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"The treaty establishing the European Union constitution has not been fully accepted by European society, which is marked with the resulth of the vote (referendum) in France and the Netherlands.But this does not mean the end of regionalization of Europe. The earlier agreements will remain to be the bases for continuation effort. The interaction growing among the citizens of Europe,which is no longer limited by states, will improve cultural assimilation as well as build awareness in further integration process."

"European nation-states have a great interest in integration to give up on the organization they have spent over half a century building. There is a Europe's growing need to ensure its own security that will call for more cooperation on the political level. European Union has reached a crossroad, where it must choose between liberalizing its economy or pursuing the dirigiste policies that have held back growth in some of its largest member and between enhancing,its historic alliance with the United States or attempting to play the role of a geopolitical "counterweight" to America. For more than half a century, the atlantic alliance has been the basis for European security and a cornerstone of global stability.Now Europe is beginning to develop a collective military identity of its own, without the participation of the United States.This article will discuss European power as hard and soft power, its common foreign and security policy, Euro-Gaullist versus Euroatlanticist as well as the future of the Atlantic partnership .What will be the dangers and opportunities arising from the European Union's growing authority in security and defense? Will Europe be the next superpower?"

"Perluasan keanggotaan Uni Eropa pada tanggal 1 Mei 2004 merupakan perluasan terbesar dalam sejarah Uni Eropa. Sepuluh negara bergabung menjadi anggota baru Uni Eropa dan perluasan ini telah menyatukan Eropa Barat dan Eropa Timur yang terpisah selama Perang Dingin. Kesepuluh negara itu adalah Republik Ceko, Estonia, Hongaria, Latvia, Lituania, Malta, Polandia, Siprus, Slovenia, Slowakia. Dalam artikel ini, akan dibahas kondisi ekonomi tiga negara Baltik (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) sebelum dan sesudah bergabung menjadi anggota Uni Eropa. Hal menarik yang mendorong penulis membahas Estonia, Latvia, dan Lithuania karena ketiga negara ini mempunyai latar belakang sejarah yang sama, yakni ketiga negara ini pernah bergabung dengan Uni Soviet dan merupakan negara dengan tingkat kehancuran paling parah pasca kemerdekaan. Akan tetapi setelah bergabung dengan Uni Eropa, justru ketiga negara inilah yang memiliki tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi tercepat di antara 7 negara lainnya yang bergabung bersama-sama pada tahun 2004. Ternyata setelah menjadi bagian dari Uni Eropa, Estonia, Latvia, dan Lithuania mengalami beberapa perubahan yang signifikan kearah yang lebih baik khususnya dalam bidang ekonomi.

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Enlargement of the European Union on May 1st, 2004 was the largest single expansion of the European Union (EU) in its history. There were new ten states which joined the European Union and this enlargement unify Eastern and Western Europe which were separated during the Cold War. The ten countries were Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Cyprus, Slovenia, Slovakia. In this article, the author will focus on the discussion of economic conditions of the three Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania ) before and after joining the European Union. The interesting point that encourages the writer to focus on Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania is because these countries have the same historical background, as former colonies of the Soviet Union. After joining the European Union, Estonia Latvia, and Lithuania have the fastest growth rate compared to the seven other countries that have also joined the European Union in 2004. After becoming members of European Union, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania have showed some significant changes towards the better, especially in the economic field. "

"Uni Eropa adalah organisasi internasional di wilayah Eropa yang bertujuan untuk mencapai integrasi Eropa. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, Uni Eropa membentuk sistem hukum regionalnya sendiri yang saat ini sudah menjadi komponen yang tidak terpisahkan dalam kehidupan politik dan bermasyarakat di Uni Eropa. Walaupun demikian, keberlakuan hukum internasional dalam sistem hukum regional Uni Eropa jarang sekali dibahas. Beberapa tahun belakang, hubungan antara hukum internasional dan hukum regional Uni Eropa baru banyak dibicarakan dalam kaitannya dengan otonomi hukum regional Uni Eropa. Dalam beberapa kondisi, Uni Eropa tidak terikat dengan perjanjian internasional atau norma-norma hukum internasional. Putusan-putusan Mahkamah Eropa baru-baru ini menekankan otonomi hukum regional Uni Eropa di atas hukum internasional. Putusan-putusan tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa hubungan antara hukum internasional dengan hukum regional Uni Eropa tidak lagi dilihat menurut teori monisme dan dualisme saja, tetapi dengan teori lain yang lebih kompleks.

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European Union is an international organization whose obejective is to develop a European integration. In order to achieve the idea of European integration, European Union created its own legal order which has already becomean established component of European Union's political life and society. Yet, the effect of international law within the Union's domestic order receives far less attention. Over the past decade, the relationship between European and international law has largely been commented through the prism of the autonomy.

In some instances, however, the European Union is not bound by a treaty or international norm. Recent decisions issued by the Court of Justice of the European Union having emphasized the integrity of the European Union legal system.It indicates the relationship between the EU and international law can no longer be understood on the basis of monism or dualism theory, but a much more complex theory."

