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"There were 37.3 million people or 17.42% people out of the total population in Indonesia who lived under the poverty line in year 2003 which constitute 20.23% of people in rural and 13.57% of the people in urban area (BPS, 2003). Poverty has a negative impact to the health and nutrient status of the population who lived under the poverty line. Poor people are more exposed to environmental risk (poor sanitation, unhealthy food, violence and natural disaster) and have less access to quality health care (WHO, 2000). Various approaches have been conducted to determine the poverty line. Badan Pusat Statistics/Central Bureau for Statistics (BPS/CBS) is one of the institutions that have developed the poverty line, which has been used nationally in Indonesia. The poverty line was defined as the expenditure value of the minimum food, so called food poverty line, and non-food commodities per capita per month (BPS, 1998). The food poverty line was derived by calculating the rupiah value of minimum standard for food adequately required by an individual, which was set at 2,100 calories per person per day. The rupiah value of 2,100 calories was derived from 52 selected food commodities mostly consumed by the reference population from the Susenas/National Health Survey data. Reference population is a group of people living just above the poverty line, and hence, their pattern of consumption can be used as a standard of minimum consumption. The selected food commodities were taking into account the difference among provinces but it did not distinguished between rural and urban areas. Therefore, the difference in values of expenditure spent for purchasing these food commodities refers to the differences in volume and price of each selected food item in both areas. However, some aspects were not considered in the calculation of this food poverty line. First, the estimation of the calorie content from the selected food commodities was not based on the quantities of food actually consumed by household member. It was only concerned on the amount of food used by the household. However, food used is not equivalent to the food consumed. Therefore, the calories content derived from the food used would overestimate the calories intake derived from the food actually consumed by the household member (Hasan, 1997). Secondly, the food poverty line developed by BPS was not measured independently. It was based on the consumption of the reference population. The consumption of the reference population was not necessarily adequate in terms of quantity and quality of the food because the reference population was determined by their non-food expenditure. It did not guarantee that people with higher non-food expenditure would consume adequate food. Third, nutrient or food consumption pattern of the population was correlated by the range of foods, which was locally produced or imported, available in an area and in a given season (Gopalan, 1984 in Hatma 2001)."

"ABSTRACTMost poverty prevalence in developing countries is found among people living in rural areas, which depend on agricultural activities as their main source of livelihood (Suryana, 1992, Kuhonta, 1986). This study assessed the overall condition of the rural community in Pasaman (Jambak and Sarik village) and Sawahlunto/Sijunjung (SP I and SP IV village) district regarding to the poverty and nutritional situation by using an adapted Rapid Rural assessment method which was called RAPID: Rapid Nutritional Assessment for Community Based Poverty Alleviation Projects in Developing Countries, developed by GTZ. The method consists of interviewing key persons, focus group discussion, observation and height measurement of school children (6-9 years old). Other method to diagnose and analyze the nutritional situation of risk group is a nutritional survey. Interview and anthropometrics measurement of fewer than five children and the mother were done in this method. A poor state of nutrition and health also leads to lower productivity and reduces the availability of food at the household level, which now forms a vicious cycle. The availability of food can describe the food security status of the household. This study also attempted to look into the main problems of food security on rural community by using food security questionnaire developed by SEARCA (South East Asian Regional Center for Agriculture). The result of interviewing the mothers by this method revealed that current food security status in Jambak and Sarik was better than SP I and SP IV while SP IV was worse than SP I. The similar result was found by other two methods. RAPID method described the overall condition of the study area in a short time. This method also collected preliminary information on the nature and importance of poverty and nutritional problem, and supply of the resources of the study area. However this method insufficient to describe the relationship between nutritional problem and its determinant factor. Baseline survey gave the extent of the nutritional problem in the area, nevertheless this method needed some resources; fund, personnel, equipments and time. Food security method assessed the extent of food security problems in the area, however in this study, it was proved that the questionnaire was not fully applicable, therefore further analyses based on SEARCA method could not be completely applied."

"Program jangka panjang dengan "Pendekatan berbasis pangan" untuk penanggulangan kekurangan vitamin A (KVA) semakin penting peranannya."

