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"BackgroundOrocecal transit time can be used to measure intestinal tract motility. Orocecal transit time measurement can be beneficial in various clinical conditions. This study aims at determining the orocecal transit time in healthy adults at the Cipto Mangunkusumo National Center General Hospital, Jakarta.Materials and methodThe 36 healthy adults in this study were taken from the Cipto Mangunkusumo National Center General Hospital community, Jakarta. Orocecal transit time was determined using the hydrogen breath test using 20 mL of lactulose (13.3 g). After fasting of at least 10 hours, subjects were asked to undergo the hydrogen breath test while fasting for 30 minutes for a total of 3 hours. Increased H2 concentration of equal to or over 10 parts per million from the basal (fasting value) was considered as the point when lactulose reached the caeccum, thus considered as the orocecal transit time. If no H2 increase was found during the evaluation, the subject was considered to have produced no H2.ResultsOut of the 36 study subjects, 31 people (86.1%) produced H2, thus available for orocecal transit time evaluation. The average orocecal transit time from the 31 subjects was 93.9 ± 31.7 minutes. The other five subjects did not have increased H2 concentration in the 3 hours of hydrogen breath test, and thus were considered as non-H2 producers.ConclusionThe average orocecal transit time from the 31 healthy adults from the Cipto Mangunkusumo National Center General Hospital community was 93.9 ± 31.7 minutes. The hydrogen breath test is an easy, safe, quick, and relatively low-cost method of evaluation that can be clinically applied, even though its specificity and sensitivity varies from one study to another in foreign countries."

"ABSTRAKPraktek kerja profesi di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Periode Bulan Agustus September 2017 bertujuan untuk memahami peran, tugas dan tanggung jawab Apoteker di Rumah Sakit sesuai dengan ketentuan dan etika pelayanan farmasi pada khususnya dan pelayanan kesehatan pada umumnya. Memiliki wawasan, pengetahuan dan pengalaman praktis untuk melakukan praktek kefarmasian di Rumah Sakit. Memiliki gambaran nyata tentang permasalahan praktek kefarmasian serta mempelajari strategi dan kegiatan kegiatan yang dapat dilakukan dalam rangka pengembangan praktek kefarmasian di Rumah Sakit. Praktek kerja profesi ini juga ditunjang dengan tugas khusus yaitu Analisa Penyebab Pasien Tidak Mengambil Obat dari Satelit Farmasi Rawat Jalan Kiara di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Tujuan dari tugas khusus ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran penyebab dan putus atau tidaknya terapi pengobatan pasien yang tidak mengambil obat di satelit farmasi rawat jalan Kiara RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo.

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ABSTRACTInternship at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo month period August September 2017 aims to understand the roles duties and responsibilities clinical pharmacists in hospital according to regulations and ethics in particular pharmaceutical care and health care in general. Having insight, knowledge skill and practical experience for doing pharmaceutical care in hospital. Having an example about pharmaceutical care problem and learning strategies that can implemented in pharmaceutical care development. In this internship is also has a current assignment such an analysis about the reason of patients who do not take drugs form outpatient pharmacy satellite Kiara in RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. The purpose of this current assignment is to know the description of reason and treatment about patients who do not take drugs from outpatient pharmacy satellite Kiara, RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo"

"Penilaian kinerja karyawan merupakan hal yang penting bagi rumah sakit. Untuk menilai kinerja karyawan dan memotivasi agar karyawan semangat dalam bekerja.Dalam penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif yang menggunakan wawancara dengan coordinator dan karyawan RSCM. Dari penelitian bahwa unsur objektivitas perlu ditingkatkan dan perlu ada pelatihan yang diselenggarakan oleh bagian SDM supaya maksud tujuan dan yang diinginkan tercapai. Metode yang digunakan dalam penilaian kinerja menggunakan rating scale. Menggunakan formulir yang di sediakan oleh bagian SDM di unit masing-masing. Presepsi karyawan tentang penilaian kinerja yang sudah berjalan sudah sangat baik. Dengan hasil penilitian untuk penilaian kinerja kriteria istimewa 4 orang, sangat baik 40 orang, baik 2 orang.

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Performance assessment is essential for hospital to assess the performance of employees.and to motivate in work. The studies using qualitative research by interviewing manager and employee of RSCM directly.Assessment using rating scale methode. Using the form provided by HRD in each unit. the employee perception about assessment is good. Result for very excellent 4, excellent 40 and average 2, Primary data obtained by direct observation and the secondary obtained by document review related to the research."

