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"Aceh, a special region of Indonesia is known as the "rice granary" of the Western gate to Indonesia. The region is predominantly an agricultural and exports oriented economy with the majority of the population living in rural areas where rice cultivation predominates. The annual rate of increase of rice production is above the annual rate of population growth. The increased rice production and variations in production both spatial and temporal have created a number of marketing problems. Rice marketing systems need to be developed and expanded to: (a) link markets and rice producers through equalization and distribution, (b) encourage efficient rice trade activity and recruit entrepreneurial talents, (c) serve a connective function, (d) provide outlets for increased rice production,3 and (e) limit rice price variation. Effective rice marketing systems are, therefore, necessary for economic development of agricultural societies Their development make possible regional economic integration and full utilization of whatever assets and productive capacities a region already possesses. The agricultural development plan of Indonesia is directed toward increasing production and production efficiency. For one thing, an increase in agricultural productivity depends on the improved efficiency and effectiveness of current marketing systems in different regions. In spite of broad similarities in the traditional marketing system, there are differences between regions due to a multiplicity of social, geographical, environmental, economic and political factors. The present development plan of Indonesia emphasizes the socio-economic as well as physical aspects and sectoral approaches at the macro level. Micro studies on regional level aim at finding similarities and differences strongly needed to support and improve the existing plan. This regional analysis of agricultural development emphasizing rice marketing in Aceh is meant to be a stimulus to improve the existing marketing systems. Improvement of marketing systems may have significant effects on production, distribution, consumer prices and adoption of improved production methods."

"ABSTRACTAceh, a special region of Indonesia is known as the "rice granary" of the Western gate to Indonesia. The region is predominantly an agricultural and exports oriented economy with the majority of the population living in rural areas where rice cultivation predominates. The annual rate of increase of rice production is above the annual rate of population growth.The increased rice production and variations in production both spatial and temporal have created a number of marketing problems. Rice marketing systems need to be developed and expanded to:(a) link markets and rice producers through equalization and distribution,(b) encourage efficient rice trade activity and recruit entrepreneurial talents, (c) serve a connective function,(d) provide outlets for increased rice production,3 and (e) limit rice price variation.Effective rice marketing systems are, therefore, necessary for economic development of agricultural societies Their development make possible regional economic integration and full utilization of whatever assets and productive capacities a region already possesses.The agricultural development plan of Indonesia is directed toward increasing production and production efficiency. For one thing, an increase in agricultural productivity depends on the improved efficiency and effectiveness of current marketing systems in different regions. In spite of broad similarities in the traditional marketing system, there are differences between regions due to a multiplicity of social, geographical, environmental, economic and political factors.The present development plan of Indonesia emphasizes the socio-economic as well as physical aspects and sectoral approaches at the macro level. Micro studies on regional level aim at finding similarities and differences strongly needed to support and improve the existing plan. This regional analysis of agricultural development emphasizing rice marketing in Aceh is meant to be a stimulus to improve the existing marketing systems. Improvement of marketing systems may have significant effects on production, distribution, consumer prices and adoption of improved production methods."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat keberadaan asymmetric price transmission (APT) pada pasar beras Indonesia, mulai dari petani, produsen, pedagang besar dan pedagang eceran kemudian menganalisis indikasi welfare transfer dari informasi APT tersebut. Model nonlinear ARDL (NARDL) digunakan untuk melihat perbedaan speed dan magnitude dari transmisi harga. Hasil empiris menunjukkan bahwa terjadi APT positif di sepanjang rantai distribusi pasar beras, artinya respon terhadap kenaikan harga lebih besar dibandingkan penurunan harga. Terdapat indikasi welfare loss konsumen dan di balik itu, terdapat pedagang besar yang memperoleh benefit terbesar atas dominasinya dalam menciptakan keuntungan tambahan atas perubahan harga yang dipicu dari tingkat petani.

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This study aims to investigate asymmetric price transmission along the supply chain in Indonesian rice market (farmer, producer, wholesaler, retailer), and use the APT information to analyze the indication of welfare transfer. NARDL is used to see the difference in speed and magnitude of price transmission. The empirical results show the presence of positive APT along the supply chain, meaning that the response to price increases is greater than price decreases. There are indications of consumer welfare loss and wholesalers getting the greatest benefit from their dominance in creating additional profits from price changes triggered by the farmer level."

"Tanaman padi merupakan penghasil beras yang merupakan makanan pokok mayoritas masyarakat dunia. Produksi tanaman padi di Indonesia masih belum optimal. Metode rekayasa genetika dengan mengintroduksi gen CONSTANS (CO) dari tanaman Arabidopsis thaliana ke dalam tanaman padi kultivar Nipponbare digunakan untuk usaha peningkatan produktivitas padi. Gen CO diketahui mampu menginduksi terjadinya pembungaan pada tanaman. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui integrasi gen AtCO, pengaruh gen terhadap karakter agronomi, dan ekspresi dari gen AtCO pada tanaman padi Nipponbare transgenik generasi T2 dengan analisis morfologi dan molekular. Hasil pengamatan morfologi menunjukkan bahwa tanaman padi transgenik memiliki karakter agronomi yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan tanaman padi kontrol, namun tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan umur berbunga yang signifikan. Hasil pengamatan dengan teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) menunjukkan 169 dari 227 tanaman padi transgenik memiliki integrasi gen higromisin dan CO. Ekspresi gen CO terdeteksi rendah pada 3 dari 4 sampel padi transgenik dengan teknik Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Hasil teknik southern blotting yang dilakukan pada 16 sampel padi transgenik menunjukkan masing-masing 6 salinan T-DNA dari 13 sampel padi transgenik.

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Rice is a staple food which is consume by the majority of world’s population. Rice production in Indonesia has not been optimal yet. A method of genetic engineering by introducing CONSTANS (CO) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana into the rice Nipponbare cultivar was used to improve rice productivity. CO gene known to induce early flowering time in plant. The aims of the experiment were to study the AtCO gene integration, the influence of AtCO gene on agronomic traits, and the expression of AtCO gene in transgenic rice Nipponbare AtCO T2 generation by morphological and molecular analysis.

Morphological observations showed that transgenic plant’s agronomic traits were better than controls, but there is no significant difference in flowering time between transgenic rice Nipponbare plants and controls. Observations with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique showed that 169 of 227 transgenic rice Nipponbare plants have hygromycin and CO gene integration. CO gene expression detected in 3 of 4 transgenic rice plants samples using Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR) technique. The southern blotting technique in 16 samples of transgenic plants showed that 13 samples have multi-copies transgen integration (6 copies)."

"Java, as the largest populated island i Indonesia, has experienced tremendous agricultural land use conversion, mostly to industrial and settlement uses...."

"Successful application of genetic transformation technique, espicially in developing rice variety resistan to brown plant hopper and stem borer, will depend on transgene being expressed and the gene inherited in a stable and predictable manner...."

"The polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were reported to increase green plant regeneration in rice anther culture. Low response of anther culture of rice sub-spicies indica may be improved with the addition of putrescine in the culture media..."