severity [RR 4.3 (95% CI 1.9-9.9)], NEWS score [RR 5.8 (95% CI 1.1-31)] at admission, and comorbidities [RR 2.7 (95% CI 1.1) - 6.3)].

Conclusion. During the hospitalization of confirmed COVID-19 patients, poor outcomes can be affected by waist circumference."

"Penelitian mengenai efektivitas favipiravir pada COVID-19 di beberapa negara memberikan hasil yang beragam. Studi populasi Indonesia masih terbatas pada derajat sedang dan berat. Evaluasi efektivitas dan keamanan favipiravir pada tingkat keparahan ringan dan sedang diperlukan dalam melengkapi pedoman terapi dengan bukti yang sesuai. Penelitian dilakukan secara kohor retrospektif menggunakan rekam medis pasien COVID-19 derajat ringan dan sedang yang dirawat di RS Grha Permata Ibu Depok pada Juli 2020 hingga 2021. Efektivitas dinilai berdasarkan perbaikan klinis saat keluar rumah sakit, hasil PCR akhir, status oksigenasi, dan durasi rawat. 192 rekam medis pasien rawat inap COVID-19 dibagi dalam kelompok favipiravir (n=96) dan non-favipiravir (n=96). Favipiravir memberikan perbaikan klinis yang lebih baik dengan effect size yang kecil (p=0,038; RR=1,19; 95% CI=1,02-1,39). Namun setelah dikontrol variabel usia, jumlah komorbid, dan oksigenasi awal, pemberian favipiravir meningkat menjadi 2,55 kali lebih efektif daripada non-favipiravir. Favipiravir juga memberikan pengaruh signifikan pada hasil PCR akhir serta durasi rawat inap (p=0,009 ; 0,002) namun tidak memberikan perbedaan dalam status oksigenasi (p=0,097). Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada proporsi kejadian yang tidak diinginkan (KTD) selama pemberian favipiravir (30%) dan non-favipiravir (23%) (p=0,33). Pemberian favipiravir secara signifikan terkait dengan peningkatan perbaikan klinis pasien COVID-19. KTD yang muncul selama terapi relatif aman.

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Research on the effectiveness of favipiravir against COVID-19 has yielded mixed results in several countries. Study in Indonesian population was still limited in moderate to severe COVID-19. Assess the efficacy and safety of favipiravir at mild to moderate severity is necessary to complement therapy guidelines with appropriate evidence. The study was conducted in a retrospective cohort using medical records of COVID-19 hospitalized patients at Grha Permata Ibu Hospital Depok from July 2020 to 2021. Efficacy was assessed using clinical improvement at discharge, final PCR results, oxygenation status, and lenght of stay. Medical records of 192 COVID-19 hospitalized patients were divided into favipiravir (n=96) and non-favipiravir (n=96) groups. Favipiravir provided better clinical improvement with small effect size (p=0.038; RR=1.19; 95% CI=1.02-1.39). However, after controlling age, number of comorbidities, and initial oxygenation variables, favipiravir 2.55 times more potent than non-favipiravir. Favipiravir also had a significant effect on final PCR results and length of stay (p=0.009;0.002), but has no difference in oxygenation status (p=0.097). There was no difference in the adverse drug reactions during treatment with antiviruses (p=0.33). Favipiravir administration was significantly associated with enhanced clinical improvement in COVID-19 patients. Side effects that occur during treatment are relatively safe."