"Diabetics occasionally need enteral nutrition-either as supplement or in situations necessitating total dependency on enteral nutrition to fulfill their energy requirements. Enteral nutrition specifically designed fordiabet-ics is not yet available in our hospital, as sugar is often added to enteral nutrition preparations, subsequently affecting the blood glucose profiles of the patients.

This study was done to determine the glycemic index of 4 kinds of enteraf feeding formulas, conducted among ambulatory diabetics attending the Diabetic Clinic of the Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo General Central National Hospital.

Twenty samples were purposively chosen among the Diabetic Clinic attendees. They were well-controlled non-pregnant diabetics; none of them were having either kidney or liver problems, and were otherwise healthy. Each of the diabetic studied was given 50-g glucose syrup (200 Kcal) as a standard load. With a 3 to 4 days interval, the patients were consecutively given several enteral feeding formulas, i.e., the standard hospital enteral feeding formula (MC-FRS I), a newly developed diabetic formula (MC-FRS II), a frequently-used commercially avai 1-ablepredigested/elemental enteral feeding formula {MC-FK I = Isocal), and a new predigested/elemental enteral feeding formula specifically designed for diabetics (MC-FK II=Diabetasol). All of the formulas tested contained energy equal to 50-g glucose (200 Kcal). Blood glucose was measured with an Accutrend-Ames® glucometer in fasting condition and subsequently 30,60,90 and 120 minutes after the load. Any glucose/enteral feeding loading was given 30 minutes after. Data were presented as a blood glucose curve and glycemic index were calculated as area under the blood glucose curve of each food load compared to the standard glucose load, presented as percentage.

In all the enteral feedings studied, the blood glucose response curves went up and the peaks achieved in 60 minutes, thereafter declined to points above the initial fasting blood glucose values. The glycemic index of the MC-FRS I, MC-FRS II, MC-FK I and MC-FK II were 39.6%, 25%, 45% and 52.1% respectively.

The sugar that was added to the MC-FRS I and MC-FK I did not give rise to higher blood glucose levels as compared to the other non-glucose-added food. All of the enteral feeding formula tested showed low glycemic index (Miller, less than 55%). The difference glycemic index among the formulas studied might be due to different food composition (predigested/elemental component in the commercial enteral feeding formula; no sugar added and higher fiber in MC-FRS II as compared to MC-FRS I; higher fat content in MC-FK 1 as compared to MC-FK II). Glycemic index of enteral feeding formula was particularly determined by the total carbohydrate, total fat and total protein content of the food, as well as the presence of fiber and antinutrient in the food studied."

"Angka kejadian Kandidosis vulvovaginalis (KVV) yang disebabkan C.non-albicans belakangan ini cenderung meningkat. Namun di RSCM, sampai saat ini belum ada data tentang proporsi dan karakteristik KVV yang disebabkan C.non- albicans. Untuk itu dilakukan penelitian deskriptif dengan rancangan studi potong lintang. Subyek penelitian adalah wanita yang datang ke Poliklinik Kulit dan Kelamin serta Poliklinik Kebidanan dan Kandungan RSCM yang mengeluh keputihan dan gatal, serta pada pemeriksaan sediaan apus dengan pewarnaan Gram ditemukan blastospora dengan atau tanpa pseudohifa, tanpa infeksi genital spesifik lain. Kultur dibuat dengan menggunakan media CHROMagar Candida untuk membedakan spesies Candida penyebab. Didapatkan subyek terbanyak pada kelompok usia 26 – 44 tahun, dengan nilai tengah 29 tahun. Dari 69 subyek yang menderita KVV, sebanyak 30,4% disebabkan oleh C.non- albicans, terdiri atas : C. glabrata (61,9%), C. tropicalis (28,6%) dan C. parapsilosis (9,5%). KVV yang disebabkan oleh C.non-albicans cenderung terjadi pada pasien dengan usia lebih dari 45 tahun, menggunakan KB non-hormonal, memiliki pasangan dengan keluhan gatal dan kemerahan pada ujung penis dan keluhan terjadi lebih dari satu tahun. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan gejala klinis KVV yang disebabkan oleh C. albicans dan C. non-albicans. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 142-7)