"Program jangka panjang, dengan "pendekatan berbasis pangan" untuk penanggangan kekurangan vitamin A (KVA) semakin penting peranannya. Telah dilakukan penelitian dalam rangka sistim pemantauan Vitamin A di Jawa Tengah yanig menghubungkan asupan vitamin A dengan kadar serum retinal pada ibu-ibu laktasi dengan Batita (anak bawah tiga tahun) selama krisis. Median asupan vitamin A 319 RE/d buta senja : 0,34%. Kadar serum retinal (rerata 1,23 jMnol/L} berhubungan dengan asupan vitamin A model multiple logistic regresi untuk memprediksikan peluang terjadinya pengaruh berbagai faktor determinant menunjukkan : Asupan vitamin A dari pangan nabati (OR/95% Cl] per quartile, 1 : LOO, 2': 1,63 fO.99-2.80/, 3rd: 1.99 11,58-2,991, dan 4'1': 2.62 [1,68-4,04], dari pangan hewani (V dan T1: 1,00. 3 : 137 [0,89-2,09] dan 4'h: 2,86 [1,59-3,98 j). Kebun gizi (tidak 1.00, ya 1.88 f1,08-2,68J ) dan pendidikan ibu ( sekolah lanjutan: 1,46 /1,00-2.16J ). Kontribusi asupanan vitamin A sumber nabati 16 kali lebih besar dibanding sumber hewani, sama pentingnya dalam mempengaruhi status vitamin A. Kebun gizi dan tingkat pendidikan ibu merefleksikan konsumsi pangan sumber nabati dan hewani dalam jangka panjang. (MedJ Inidones 2006; 15:259-66)

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For the Longer term food-based approaches for controlling vitamin A deficiency and its consequences, become increasingly important. A nutrition survailance system in Central-Java, Indonesia assessed vitamin A intake and serum retinal concentration of lactating women with a child <36 mo old during crisis. Median vitamin A intake was 319 RE/d and night blindness 0,34%. Serum retina! concentration (mean : 1,23 jMnol/L] was related to vitamin A intake in a dose-concentration manner. The multiple logistic regression model for predicting the chance far a scrum retinal concentration > observed median of the population (27,27 funol/L) intended determinant factors, vitamin A intake from plant foods (OR/95% Cl) per quarttie, 1" : 1.00, 2"d: 1.63 [0.99-2,80], 3nl: 1.99 [1.58-2,99], and /'': 2,62 [1,68-4,04], from, animal foods (T and 2'"': 1,00. 3"': 1,37 [0,89-2,09] and 4th: 2,86 [1,59-3,98]). Home gardening (no 1,00, yes 1.88 f 1,08-2.68}) and woman's education level (< primary school : 1,00 >secondary school: 1,46 [1,00-2,16]). Tints, although contributing 16 times more to total vitamin A intake plant foods were as important for vitamin A status as animal foods. Home gardening and woman's education level seem to reflect longer-term consumption of plant and animal foods respectively. (Med J Indones 2006; J 5:259-66)"

"The study was carried out among 40 low-income households in East Jakarta. It generally aimed at examining the contribution of intra-household food distribution practices to the differences in nutritional status of individual members within and between urban poor households with underfive year old children. Two groups represented the study households. One group with malnourished (<-2 Z-scores for weight for age indicator) 18-60 months old children and the other group with well-nourished (>:-2 Z-scores) of the same age. A three day household and individual food intake were collected through the use of a combined food weighing and 24-hour food recall method. Results revealed that.malnourished underfive year old children were given less adequate diets in terms of nutrient requirement while parents? diet were sufficiently adequate. In contrast, the well-nourished children were adequately fed while their parents got less. The children's intake were found to have a marginal relationship with their nutritional status while significant associations were seen with parent's energy intake and household's total income. On the whole, findings indicated inequality in the food distribution patterns among urban poor households and these patterns somehow influences the nutritional status of household members particularly the pre-school age children"

"Malnutrition has been responsible, directly or indirectly, for 60% of the 10.9 million deaths annually among children under five. Over two-thirds of these deaths, which are often associated with inappropriate feeding practices, occur during the first year of life (WHO, 2003). In UNICEF conceptual framework, two immediate causes of malnutrition are inadequate dietary intakes and diseases, and the underlying causes that lead to those two are inadequate access to food in the household, insufficient health services and an unhealthy environment, and inadequate care for children and women (UNICEF, 1998). Inadequate dietary intake is influenced by inappropriate feeding practice. Children who are not breastfed have repeated infections and grow less well than children who at least receive some breast milk (Daelmans and Saadeh, 2003). From six months onward, a child must have complementary food at six-month point, since breast milk alone no longer meets all nutritional needs. Delaying the switch over much beyond six months of age can cause a child's growth to falter. Thus, for optimal growth and development, a child needs to be fed frequently with energy-rich, nutrient-dense foods (UNICEF, 1998). However, the complementary foods do not easily fulfill the nutrient requirement a child needs. Problem nutrients are those for which there is the greatest discrepancy between their content in complementary foods and the estimated amount required by the child (WHO, 1998). Three strategies for obtaining needed amounts of problem nutrients are: optimization of nutrient intake from locally available food, micronutrient supplementation, and fortification of processed complementary foods (Dewey and Brown, 2003). The 541" World Health Assembly in 2001 not only recommended exclusive breastfeeding for six months as a global public health recommendation, but also recommended the widest possible use of indigenous nutrient-rich foodstuffs to improve complementary foods and feeding practice (Daelmans and Saadeh, 2003). In response to that recommendation, this study was aimed to develop a feasible dietary guideline for complementary feeding of infants aged 6-11 months that will used local food available. There have been some researches about developing dietary guideline in other countries for certain age group. This study was planned to develop a dietary guideline in one area of Indonesia where many of its children in the age group of 6-11 month were under nourished."