"Latar Belakang : Lima belas persen (15%) pasien yang terinfeksi COVID- 19 jatuh ke dalam kondisi penyakit yang berat dan memerlukan suplementasi oksigen (O2). Lima persen (5%) lainnya mengalami perburukan lebih lanjut dan jatuh ke dalam penyakit kritis dengan komplikasi. Pemberian terapi O2 dilakukan segera kepada pasien dengan atau tanpa tanda-tanda kegawatdaruratan dengan saturasi oksigen (SpO2) < 90%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara Skor Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II dengan kejadian desaturasi pada pasien Pneumonia COVID-19.Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasionalkohort prospektif yang dilakukan di Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD) dan ruang rawat inap RSUP Persahabatan periode 31 Juli 2021 – 30 September 2021. Subjek penelitian didapatkan dari pasien yang datang ke IGD RSUP Persahabatan sejak 30 Juli 2021 – 30 September 2021 dan terdiagnosis COVID-19 dari hasil pemeriksaan PCR usap tenggorok positif. Dilakukan pengumpulan data klinis, tanda vital, pemeriksaan penunjang dan Skor APACHE II sejak subjek tiba di IGD hingga masuk ruang rawat dalam 24 jam pertama. Hasil : Pada penelitian ini didapatkan 100 subjek penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara Skor APACHE II dengan kejadian desaturasi pada pasien Pneumonia COVID-19 (p 0,257). Selain itu, tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna skor APACHE II pada kelompok pasien dengan derajat keparahan COVID-19 yang berbeda pada PaO2 sesuai hasil pemeriksaan AGD (p 0,073) namun didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna pada penggunaan PaO2 seusai kurva disosiasi O2 (p <0,001).Kesimpulan : Tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara SkorAPACHE II dengan kejadian desaturasi pada pasien Pneumonia COVID-19.

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Background : Fiftheen percents (15%) patients infected with COVID-19

falls to severe disease and require oxygen (O2) therapy and the other 5% suffered

progressive worsening to critical disease with complications. Oxygen therapy

conducted in patients with or without emergency condition with low O2 saturation

(SpO2 < 90%). This study aim to determine the correlation between Acute

Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score with desaturation

in Pnuemonia COVID-19 patients.

Methods : A prospective cohort observational analytic study

conducted at National Respiratory Ceter Persahabatan Hospital Emergency Unit

from July 2021-September 2021. The study subjects were patients admitted to

Emergency Unit and diagnosed with COVID-19 from positive result of

nasopharing PCR swab. Clinical data, vital signs, supportive examination and

APACHE II score are collected since Emergency Unit admission to inward unit in

first 24 hours.

Results : There were 100 subjects participating in this study. The

result stated there were no significant correlation between APACHE II Score with

desaturation in Pneumonia COVID-19 patients (p-value 0,257). There was also no

significant correlation between APACHE II score with disease severity of COVID-

19 based on O2 partial pressure collected from blood gas analysis examination (pvalue

0,073) but there was a significant correlation between APACHE II score with

disease severity of COVID-19 based on O2 partial pressure referred to O2

dissociation curve (p-value <0,001).

Conclusion : There was no significant correlation between APACHE II

Score with desaturation in Pneumonia COVID-19 patients"

"Latar Belakang: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) merupakan infeksi oleh severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) yang menjadi perhatian internasional pada Januari 2020. Manifestasi kasus ringan terjadi sekitar 81%, kasus berat sebanyak 14%. Mortalitas akibat pneumonia COVID-19 meningkat secara global akibat transmisi cepat dan gejala awal yang atipikal. Usia ≥ 60 tahun, jenis kelamin laki-laki dan komorbiditas merupakan faktor risiko untuk menjadi berat dan kematian sehingga dibutuhkan kontrol ketat pada pasien berisiko.Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian retrospektif dengan studi potong lintang. Sampel penelitian merupakan pasien yang datang ke IGD dan terkonfirmasi pneumonia COVID-19 yang masuk dalam kriteria inklusi. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 299 pasien.Hasil Penelitian: Pada penelitian ini didapatkan subjek penelitian adalah 299 dari 336 pasien yang masuk dalam kriteria inklusi. Jenis kelamin laki-laki sebanyak 162 orang (54,18%), nilai IMT obesitas I (29,77%) dan diikuti IMT normal (28,76%), paling banyak tidak memiliki komorbid dengan derajat pneumonia berat (60,2%) dan luaran pasien sebanyak 69,2% adalah hidup. Komorbid terbanyak yaitu hipertensi (30,77%), Diabetes mellitus (24%) dan kardiovaskular (14%). Usia median hidup pasien pneumonia COVID-19 di RS Persahabatan adalah 52 th (20-84) dan median usia meninggal adalah 59 th (28-92). Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara derajat klinis, HT, IMT dan DM terhadap luaran pasien pneumonia COVID-19 di RS Persahabatan.Kesimpulan: Usia median hidup pasien pneumonia COVID-19 di RS Persahabatan adalah 52 th (20-84) dan median usia meninggal adalah 59 th (28-92). Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara derajat klinis, HT, IMT dan DM terhadap luaran pasien pneumonia COVID-19 di RS Persahabatan.