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The prevalence of Vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC) caused by C.non-albicans tends to increase, recently. The aim of this study was to obtain data about proportion and clinical characteristic of C.non-albicans VVC at dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta. This is a cross-sectional study on all female patients with symptoms of VVC visiting Obstetri-gynaecology and Dermatovenereology outpatient clinics at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta. All subjects had positive Gram stain, showed Candida spp. on culture with CHROMagar Candida, and had no other specific genital infections. Sixty nine subjects aged 26 – 44 years old (averaged 29 years old) were included in this study. Candida non-albicans was found in 30.4% subject, and consisted of: C. glabrata (61.9%), C. tropicalis (28.6%) and C. parapsilosis (9.5%). We found that C.non-albicans VVC infections are more common in women above 45 years old, using non-hormonal contraceptives, whose sexual partner has erythema and pruritus in glands penis, and having the disease for more than 1 year. No differences in clinical symptoms were noted between C. albicans and C.non-albicans infection. We concluded from this study that the proportion of C. non-albicans infections at dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, with C. glabrata represents the most prevalent species. No characteristic clinical symptoms were found from the subjects with C.non-albicans VVC when compared with those infected by C. albicans. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 142-7)"

"Infeksi nosokomial merupakan salah satu masalah utama di rumah sakit yang berkaitan dengan morbiditas, mortalitas dan peningkatan biaya kesehatan. Survilens sebaiknya dilakukan berkala untuk mendapatkan data tentang insiden infeksi nosokomial, jenis infeksi, patogen dan pola resistensi. Kami melaporkan hasil surveilens nosokomial di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional (RSUPN) Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta, antara tahun 1999 hingga 2002. Data didapatkan dari surveilens yang dilakukan oleh Panitia Pengendalian Infeksi Rumah Sakit. Surveilens dilakukan terhadap pasien dengan risiko infeksi nosokomial seperti menjalani prosedur bedah, kateter urin, kateter vena perifer atau sentral, ventilator dan prosedur invasif lainnya. Kriteria infeksi nosokomial yang digunakan berdasarkan Pedoman dan Petunjuk Teknis Panitia Pengendalian Infeksi Nosokomial RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo tahun 1999 yang mengacu pada definisi CDC mengenai infeksi nosokomial. Insiden infeksi nosokomial pada tahun 1999, 2000, 2001 dan 2002 adalah 1,1;0,9;0,6 dan 0,4 %. Jenis infeksi nosokomial mencakup infeksi kateter, luka operasi, saluran kemih dan saluran pernapasan berkisar antara 0 hingga 5,6 %. Bakteri Gram negatif terdiri dari Pseudomonas sp, Enterobakter aerogenes, Eskherishia koli, Proteus mirabilis merupakan patogen tersering. Bakteri Gram positif terdiri dari Staphylococcus epidermidis, Stafilokokus aureus dan Streptokokus anhemolitikus. Didapatkan pada surveilens ini kecenderungan insiden infeksi nosokomial bakteri Gram positif. Sebagian besar bakteri Gram negatif telah resisten terhadap penisilin, amoksisilin-asam klavulanat dan sefalosporin generasi ke-3, tetapi masih sensitif terhadap sefalosporin generasi ke-4 dan aminoglikosida. Bakteri Gram positif masih sensitif terhadap penisilin, amoksisilin-asam klavulanat, sefalosporin generasi ke-4 dan aminoglikosida. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 107-12)

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Nosocomial infection are one of the main problem in hospital which are associated with significant morbidity, mortality and increased economic cost. Surveillance should be attempted regularly to obtain local data of incidence of nosocomial infections, types of infection, pathogen and resistance pattern. We reported the results of nosocomial surveillance in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, in year 1999 to 2002. The data were obtained from surveillance, conducted by Nosocomial Infection Control Committee. Surveillance were performed to patient in risk of nosocomial infections such as underwent surgical procedure, urinary catheter, peripheral or central venous catheter, ventilator and other invasive procedure. Criteria for nosocomial infection which were used, based on technical guidelines of nosocomial infection in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, year 1999; which referred to CDC definition of nosocomial infections. Incidence rate of nosocomial infections in year 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002 were 1.1, 0.9, 0.6 and 0.4 % respectively. Type of nosocomial infection include catheter related, surgical wound, urinary tract and respiratory tract infections, ranged between 0 to 5.6 %. Gram negative bacteria consist of Pseudomonas sp, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis were the most common nosocomial pathogen. Gram positive bacteria consist of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus anhemolyticus. Trend of increasing incidence of Gram positive nosocomial infection also showed in our surveillance. Mostly Gram negative bacteria had been resistant to penicillin, co amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and 3rd generation cephalosporin, but still sensitive to 4th generation cephalosporin and aminoglycoside. The Gram positive bacteria were still sensitive to penicillin, co amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 4th generation cephalosporin and aminoglycoside. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 107-12)"