"Penelitian ini akan menganalisis pengaruh jumlah anggota rumah tangga disabilitas rumah tangga terhadap status ketahanan pangan rumah tangga, dengan menggunakan data cross-section dari Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) tahun 2023 pada tingkat analisis rumah tangga. Hasil analisis dengan menggunakan regresi logistik biner menunjukkan bahwa jumlah anggota rumah tangga disabilitas berpengaruh negatif terhadap status ketahanan pangan rumah tangga. Pengaruh negatif ini dapat menghambat pencapaian tujuan pemerintah dalam Undang-Undang No. 18 Tahun 2012 dan Undang-Undang No. 8 Tahun 2016, yaitu menjamin kelangsungan hidup setiap warga negara, termasuk dalam ketahanan pangan, tidak terkecuali para penyandang disabilitas. Selain itu, analisis juga dilakukan terhadap karakteristik sosio-ekonomi rumah tangga yang mempengaruhi ketahanan pangan rumah tangga, seperti jenis kelamin kepala rumah tangga, umur kepala rumah tangga, status perkawinan kepala rumah tangga, tingkat pendidikan kepala rumah tangga, jumlah anggota rumah tangga, status pekerjaan kepala rumah tangga, wilayah tempat tinggal rumah tangga, pengeluaran rumah tangga, akses kredit, kepemilikan rumah, jumlah perokok, dan provinsi.

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This research will analyze the effect of the number of household members with disabilities on the household food security status using cross-sectional data from the 2023 Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS). The results of analysis using binary logistic regression show that that the number of household members with disabilities negatively affects the household food security status. This adverse impact poses a significant obstacle to fulfilling the goals of Undang-Undang No. 18 Tahun 2012 and Undang-Undang No. 8 Tahun 2016, which aim to ensure the well-being of all citizens, including food security for people with disabilities. Additionally, analysis was also carried out on household socio-economic characteristics that influence household food security, such as the gender of the head of the household, age of the head of the household, marital status of the head of the household, education level of the head of the household, number of household members, employment status of the head of the household, household living area, household expenditure, access to credit, house ownership, number of smokers, and province."

"Kurang gizi adalah masalah kesehatan masyarakat pada baduta di Sulawesi Tengah. Kejadian kurang gizi dapat memberikan dampak morbiditas, mortalitas, dan disabilitas. Kurang gizi dapat terjadi karena berbagai faktor seperti kurangnya asupan makanan, buruknya sanitasi lingkungan, dan rumah tangga tidak tahan pangan. Asupan makanan dapat menurun drastis pada kejadian seperti bencana alam dan konflik sosial dan mampu mempengaruhi status gizi anak. Untuk melihat perbedaan proporsi kejadian underweight berdasarkan ketahanan pangan rumah tangga, dilakukan penelitian cross-sectional pada anak 6-23 bulan di wilayah terdampak bencana alam berupa gempa bumi, tsunami, dan likuifaksi di Kota Palu. Hasil analisis dengan uji chi-square menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna status gizi baduta berdasarkan jenis kelamin anak (p value = 0.019; OR=3.750) dan berdasarkan tingkat pendidikan ibu (p value = 0.033; OR=2.804). Usia anak, besar rumah tangga, pekerjaan ibu, pendapatan per kapita rumah tangga, persentase pengeluaran pangan, jenis tempat tinggal, dan praktik pemberian makan pada anak merupakan faktor risiko yang penting pada kejadian underweight dalam penelitian ini, serta dapat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi program gizi dan kesehatan di Kota Palu. 

