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"The Nordic Countries atau negara-negara Nordic adalah suatu istilah yang digunakan untuk menyebut kumpulan lima negara di utara Eropa yaitu Denmark, Finlandia, Eslandia, Norwegia dan Swedia. Jumlah penduduk di seluruh Nordic sekitar 24 juta jiwa. Negara-negara Nordic ini juga merupakan anggota dari Nordic Council dimana selain ke 5 negara tersebut bergabung pula beberapa daerah otonomi antara lain Atand (Finlandia), Faroe Island (Denmark) dan Greenland (Denmark)."

"Tesis ini membahas Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan/Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) di negara-negara Nordik (Denmark, Swedia, Finlandia dan Norwegia). Teori Regional Security Complex (RSCT) Barry Buzan dan Ole Waver (2003) dan konsep SDGs, digunakan untuk menganalisis motif kerja sama Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan di negara-negara Nordik. Berdasarkan analisis terhadap berbagai variabel yang membentuk pola kerja sama pada teori RSCT, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa konstruksi sosial berupa pola persahabatan yang didukung oleh tradisi kerja sama yang panjang dan solid, kedekatan geografi, kesamaan bahasa dan budaya serta kesamaan sistem sosio-ekonomi menjadi dasar bagi kerja sama SDGs di negara-negara Nordik. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa transformasi eksternal dan peran kawasan (overlay) sebagai faktor pendorong utama kerja sama negara-negara Nordik untuk Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan. Struktur distribusi kekuatan di kawasan Nordik dapat dikatakan telah berevolusi dari regional power ke the great power in the making. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan berhasilnya negara-negara Nordik dalam memitigasi berbagai ancaman non-tradisional di kawasan Nordik. Negara-negara Nordik juga aktif sebagai aktor keamanan dengan tidak hanya fokus menangani masalah keamanan secara internal tapi juga di kawasan lain seperti di Arktik dan Baltik. Kendati demikian, negara-negara Nordik masih memiliki beberapa tantangan terhadap implementasi SDGs terutama pada tujuan global 12 dan 13. Berdasarkan analisis dengan menggunakan konsep ekonomi sirkular (CE) pada SDG 12, optimalisasi hasil sumber daya dalam siklus teknis masih menjadi tantangan utama di negara- negara Nordik. Jejak material negara-negara Nordik masih paling tinggi di bandingkan dengan negara-negara Eropa lainnya dan trennya terus meningkat. Selain itu, tren jumlah limbah juga terus meningkat di negara-negara Nordik. Swedia merupakan penghasil limbah tertinggi dibanding negara-negara Nordik lainnya (1994-2017). Kemudian untuk SDG 13, capaian negara-negara Nordik lebih baik dibanding dengan SDG12. Masalah utama pada SDG 13 adalah mitigasi iklim adalah pada sektor transportasi. Sektor transportasi masih menyumbang sekitar 45% dari semua emisi CO2 terkait energi di kawasan Nordik. Kemudian kontribusi negara-negara Nordik untuk mencapai sasaran USD 100 miliar yang ditetapkan dalam naungan UNFCCC masih lebih sedikit di banding negara-negara OECD lain seperti Jerman dan Inggris.

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This thesis discusses the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden). The Regional Security Complex (RSCT) Theory of Barry Buzan and Ole Waver (2003) and the concept of SDGs, are used to analyze the motives for cooperation on Sustainable Development Goals in the Nordic countries. Based on an analysis of various variables that form a pattern of cooperation in the theory of RSCT, this study concludes that social construction in the form of friendship patterns are supported by a long and solid tradition of cooperation, geographical proximity, language and cultural similarity and common socio-economic systems being the basis for SDGs cooperation in the Nordic countries. This study found that external transformation and the role of the region (overlay) as the main driving factors for the cooperation of the Nordic countries for the Sustainable Development Goals. The structure of power distribution in the Nordic region can be said to have evolved from regional power to the great power in the making. This is evidenced by the success of the Nordic countries in mitigating various non-traditional threats in the Nordic region. The Nordic countries are also active as security actors by not only focusing on handling security issues internally but also in other regions such as the Arctic and the Baltic. Nevertheless, the Nordic countries still have some challenges with the implementation of SDGs, especially on global goals 12 and 13. Based on an analysis using the concept of a circular economy (CE) on SDG 12, optimizing resource yields in the technical cycle remains a major challenge in the Nordic countries. The material footprint of the Nordic countries is still the highest compared to other European countries and the trend continues to increase. In addition, the trend of the waste generation also continues to increase in the Nordic countries. Sweden is the highest producer of waste compared to other Nordic countries (1994-2017). Then for SDG 13, the achievements of the Nordic countries are better than SDG12. The main problem with SDG 13 is climate mitigation in the transportation sector. The transportation sector still accounts for about 45% of all energy-related CO2 emissions in the Nordic region. Then the contribution of the Nordic countries to achieve the USD 100 billion target set under the auspices of the UNFCCC is still less than other OECD countries such as Germany and the United Kingdom."