"Obstructive jaundice can be caused by malignant or benign origi. The treatment for these situations includes drainage by biliary stenting.The main of this study was to evaluate the success rate of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in evaluating malignant obstructive jaundice and the success rate of plastic stent placement...."

"Rumah sakit yang merupakan salah satu dari sarana kesehatan merupakan rujukan pelayanan kesehatan dengan fungsi utama menyelenggarakan upaya kesehatan yang bersifat penyembuhan dan pemulihan bagi pasien. Pelayanan farmasi rumah sakit merupakan salah satu kegiatan di rumah sakit yang menunjang pelayanan kesehatan yang bermutu. Kegiatan pelayanan kefarmasian saat ini telah mengalami perubahan yang awalnya berorientasi pada produk (product oriented) menjadi berorientasi pada pasien (patient oriented). Untuk dapat memberikan pelayanan kefarmasian yang baik di rumah sakit, seorang apoteker sebagai tenaga pelaksana kegiatan pelayanan kefarmasian di rumah sakit harus memiliki kemampuan profesional dan pengetahuan yang memadai, baik di bidang manajemen maupun klinis Kegiatan PKPA dilaksanakan pada tanggal 2 April - 4 Juni 2014 di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional (RSUPN) Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui tugas pokok seorang apoteker di rumah sakit dalam peran manajemen perbekalan farmasi dan pelayanan farmasi klinik di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Sedangkan tujuan dari tugas khusus adalah untuk mengetahui pedoman peggunaan Electronic Health Record (EHR) di RSCM.

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Hospital is one of the health facilities are referral health services with the main function organized health efforts that are healing and recovery for the patient. Pharmaceutical Care.in Hospital is one of the activities in hospitals that support quality health services. Activities of pharmaceutical care at this time has changed from product oriented to patient-oriented. To provide good pharmaceutical care at the hospital, a pharmacist as a personnel executive activities in the hospital pharmacy services should have professional skills and knowledge, both in the field of management and clinical activities Apothecary Profession Intership Program (APIP) activities held on 2 April to 4 June 2014 at General National Center Hospital Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo in order to determine the basic tasks of a pharmacist in a hospital in the role of pharmaceutical supply management and clinical pharmacy services in RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. While the purpose of the special task is to find out the Electronic Health Record (EHR) guidelines in RSCM."

"Latar Belakang. Neurosifilis merupakan infeksi susunan saraf akibat invasi bakteri Treponema Pallidum yang dapat menyebabkan kecacatan. Selain itu gejala klinis neurosifilis beragam, tidak khas, bahkan asimtomatik sehingga dapat menyebabkan kesalahan diagnosis yang cukup tinggi. Angka kejadian sifilis di Indonesia masih tinggi bahkan masih terus meningkat. Akan tetapi hingga saat ini belum diketahui prevalensi dan deskripsi neurosifilis di Indonesia. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan prevalensi neurosifilis dan perbandingan karakteristik klinis dan penunjang antara neurosifilis dan non-neurosifilis di RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo.Metode. Studi potong lintang dengan data rekam medis di RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo pada pasien dengan kecurigaan neurosifilis yang dikonsulkan ke neurologi sejak Januari 2019-Januari 2024. Dilakukan evaluasi karakteristik klinis dan penunjang baik profil darah berupa serum maupun cairan serebrospinal (CSS) serta pencitraan otak.Hasil. Dari 100 subjek dengan kecurigaan neurosifilis yang dikonsulkan ke neurologi, terdapat 72 kasus neurosifilis dan 28 kasus non neurosifilis. Pada kelompok neurosifilis keluhan tersering saat dikonsulkan ke neurologi adalah gangguan penglihatan (OR 7,46 [2,83-19,64], p<0,001) dan nyeri kepala (OR 4,43 [1,22-16.14], p= 0,031). Titer RPR serum (median 1:128) dan TPHA serum kelompok neurosifilis (median 1:10240) lebih tinggi dibandingkan non neurosifilis. Kelompok neurosifilis cenderung memiliki jumlah leukosit CSS lebih tinggi (median 7 [1,00-155,0], p<0,001) dan jumlah protein lebih tinggi (median 47 [5,00-612,00], p<0,001) dibandingkan non-neurosifilis. Pada 10 subjek neurosifilis dengan gambaran pencitraan otak abnormal terdapat 3 subjek dengan gambaran space occupying lesion.Kesimpulan. Prevalensi neurosifilis pada pasien sifilis yang dikonsulkan ke neurologi di RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo sangat tinggi (72%). Kecurigaan neurosifilis lebih tinggi pada pasien sifilis dengan keluhan gangguan penglihatan atau nyeri kepala dan memiliki kadar limfosit darah yang rendah, dengan titer RPR serum ≥1:128 dan titer TPHA serum ≥1:10.240. Selain itu studi ini juga mendapatkan 10 subjek dengan abnormalitas pencitraan otak, sehingga pada pasien sifilis terutama dengan gejala dan tanda neurologi perlu dipertimbangkan untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan pencitraan otak MRI Kepala.