"Artikel ini menjelaskan salah satu cara bagi pemerintah untuk mencapai kata pemerintahan yang buik dalam lingkup pemerintahan negara, yang memerlukan mekanisme pengawasan dalam sistem birokrasi negara, baik pengawasan internal maupun pengawasan eksternal. Lembaga pengawasan eksternal ini juga di berbagai negara mengenai secara konseptual apa yang dinamakan sebagai Ombudsman, yang dilaksanakan oleh Swedish. Saat ini sudah ada 1/2 negara yang memiliki Ombudsman dengan nama yang berbeda-beda. Keberadaan Ombudsman xaat ini ditujukun unluk meamnpung partisipasi publik yang semakin meluas dalam pengawasan pemerintahan.Hal itu terlihat dari status legal Ombudsman ini Eropa dalam Traktat Uni Eropa yang menunjukan pentingnya keberadaan Ombudsman Uni Eropa."

"Uni Eropa adalah sebuah organisasi antar-oemerintahan dan supra-nasional, yang beranggotakan negara-negara Eropa. Untuk menjalankan tugasnya, Uni Eropa tentu harus memiliki konstitusi sebagai dasar untuk pengambilan tindakan dan keputusan. Namun, di dalam proses pengesahannya, terjadi beberapa hal yang menyebabkan konstitusi ini tidak kunjung diratifikasi oleh seluruh negara anggota. Adanya penolakan oleh Prancis dan Belanda merupakan salah satu contoh rancangan konstitusi ini tidak diratifikasi. Khususnya di Prancis, terdapat beberapa latar belakang berupa ketidakpuasan dalam bidang ekonomi dan sosial yang menjadi latar belakang penolakan terhadap rancangan Konstitusi Uni Eropa tahun 2005.

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The European Union is an inter governmental and supra national organization, consisting of European countries. To perform its duties, the European Union would possess a constitution as the basis for decision making and action taking. However, in the process several member states refused to ratify the constitution draft which resulted in the constitution not being ratified at all. The rejection by France and the Netherlands is one example where this constitution draft has been rejected and is not ratified. France in particular, there are some dissatisfaction concernin economic and social situation which may be the background of the rejection of the EU Constitution draft in 2005."

"Semakin berkembangnya kelembagaan dan misi eksternal Uni Eropa khususnya dalam mempromosikan norma-normanya mendorong literatur-literatur untuk membahas peran Uni Eropa sebagai normative power. Normative power dianggap sebagai salah satu peran internasional Uni Eropa yang membedakannya dengan aktor-aktor internasional lainnya. Kendati telah banyak digunakan dalam berbagai literatur mengenai Uni Eropa, namun konsep normative power belum mendapat perhatian serius dari literatur-literatur disiplin Ilmu Hubungan Internasional yang lebih luas. Kajian literatur ini membahas bagaimana perkembangan literatur mengenai Uni Eropa sebagai normative power. Dengan metode taksonomi, kajian literatur ini menunjukkan perkembangan literatur Uni Eropa sebagai normative power berada dalam empat kategori: 1 konseptualisasi normative power; 2 penggunaan normative power, 3 persepsi aktor mitra terhadap normative power, dan 4 Uni Eropa sebagai normative power dalam perspektif Hubungan Internasional. Berdasarkan berbagai literatur yang sudah dikaji, kajian literatur ini berpendapat bahwa peran Uni Eropa sebagai normative power merupakan suatu konstruksi yang dikembangkan oleh akademisi dan pejabat Uni Eropa untuk menemukan relevansi dan mengangkat posisi politik Uni Eropa dalam peran internasionalnya. Konstruksi ini dipertegas melalui seleksi memori yang dilakukan oleh Uni Eropa terhadap klaim normative power-nya. Kajian literatur ini juga menunjukkan terbatasnya keberhasilan penggunaan normative power oleh Uni Eropa terhadap para mitranya. Perkembangan literatur turut mengidentifikasi kecenderungan skeptisisme aktor-aktor mitra Uni Eropa terhadap penggunaan normative power oleh Uni Eropa. Selain itu, kajian literatur ini berargumen bahwa konsep normative power memiliki kecenderungan adanya bias Eurosentris dan perkembangan literatur didominasi oleh literatur-literatur liberal dan konstruktivis. Berdasarkan literatur-literatur yang ditinjau, tulisan ini menemukan adanya celah riset pada persepsi aktor mitra Uni Eropa terhadap normative power dan penulisan melalui perspektif non Eropa.

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The development of European Union's institutions and external mission, especially in promoting its norms, encourages literature to discuss the role of the EU as normative power. Normative power is considered one of the EU's international roles that distinguishes it from other international actors. Although widely used in literature on the European Union, the concept of normative power has not received serious attention from the wider International Relations readers.

This literature review discusses how the development of literature on the European Union as normative power. Using taxonomy method, this literature review shows the literature development of the EU as normative power fall into four categories: 1 the conceptualization of normative power; 2 the use of normative power, 3 partner actors' perceptions of normative power; and 4 EU as normative power according to IR perspectives.