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Background: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) which became international attention in January 2020. The manifestation of mild cases occurred about 81%, severe cases as much as 14%. Mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia increasing globally due to rapid transmission and atypical symptoms. Age of 60 years, male gender and comorbidities are risk factors for severe and death so that strict control is needed.

Methods: This study is retrospective cross-sectional study, which samples were patients who came to emergency room and confirmed of COVID-19. The samples are 299 patients who included of inclusion criteria.

Results: The sample of this study were 299 patients out of 336 patients who were include in inclusion criteria. Male (54.18%) are the most common, Obesity class I was the most common (29.77%) followed by normal BMI (28,76%) and didn’t have comorbid with severe (60.2%) and outcome are survived (69.2%). Hypertension (30,77%) is the most comorbid, followed by diabetes melitus (24%) and cardiovascular (14%). The median age of survivor is 52 (20-84) years old and median age of non survivor is 59 (28-92) years. There was relationship between severe pneumonia to respiratory rate and peripheral oxygen saturation. Gender, number of comorbidities and BMI were not related to the outcome. There is a relationship between the severity of pneumonia, obesity, diabetes and hypertension to the outcome.

Conclusion: The median age of survivor is 52 (20-84) years old and median age of non survivor is 59 (28-92) years. There was relationship between severe pneumonia to respiratory rate and peripheral oxygen saturation. Gender, number of comorbidities and BMI were not related to the outcome. There is a relationship between the severity of pneumonia, obesity, diabetes and hypertension to the outcome."

"Latar belakang: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) adalah penyakit baru. Infeksi saluran napas akibat virus yang disertai infeksi bakteri akan meningkatkan derajat keparahan dan angka mortalitas. Insidens ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) pada kelompok COVID-19 yaitu 21-64%. Kasus VAP dapat menjadi penyebab tingginya mortalitas pada pasien COVID-19 terintubasi.Metode penelitian : Penelitian ini adalah penelitian retrospektif di RS Persahabatan. Seluruh sampel yang digunakan adalah kelompok pasien COVID- 19 terintubasi >48 jam dalam periode tahun 2020-2022 yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi.Hasil penelitian : Penelitian ini meliputi 196 data penelitian yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Proporsi laki-laki lebih banyak dibandingkan perempuan dan hanya 29% adalah populasi usia lanjut. Proporsi VAP pada COVID-19 terintubasi pada tahun 2020-2022 mencapai 60% dengan VAP rates 92,56. Terdapat dua faktor bermakna terhadap VAP pada pasien COVID-19 terintubasi yaitu penggunaan azitromisin (OR 2,92; IK95% 1,29-6,65; nilai-p 0,01) dan komorbid penyakit jantung. (OR 0.38; IK95% 0,17-0,87; nilai-p 0,023). Proporsi terbesar biakan mikroorganisme aspirat endotrakeal adalah Acinetobacter baumannii (44%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (23%), Escherichia coli (9%).Kesimpulan : Proporsi VAP pada COVID-19 terintubasi adalah 60%. Terdapat hubungan bermakna pada penggunaan azitromisin dan komorbid penyakit jantung sedangkan usia lanjut dan penggunaan steroid tidak memiliki hubungan bermakna terhadap VAP pada pasien COVID-19 terintubasi.