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Background. Neurosyphilis is an infection of the nervous system caused by the invasion of the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which can lead to disability. Additionally, the clinical symptoms of neurosyphilis are varied, non-specific, and can even be asymptomatic, leading to a high rate of misdiagnosis. The incidence of syphilis in Indonesia remains high and continues to increase. However, to date, the prevalence and description of neurosyphilis in Indonesia are still unknown. This study aims to determine the prevalence of neurosyphilis and to compare the clinical and supporting characteristics between neurosyphilis and non-neurosyphilis patients at the National Central General Hospital Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo.

Methods. A cross-sectional study utilizing medical records at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo will be conducted on patients suspected of having neurosyphilis who were referred to neurology from January 2019 to January 2024. The study will evaluate clinical characteristics and supportive data, including blood profiles (serum), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and brain imaging.

Result. From 100 subjects with suspected neurosyphilis referred to neurology, there were 72 cases of neurosyphilis and 28 cases of non-neurosyphilis. In the neurosyphilis group, the most common complaints at the time of consultation were visual disturbances (OR 7.46 [2.83-19.64], p<0.001) and headaches (OR 4.43 [1.22-16.14], p=0.031). Serum RPR titers (median 1:128) and TPHA titers (median 1:10240) were higher in the neurosyphilis group compared to the non-neurosyphilis group. The neurosyphilis group tended to have higher CSF leukocyte counts (median 7 [1.00-155.0], p<0.001) and higher protein levels (median 47 [5.00-612.00], p<0.001) compared to the non-neurosyphilis group. Among 10 neurosyphilis subjects with abnormal brain imaging, 3 subjects had findings suggestive of a space-occupying lesion

Conclusion. The prevalence of neurosyphilis among syphilis patients referred to neurology at RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo is very high (72%). Suspicion of neurosyphilis is higher in syphilis patients presenting with visual disturbances or headaches and having low blood lymphocyte levels, with serum RPR titers ≥1:128 and serum TPHA titers ≥1:10,240. Additionally, this study also identified 10 subjects with abnormalities in brain imaging. Therefore, in syphilis patients, especially those with neurological symptoms and signs, consideration should be given to performing brain MRI imaging."

