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"Nb (CN) particle in Nb-HSKA steels plays important role to retard recrystallisation process and to strengthen the mechanical properties by precipitation hardening. The behavior od NB (CN) particle growth after deformation needs to evaluate in order to optimize the production process. HSLA steel containing 0.03% Nb is used and the thermomechanical treatment including reheating air cooling, finishing and relaxation is applied to the test steels. The results obtained in this way shows that the kinetics coarsening of NB (CN) particle after deformation at 900C is considerably accelerated compared with when the coarsening is controlled by a bulk diffusion process. "

"A mathematical model of strain induced precipitation kinetics of Nb (CN) in HSLA steel has been established and the model gives accurate prediction when only a single deformation was given. In this work, the model is evaluated by employing roughing deformation at different strain before finishing at 900 C. The results in this way show that both roughing strain and temperature have a significant influenced on precipitation kinetics after finishing. As a roughing strain increaded, start time for 5% fraction precipitation is considerably accelerated and archieved a constant value when roughing strain was performed over 0.3."

"Kinetika pengendapan paduan mikro Nb(CN) dlm baja Nb-HSLA sangat dipengaruhi kondisi deformasi awal (roughing defermation) baik regangan ,laju regangan & temperaturzdeformasi. Dengan menggunakan HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) yg mengandung 0,031 % Nb & menggunakan penekanan panas dengan satu kali deformasi awal (single roughing),hasil penelitian memperlihatkan adanya peningkatan penguatan pd kurva tegangan-regangan hasil deformasi akhir (finishing deformation) pd tegangan deformasi0,5 & temperatur 900oC.Tegangan deformasi meningkat sebesar 85 MPa setelah sebelumnya diberikan regangan deformasi awal 0,5 pd temperatur 1045oC. Utk mengetahui peranan dr penguatan awal pengendapan (pre-precipitation) atau cluster hardening tegangan deformasi pd regangan 5% di evaluasi & hasilnya mendekati teori despersi partikel coheren dr mott & Nabarro"

"Variabel-variabel proses canai panas dapat ditentukan sedemikian rupa untuk memproduksi baja paduan dengan ukuran butir ferritdan sifat mekanis yang spesifik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model ukuran butir ferrit akhir baja HSLA 0,028% Nb berdasarkan variabel-variabel operasional canai panas serta model kekerasan Vickers berdasarkan ukuran butir ferrit akhir.Hasilnya adalah bahwa ukuran butir ferrit akhir dapat diprediksi dari ukuran butir austenit semula, regangan, laju regangan, temperatur canai, dan laju pendinginan. Didapatkan juga bahwa kekerasan Vickers dapat diprediksi dari ukuran butir ferrit akhir, regangan, laju regangan, dan temperatur canai.

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Hot rolling variables can be determined as such to produce alloy steels having specific ferrite grain size and mechanical properties. The aim of this research is to develop model of ferrite grain size of 0,028%-Nb HSLA steel based on hot rolling operational variables and model of Vickers hardness based on the final ferrite grain size.

Results show that ferrite grain size can be predicted based on the initial austenite grain size, strain, strain rate, rolling temperature, and cooling rate. It is also found that Vickers hardness can be predicted based on the final ferrite grain size, strain, strain rate, and rolling temperature."

"Variabel-variabel proses canai panas dapat ditentukan sedemikian rupa untuk memproduksi baja paduan dengan ukuran butir ferritdan sifat mekanis yang spesifik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model ukuran butir ferrit akhir baja HSLA 0,028% Nb berdasarkan variabel-variabel operasional canai panas serta model kekerasan Vickers berdasarkan ukuran butir ferrit akhir. Hasilnya adalah bahwa ukuran butir ferrit akhir dapat diprediksi dari ukuran butir austenit semula, regangan, laju regangan, temperatur canai, dan laju pendinginan. Didapatkan juga bahwa kekerasan Vickers dapat diprediksi dari ukuran butir ferrit akhir, regangan, laju regangan, dan temperatur canai.

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Hot rolling variables can be determined as such to produce alloy steels having specific ferrite grain size and mechanical properties. The aim of this research is to develop model of ferrite grain size of 0,028%-Nb HSLA steel based on hot rolling operational variables and model of Vickers hardness based on the final ferrite grain size. Results show that ferrite grain size can be predicted based on the initial austenite grain size, strain, strain rate, rolling temperature, and cooling rate. It is also found that Vickers hardness can be predicted based on the final ferrite grain size, strain, strain rate, and rolling temperature."