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Background : Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel disease. Viral respiratory infection following bacterial infection could increase the severity and mortality of the disease. The incidence of Ventilator (VAP) in COVID-19 group is 21-64%. VAP might be the leading cause of high mortality in intubated COVID-19 patient.

Methods : This research is a retrospective study at Persahabatan hospital. The collected samples is a group of COVID-19 patient intubated for >48 hours in the period of 2020 to 2022 that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results : This study consist of 196 data fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Male proportion much greater than female and only 29% is an elderly population. The proportion of VAP in the period of 2020-2022 is 60% with the VAP rates 92,56. There are two factors significantly affected VAP in intubated COVID-19 patient which are the usage of azitromisin (OR 2,92; CI95% 1,29-6,65; p-value 0,01) and cardiovascular disease comorbidity(OR 0.38; CI95% 0,17-0,87; p-value 0,023). The most abundance proportion of endotracheal aspirate microorganism culture are Acinetobacter baumannii (44%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (23%), and Eschrichia coli (9%).

Conclusion : The proportion of VAP in intubated COVID-19 is 60%. There are significant association of azitromicin usage and cardiovascular comorbidity while elderly and the usage of steroid are not significantly associated to VAP in intubated COVID-19 patient."

"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) merupakan pandemi dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. COVID-19 dapat mencetuskan badai sitokin, suatu reaksi hiperinflamasi yang menyebabkan acute respiratory distress syndrome dan kegagalan multiorgan. Zink dipertimbangkan sebagai terapi supportif pada COVID-19 karena memiliki potensi sebagai immunomodulator, antivirus serta antiinflamasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar zink pada saat masuk perawatan dengan manifestasi derajat penyakit COVID-19 serta luaran buruk COVID-19. Derajat penyakitditentukan berdasarkan manifestasi klinis sesuai kriteria WHO saat masuk perawatan sedangkan luaran buruk bila subjek pernah dirawat di ruang intensif, menggunakan ventilator selama perawatan atau meninggal. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan total 87 kasus yang terbagi menjadi kelompok derajat tidak berat sebanyak 74 kasus dan kelompok derajat berat sebanyak 13 kasus. Berdasarkan luaran didapatkan kelompok luaran buruk sebanyak 22 kasus dan luaran baik 65 kasus. Rerata kadar zink lebih rendah padakelompok derajat berat dan kelompok luaran buruk. Ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik pada rerata kadar zink dengan luaran COVID-19 sedangkan dengan derajat penyakit cenderung bermakna secara statistik. Kadar zink terhadap luaran burukCOVID-19 memiliki luas Area Under the Curve (AUC) 81,6%, dengan nilai titik potong kadar zink 56,05 ug/dL yang memiliki sensitivitas 77,3% dan spesifitas 73,8%. Pasien dengan kadar zink ≤56,05 ug/dL berisiko 8,79 kali lebih tinggi mengalami luaran buruk COVID-19 dibandingkan pasien dengan kadar zink >56,05 ug/dL setelah diadjust dengan usia, komorbid penyakit jantung, dan diabetes mellitus. Diperlukan penelitian lanjutan dengan jumlah sampel yang cukup untuk memperkuat hasil penelitian ini.