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Malnutrition is a public health problem in children under two years old in Central Sulawesi. Malnutrition can cause morbidity, mortality and disability. It can occur due to various factors such as lack of food intake, poor environmental sanitation, and household level food insecurity. Food intake can drop dramatically in events such as natural disasters and social conflicts and can affect children's nutritional status. To see the difference in the proportion of underweight events based on household food security, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 6-23 months children in the affected area affected of natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis and liquefaction in Palu. The results of chi-square test showed that there were significant differences in nutritional status based on the sex of the child (p value = 0.019; OR = 3.750) and based on the education level of the mother (p value = 0.033; OR = 2.804). Childrens age, household size, mothers occupation, household per capita income, percentage of food expenditure, type of residence, and children feeding practice are important risk factors for underweight events in this study therefore it can be used to evaluate health and nutrition programs in Palu."

"Studi ini menganalisis perbandingan economic well-being antara perempuan bercerai dengan perempuan menikah yang diukur melalui pengeluaran konsumsi bukan pangan dan menggunakan metode regresi data panel efek tetap. Hasil analisis menemukan bahwa perempuan bercerai memiliki pengeluaran yang lebih besar bila dibandingkan dengan perempuan menikah. Namun, bukan berarti bahwa perempuan bercerai memiliki economic well-being yang lebih baik dari perempuan menikah. Insiden perceraian justru menyebabkan perempuan bercerai harus melakukan banyak penyesuaian dalam mengatasi kesulitan-kesulitan yang muncul pasca terjadinya perceraian. Dekomposisi pengeluaran konsumsi bukan pangan menunjukkan bahwa beberapa pos pengeluaran perempuan bercerai dimanfaatkan untuk memulihkan diri pasca terjadinya perceraian.

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This study aims to analyze the comparison of economic well-being between women experiencing a marital dissolution and married women on non-food consumption expenditures, and employed fixed effects regression. Results suggested that women experiencing a marital dissolution had a greater expenditure compared to married ones. However, this does not imply that the prior group has better economic well-being than the latter one. The marital dissolution incident causes women to manage a numerous adjustment in overcoming difficulties that arise after such incident. The decomposition of non-food consumption expenditures shows that some of the items are used to recover after such incident."

"Penggunaan layanan Online Food Delivery (OFD) yang kurang terkendali dapat menyebabkan peningkatan asupan makanan dan berpengaruh terhadap kejadian status gizi berlebih/obesitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji perbedaan proporsi status gizi berdasarkan penggunaan layanan OFD pada mahasiswa nonkesehatan UI. Penelitian ini melibatkan 136 responden dengan desain studi cross-sectional. Data diambil melalui pengukuran antropometri, pengisian Google Form, dan wawancara untuk dianalisis menggunakan uji Chi-Square dan regresi logistik ganda. Analisis data yang dilakukan adalah univariat, bivariat (chi-square), dan multivariat (regresi logistik ganda). Hasil menunjukkan perbedaan proporsi status gizi yang signifikan berdasarkan durasi loyalitas konsumen, uang saku, dan asupan energi. Setelah dikontrol oleh aktivitas fisik dan asupan energi, ditemukan perbedaan proporsi status gizi berdasarkan preferensi makanan dengan hubungan negatif (p-value = 0,039; OR = 0,213; 95% CI = 0,49—0,93). Asupan energi merupakan faktor dominan dalam pengaruh preferensi makanan terhadap status gizi (OR= 9,605). Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mempertimbangkan aspek lain terkait penggunaan OFD dan status gizi. Mahasiswa nonkesehatan UI disarankan memperhatikan pesan gizi seimbang dalam pemilihan makanan saat menggunakan OFD untuk menghindari risiko status gizi berlebih atau obesitas.

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The uncontrolled use of Online Food Delivery (OFD) services can lead to increased food intake and the occurrence of excessive nutritional status or obesity. This study aims to examine the differences in the proportion of nutritional status based on the use of OFD services among non-health students at UI. The study involved 136 respondents using a cross-sectional study design. Data was collected through anthropometric measurements, Google Form, and interviews to be analyzed using the Chi-Square test and multiple logistic regression. The results showed significant differences in the proportion of nutritional status based on the duration of consumer loyalty, allowance, and energy intake. There were differences in the proportion of nutritional status based on food preferences with a negative relationship after controlling for physical activity and energy intake (p-value = 0.039; OR = 0.213; 95% CI = 0.49—0.93). Energy intake was the dominant factor influencing the relationship between food preferences and nutritional status (OR = 9.605). Further research is needed to consider other aspects of OFD services and nutritional status. Non-health students at UI are advised to pay attention to balanced nutrition when selecting food through OFD to avoid the risk of excessive nutritional status or obesity."