"ABSTRAKBerbagai penelitian dan para peneliti terdahulu terhadap pertumbuhan butir baja terfokus pada kondisi isothermal, sehingga berbagai tinjauan terhadap topik ini terdapat dalam berbagai literatur. Sedangkan berbagai aplikasi proses material, seperti canal panas pengecoran atau tempa berlangsung dalam kondisi non-isoternal. Prediksi pertumbuhan butir mempergunakan persamaan yang didapat secara empris dalam kondisi anil isothermal sehingga terjadi fluktuasi dalam besar butir dan sifat mekanis produk baja.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi dan mendapatkan pertumbuhan butir austenit dalam kondisi dimana pertumbuhan butirnya setelah dilakukan deformasi canal satu pass, dalam kondisi pendinginan kontinyu. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah memberikan regangan deformasi canal panas antara O,3-0,4 dengan temperatur pemanasan awal l200°C, dan temperatur deformasi antara 900-1100C dengan kecepatan pendinginan antara 7-12 C/detik dalam rentang waktu rata-rata 30 detik setelah deformasi, kemudian didinginkan cepat ke temperatur ruang. Kecepatan pendinginan direkayasa dengan memasukkan benda iji ke dalam heating jacket dan pendinginan cepat dilakukan dengan water jetspray.Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan butir austenit baja setelah proses canal panas dapat digambarkan sebagai fungsi kecepatan pendinginan. Besar butir austenit semakin menurun dengan meningkatnya kecepatan pendinginan. Kinetika pertumbuhan butir austenit non-isotermal didapat dengan melakukan modifikasi matematis persamaan pertumbuhan butir isotermal dengan memasukkan faktor inverse kecepatan pendinginan berpangkat m. Model modfikasi ini dilakukan iterasi dengan hasil eksperimen dan didapat model empris dengan nilai amat mendekati hasil eksperimen, dengan hubungan besar butir austenit yang berbanding terbalik dengan kecepatan pendinganan berpangkat m (1/Cr), dan penambahan konstanta B. Didapat konstanta kecepatan pendinginan m hampir tidak terpengaruh oleh komposisi baja yaitu sekitar 12 sedangkan konstanta B meningkat dari 3,0 x10'° sampai 8 x l0'° dengan peningkatan prosentase Nb, C atau N dalam baja. Model ini dievaluasi dengan perhitungan penumbuhan butir austenit hasil perhitugan matematis berdasarkan persamaan isothermal dan metode additivity. Didapati bahwa model modifikasi memilih nilai besar butir austenit yang amat mendekati perhitugan matematis , dengan nilai konstanta yang relatif sama dengan model matematis . Didapat bahwa perhitungan dengan model empiris non isotermal memiliki deviasix rendah terhadap nilai eksperimen (4-l5%). sehingga lebih tepat untuk memprediksi pertumbuhan butir austenit kondisi non-isotermal.

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ABSTRACT

Many reviews in the literatures by many previous investigators on the steel grain growth mostly focused for the isothermal condition. At the same time, many of the materials processing such as hot-rolling, casting, and forging take place under non-isothermal conditions. Grain growth prediction uses empirically obtained formula in an isothermal annealing condition; in this instant, there are possibilities that the fluctuation in the predicted grains size and thus in the mechanical properties will occur.

The main purpose of this investigation is to evaluate and to obtain austenite grains growth in a non-isothermal condition. The grain growth of three compositions of HSLA-Nb steel, i.e. 0.019; 0.037; and 0.056 wt.% Nb, was examined after single-pass-hot-rolling process under continuous cooling condition. The materials were hot-rolled about 0.3-0.4 at an initial temperature of 1200C, deformation temperature of 900-1100C, cooling rate of 7-12K/s in an average time period of 30 second after deformation, and the quenched to room temperature. Cooling rate was achieved by putting the specimen into a heating jacket and quenching was performed by using a water jetspray.

The results show that the austenite grain growth was obtained by modifying isothermal grain growth relation with respect to the inverse factor of cooling rate to the power of m. This modification model was irerated by using experimental data and results in an empirical model with the value very close to the experimental data, in which the austenite grain size inversely proportional to the cooling rate power m (1/Cr) and an additional content of B. It was also found that the cooling rate m was almost not affected by steel composition, which is around 12, whereas the constant of B increases from 3.0 x 10 to 8 x 10 with the increase of Nb, C, or N content in the steel. The model was evaluated by using the austenite grain growth calculation based on isothermal and addivity methods. This model results in the same value as the calculation model with the same constant. The austenite grain growth calculated by modified empirical model was found has small deviation compare to the experiments value (4-15%). Hence, the model is appropriates to be applied to predicts the non-isothermal austenite grain growth after deformation in hot rolling process."

"Micro alloying in High Strength Low Alloy (HSM) steel is very important role to improve the qualityof those steel formation of precipitation of carbonitride such as Nb(CN) in those niobium containingsteel has a significant influenced on strength. Mechanism of strength improvement due to the existing ofmicro alloy the precipitated in hot finishing deformation not fully studied The previous investigated userelationship between deformation and density of dislocation. HSLA steel containing 0.037% Nb was usedin this research and deformation was performed using compressive plane stress, the relationship between5 % fraction precipitate, t@__¢, and maximum stress achieved at a temperature of 9009 C under strain rare ofI sec'l were evaluated. Analysis data results shows that the relationship between 5% fraction and densityof dislocation can be described as, tg,? .,p"'5."