"Latar Belakang. Sejak laporan pertama ensefalitis antireseptor N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) pada 2007, prevalensi ensefalitis autoimun (EA) serupa dengan ensefalitis infeksi (EI). Sayangnya, heterogenitas klinis EA, serupanya klinis dengan EI, penyakit autoimun seperti neuropsikiatrik lupus eritematosus sistemik, atau penyakit psikiatrik menjadi tantangan deteksi awal dan tatalaksana EA. Keterlambatan berhubungan dengan perburukan luaran, sedangkan kekurang-tepatan menerapi EI sebagai EA dapat mengeksaserbasi infeksi. Studi ini bertujuan mengenali karakteristik EA, khususnya ensefalitis antireseptor NMDA definit sebagai EA tersering, di era keterbatasan ketersediaan penunjang definitif di Indonesia.Metode. Studi kohort retrospektif dengan rekam medis di RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo dilakukan pada curiga EA yang menjalani pemeriksaan antireseptor NMDA cairan otak sejak Januari 2015-November 2022. Karakteristik klinis dan penunjang EA, EA seropositif NMDA, dan luarannya dinilai. Analisis univariat dan bivariat dilakukan sesuai kebutuhan.Hasil. Dari 102 subjek yang melalui kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, terdapat 14 EA seropositif dan 32 seronegatif NMDA. Temuan klinis EA terbanyak adalah gangguan psikiatri dan tidur (85,7%), gangguan kesadaran (78,3%), prodromal (76,1%), dan bangkitan (70,6%). Karakteristik penunjang EA adalah inflamasi sistemik (75,0%), inflamasi cairan otak (69,2%), abnormalitas MRI (57,9%) dominan inflamasi (42,2%), dan abnormalitas EEG (89,5%). Karakteristik klinis EA seropositif NMDA adalah psikosis (76,9% vs 24,1%, p=0,002), delirium (71,4% vs 40,6%, p=0,06), bangkitan (71,4% vs 46,7%, p=0,12), takikardia (55,6% vs 17,6%, p=0,08), dan gangguan otonom lainnya (55,6% vs 23,5%, p=0,19), sedangkan klinis EA seronegatif NMDA adalah somnolen (34,4% vs 7,1%, p=0,07) dan defisit neurologis fokal (31,3% vs 7,1%, p=0,13). Leukositosis dan pleositosis cairan otak dengan dominasi mononuklear secara signifikan lebih ditemukan pada EA seropositif NMDA. Sebanyak 10,9% subjek meninggal.Kesimpulan. Karakteristik klinis EA adalah gangguan psikiatri dan tidur, gangguan kesadaran, prodromal, dan bangkitan. Psikosis, delirium, bangkitan, dan disfungsi otonom cenderung lebih ditemukan pada EA seropositif NMDA. Inflamasi sistemik, cairan otak, MRI, dan abnormalitas EEG sering ditemukan pada EA, terutama seropositif NMDA. 

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Background. Since the first report of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis in 2007, the prevalence of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) was similar to infectious encephalitis (IE). Unfortunately, heterogenities of EA as well as similarities in the manifestation to IE, other autoimmune diseases including neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus, or psychiatric diseases compromised the early detection and management of EA. This delay correlated with worse outcome whereas the inaccuracy in treting IE as AE may exacerbate infection. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of EA, particularly definitive NMDAR encephalitis as the most common, in the era of limited availability of definitive ancillary test in Indonesia.

Methods. Retrospective study using medical records at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Center General Hospital was conducted for suspected EA cases tested for cerebrospinal fluid NMDAR autoantibody test from January 2015 to November 2022. Clinical, ancillary characteristics, and concordance between clinical diagnosis and diagnostic criteria were assessed. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis were perfomed as needed.

Result. Of 102 subjects following inclusion and exclusion criteria, there were 14 seropositive and 32 seronegative NMDA subject. Clinical characterstics of AE were psychiatric and sleep disorder (85,7%), altered consciousness (78.3%), prodromal (76.1%), and seizure (70.6%). Ancillary characteristics of AE were systemic inflammation (75.0%), cerebrospinal fluid inflammation (69.2%), MRI abnormalities (57.9%) with inflammatory predominance (42.2%), and EEG abnormalities (89.5%). Seropositive NMDA characteristics were psychosis (76.9% vs 24.1%, p=0.002), delirium (71.4% vs 40.6%, p=0.06), seizure (71.4% vs 46.7%, p=0.12), tachycardia 955.6% vs 17.6%, p=-0.08), and other autonomic disorder (55.6% vs 23.5% p=0.19) whereas seronegative NMDA characteristics were somnolence (34.4% vs 7.1%, p=0.07) and focal neurologic deficit (31.3% vs 7.1%, p=0.13). Leukocytosis and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis with mononuclear predominance were significantly found in seropositive NMDA AE. The mortality rate was 10.9%.

Conclusion. Clinical characteristics of AE were psychiatric and sleep disorder, altered consciousness, prodromal, and seizure. Psychosis, delirium, seizure, and autonomic dysfunction tended to be found in seropositive NMDA AE. Inflammation in systemic, cerebrospinal fluid, and MRI findings as well as EEG abnormalities commonly occurred in AE, especially seropositive NMDA."