"Tesis ini menganalisis dinamika sikap negara-negara Nordik dalam menanggapi dominasi Tiongkok pada proyek Koridor Arktika, yakni proyek pembangunan infrastruktur transportasi di kawasan Nordik. Peneliti menggunakan tiga pendekatan dalam menyusun penelitian ini, yakni analisis PESTEL, Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) dan pendekatan motif penanaman investasi asing. Analisis PESTEL dan RSCT dipakai untuk melihat secara komprehensif faktor politik, ekonomi, sosial, teknologi, lingkungan, hukum serta keamanan dalam kerangka kerjasama antara negara-negara Nordik dan Tiongkok pada proyek Koridor Arktika. Secara spesifik RSCT juga digunakan untuk meninjau indikator letak geografis, kesamaan sistem serta interaksi antar-negara untuk meninjau kerjasama keamanan antar-negara Nordik di kawasan mereka khususnya dalam menanggapi peningkatan power Tiongkok di kawasan Nordik dan Arktika. Sementara pendekatan motif penanaman investasi asing difokuskan pada tiga aspek, yakni market seeking, resource seeking dan efficiency seeking untuk meninjau motif utama Tiongkok menanamkan FDI-nya di negara-negara Nordik terkait proyek Koridor Arktika. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yakni dengan tinjauan pustaka sebagai teknik pengumpulan data serta teknik analisis diskursus untuk mengklasifikan setiap temuan. Peneliti menemukan temuan bahwa secara umum Finlandia, Swedia, Denmark, Norwegia dan Islandia menganggap Tiongkok sebagai ancaman di kawasan Arktika. Dalam hal ini mereka dihadapkan pada dilema yakni bahwa di satu sisi mereka membuka diri terhadap investasi Tiongkok yang ditanamkan pada proyek tersebut dengan motif utama resource seeking, namun di sisi lain mereka tidak menginginkan Tiongkok mendominasi kawasan Arktika yang mana secara geografis lebih dekat dengan negara-negara Nordik.

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This thesis analyzes the dynamics of the Nordic countries’ demeanor in responding to China’s dominance in the Arctic Corridor project, the transportation infrastructure development project in the Nordic region. The researcher used three approaches on doing this research, those are PESTEL analysis, Regional Security Complex Theory, and the approach of foreign investment motives. In this case, RSCT and PESTEL analysis are used to elaborate the political, economic, social, technological, environmental, legal, and security factors in the framework of cooperation between Nordic countries and China within the Arctic Corridor project. Specifically, RSCT is also used to observe geographical location, system similarities, and interaction between Nordic countries indicators in response to China’s rising power, especially in the Nordic and Arctic regions. Meanwhile, the approach of foreign investment motives is focused on three aspects, those are market seeking, resource seeking, and efficiency seeking to observe China’s primary motive for investing its foreign direct investment in Nordic countries related to the Arctic Corridor project. This study uses a qualitative method with a literature review to classify each finding as a data collection technique. The researcher found that Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Iceland consider China a threat in the Arctic region. In this case, the Nordic countries are faced with a dilemma, that on one side, they open up themselves to the Chinese investment that is invested in the Arctic Corridor project. However, on the other hand, they do not want China to dominate the geopolitics and geo-economy of the Arctic which is geographically closer to the Nordic countries.

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"The World Trade Organization Agreement is an International Legal Document which one of its main issues concerns the TRlPs (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights). TRIPs is an International Agreement in the field of intellectual property rights which also plays a role in smoothing _,flow of global trade. The acceptances of TRlPs by the International community still needs further discussions especially in connection with developing countries as well as developed countries specifically those relevant to patents. This matter is mainly connected to technology, which basically is focused on the interests of developing countries. that is an obligation of transJ@r of technology, as one of the basic principles of TRlPs. This due to the fact that investors which have grown in numbers in developed countries need protection for their inventions, which if noted are enjoyed by the global society. On the other hand the potential for creativity in the _,field of technology in developing countries is very low. It is expected that all member states will be consistent in implementing the TRIP.: system. By then. the investment sector will be greatly accelerated in the developing countries. which is very much needed."