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic with high morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 can trigger a cytokine storm, a hyperinflammatory reaction that causes acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure. Zinc was considered as a supportive therapy for COVID-19 because it has potential as an immunomodulator, antiviral and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to analyze the association between zinc level at the time of admission on disease severity and poor outcome of COVID-19. Disease severity was determined based on clinical manifestations according to WHO criteria on admission, while poor outcome was defined as a history of intensive care unit stay, intubated during treatment or deceased. There were 87 subjects consist of 74 cases of non-severe group and 13 cases of severe group. As for the outcome, there were 22 cases of poor outcome and 65 cases of good outcome. The mean of zinc level was lower in severe and poor

outcome group. There was a significant association between zinc level and poor outcome, while disease severity tended to be statistically significant. An Area Under the Curve (AUC) of zinc level and COVID-19 poor outcome was 81,6%, with a cut point of 56,05

ug/dL, sensitivity and specificity was 77.3% and 73.8%. Patients whose zinc level ≤56.05ug/dL had a 8.79-fold higher risk of poor outcome compared to patients whose zinc level > 56.05 ug/dL after age, heart disease, and diabetes mellitus adjustment. Further studies a sufficient number of sample are needed to support this study."

"Latar belakang : Penyakit paru obstruktif kronik (PPOK) saat ini menjadi penyebab kematian nomor tiga didunia. Penyebab kematian paling sering pada pasien PPOK berkaitan dengan kelainan sistem kardiovaskular. Hipertensi merupakan komorbid yang paling sering ditemukan pada pasien PPOK. Pada pasien PPOK terjadi inflamasi sistemik yang dapat menyebabkan peningkatan kekakuan pembuluh darah dan terjadi hipertensi. Pasien PPOK dengan komorbid penyakit kardiovaskular/hipertensi memiliki angka morbiditas, mortalitas, kualitas hidup yang buruk, intoleransi latihan dan risiko rawat inap yang lebih tinggi. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang yang dilakukan di RSUP Persahabatan periode Maret 2023. Subjek penelitian didapatkan dari pasien PPOK stabil yang datang ke poliklinik asma dan PPOK RSUP Persahabatan. Setelah memenuhi kriteria, dilakukan pengumpulan data klinis, pemeriksaan tanda vital, pemeriksaan spirometri dan DLCO. Hasil : Pada penelitian ini didapatkan 84 subjek penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini mendapatkan proporsi hipertensi pada pasien PPOK stabil sebesar 60,7%. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara nilai faal paru pasien PPOK (derajat GOLD), derajat beratnya PPOK klinis (grup A, B, C dan D), merokok (indeks brinkman) dan usia pasien PPOK dengan hipertensi. Sedangkan lama menderita PPOK dan nilai DLCO tidak didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna. Kesimpulan : Proporsi hipertensi pada pasien PPOK stabil di RSUP Persahabatan sebesar 60,7%. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara nilai faal paru pasien PPOK (derajat GOLD), derajat beratnya PPOK klinis (grup A, B, C dan D), merokok (indeks brinkman) dan usia pasien PPOK dengan hipertensi.

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Background : Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) currently is the third leading cause of death in the world. The most frequent cause of death in COPD patients is cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a comorbid that is often found in COPD patients. In COPD patients, systemic inflammation occurs which can lead to increased vascular stiffness and hypertension. COPD patients with comorbid cardiovascular disease/hypertension have higher rates of morbidity, mortality, poor quality of life, exercise intolerance and risk of hospitalization. Methods : This research is a cross-sectional study conducted at National Respiratory Center Persahabatan Hospital in March 2023. The study subject were stable COPD patient and admitted to asthma and COPD clinic of Persahabatan Hospital. Clinical data, vital signs, spirometry and DLCO tests were collected. Results : There were 84 subjects participating in this study. The results of this study found that the proportion of hypertension in stable COPD patients in RSUP Persahabatan was 60.7%. There was a significant relationship between the lung function of COPD patients (GOLD degree), severity of clinical COPD (groups A, B, C and D), smoking (brinkman index), and age with hypertension. While there was no relationship between how long COPD diagnose, and DLCO. Conclusion : This study found that the proportion of hypertension in stable COPD patients is 60.7%. There was a significant relationship between the lung function of COPD patients (GOLD degree), severity of clinical COPD (groups A, B, C and D), smoking (brinkman index), and age with hypertension."