Based on the literature that has been studied, this literature review argues that the role of the EU as normative power is a construction developed by academics and EU officials to find relevance and elevate the political position of the European Union in its international role. It is reasserted by how EU do memory selection to its own history in claiming its normative power.

This literature review also shows the limited success of normative usage power by the EU against its partners. The development of literature also identifies the tendency of skepticism of EU partner actors against the use of normative power by the European Union. In addition, this literature review argues that the concept of normative power has a tendency for Eurocentric bias and the development of literature dominated by liberal and constructivist literature.

Based on the literature reviewed, this paper found a research gap on the perceptions of EU partner actors and writing through a non-European perspective. "

"Selama beberapa dekade terakhir, terjadi peningkatan perdebatan mengenai kedaulatan dalam kajian Ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Salah satu titik krusial yang mendorong perdebatan ini adalah terbentuknya Uni Eropa melalui Maastricht Treaty pada tahun 1992. Setelah itu, terdapat beragam literatur yang membahas mengenai kedaulatan di Uni Eropa, sehingga diperlukan sebuah kajian kepustakaan. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut, studi ini memetakan perkembangan literatur mengenai kedaulatan di Uni Eropa pasca Maastricht Treaty. Dari tiga puluh artikel jurnal/buku/chapter edited volume yang dikaji, terdapat empat tema besar yaitu (1) karakteristik kedaulatan di Uni Eropa; (2) dinamika kedaulatan dalam kebijakan di Uni Eropa: antara intergovernmentalisme dan supranasionalisme (3) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penerimaan terhadap perubahan bentuk kedaulatan di Uni Eropa dan (4) kritik terhadap penerapan kedaulatan di Uni Eropa. Setelah melakukan pemetaan dan analisis literatur, kajian kepustakaan ini menghasilkan beberapa temuan. Pertama, karakter kedaulatan di Uni Eropa memiliki penafsiran yang berbeda-beda, mulai dari kedaulatan dipandang disatukan (pooled sovereignty), dibagi (shared sovereignty), hingga dianggap masih berada di negara. Kedua, penerapan kedaulatan dalam tatanan praktis dalam level kebijakan di Uni Eropa dapat bertahan maupun berubah, menyesuaikan preferensi negara-negara anggotanya. Ketiga, penerimaan negara terhadap beragam bentuk kedaulatan di Uni Eropa dipengaruhi oleh faktor ekonomi, faktor interdependensi, dan faktor keamanan. Keempat, dinamika serta cara pandang terhadap kedaulatan di Uni Eropa tampaknya dipengaruhi oleh fenomena-fenomena empirik atau perkembangan yang terjadi di Uni Eropa. Terakhir, dari keseluruhan literatur, studi ini mengindentifikasi celah literatur yang terdapat dalam sedikitnya analisis mengenai kedaulatan dalam kebijakan di Uni Eropa, serta kurangnya studi komparatif yang membandingkan kedaulatan di Uni Eropa dengan kedaulatan dalam entitas politik lainnya.

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Over the last few decades, the topic of Sovereignty has been increasingly discussed in International Relations. One of the crucial factors leading to the debate was the establishment of the European Union through the enactment of Maastricht Treaty in 1992. As an effect, various literature discussing sovereignty in the European Union emerged and subsequently neccessitates a literature review on it. This study mapped various literature on sovereignty in the European Union after Maastricht Treaty. By taking into account thirty journal articles/books/chapters of edited volume, this study found four major themes in the literature: (1) the characteristics of sovereignty in the European Union; (2) the dynamics of sovereignty in the European Union policies: between intergovernmentalism and supranationalism; (3) the factors influencing the acceptance of the changing form of sovereignty in the European Union; and (4) the critiques on the implementation of sovereignty in the European Union. After mapping and analyzing the literature, this study found several important points. First, the characters of sovereignty in the European Union result in various interpretations such as pooled sovereignty, shared sovereignty, and sovereignty that are embedded within member states. Second, the implementation of sovereignty in the European Union policies could both be static or dynamic, depending on the member states' preferences. Third, member states’ acceptance of various sovereignty forms in the European Union are influenced by economic, interdependence, and security factors. Fourth, the dynamics of the sovereignty in the European Union are perceived to be influenced by events happening in the European Union. Lastly, this study identifies several literature gaps on the lack of literature analyzing sovereignty aspect of European Union’s policies and the minimum amount of comparative studies between sovereignty in the European Union and sovereignty in other political entities."

"Since May t, 2004 the European Union has consisted of 25 countries, with 455 million people. In 2004, EU international trade achieved Euro 1,990.5 billion or equivalent to 18% of world trade. EU is a potential market for Indonesian export commodities, but during year 2000 to 2004 there were tendencies that export values from Indonesia declined. Besides that most Indonesian export commodities to EU were still dominated by low technology products. In order to use this opportunity and to improve export performance, several actions should be taken, such as: increasing promotion activities, improving trade relation to EU new member from East Europe and conducting research cooperation between Indonesian and EU research institutions in product design and development."