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"Konsep ekonomi sirkular dianggap sebagai paradigma alternatif yang bertujuan mengatasi tantangan pembangunan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan di Indonesia. Pada tingkat mikro yaitu tingkat perusahaan, ekonomi sirkular sangat terkait dengan praktik manajerial dalam menerapkan model bisnis ekonomi sirkular. Dalam penelitian ini, studi kasus digunakan untuk menganalisis tiga perusahaan yang bergerak di sektor pangan di Indonesia yang telah mengadopsi prinsip ekonomi sirkular dalam bisnis mereka. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan wawancara semi-terstruktur untuk mendapatkan informasi yang mendalam dan rinci untuk mengidentifikasi praktik manajerial menggunakan pendekatan taksonomi dimensi model bisnis sirkular dalam penciptaan dan penangkapan nilai, dan menganalisis faktor eksternal yang mempengaruhi. Ketiga perusahaan menunjukkan variasi dalam praktik manajerial mereka bergantung pada produk dan limbah yang dihasilkan serta model bisnis yang dijalankan. Penelitian menemukan dan menganalisis tiga faktor yang mempengaruhi model bisnis sirkular yaitu peranan pemerintah, kolaborasi dengan pemangku kepentingan, dan kesiapan ekosistem pendukung. Temuan ini menjadi refleksi bersama penciptaan dan penangkapan nilai melalui model bisnis sirkular dapat tercipta atas kerja bersama seluruh aktor baik dipemerintahan, korporasi, komunitas masyarakat, akademisi, NGO, dengan didukung teknologi memadai.

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The concept of a circular economy is seen as an alternative paradigm to address the challenges of sustainable economic development in Indonesia. At the company level, it involves implementing circular business models. This study used case analysis of three Indonesian food sector companies adopting circular economy principles. Using a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews, the study examined managerial practices and external factors influencing value creation and capture in circular business models. The companies showed variations in their managerial practices based on products, waste, and business models. The research identified three key factors affecting circular business models: government roles, stakeholder collaboration, and ecosystem readiness. These findings suggest that successful value creation and capture in circular business models require joint efforts from government, corporations, communities, academics, NGOs, and adequate technology."

"Pasar yang relevan atau pasar yang relevan adalah indikator penting untuk mengidentifikasi seberapa besar kendali pasar oleh pelaku bisnis dan mengidentifikasi pesaing nyata dari pelaku bisnis dominan yang dapat membatasi perilakunya serta dampak anti-kompetitif dari setiap pelanggaran yang dituduhkan. Sepanjang pesatnya perkembangan revolusi industri 4.0, teknologi bergerak jauh lebih cepat daripada hukum itu sendiri. Salah satu indikasi revolusi adalah menjamurnya bisnis dalam bentuk platform atau aplikasi perantara di berbagai negara termasuk Indonesia. Salah satunya adalah platform dengan konsep berbagi ekonomi atau berbagi ekonomi yang terjadi di salah satu bisnis naik wahana atau layanan transportasi online seperti apa yang PT. Go-Jek Indonesia. Akan tetapi menjadi sulit untuk menentukan pasar yang relevan di PT.Go-Jek Indonesia karena ada ketidakpastian untuk mendasarkan penentuan pada PT. Go-jek Indonesia sebagai perusahaan aplikasi atau disamakan dengan transportasi perusahaan. Adapun bentuk penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan jenis penelitian deskriptif-analitik untuk memperoleh gambaran umum tentang hukum pasar yang relevan PT.Go-Jek Indonesia. Penentuan pasar yang relevan dalam bisnis ride-hailing seperti PT. Go-Jek Indonesia didasarkan pada kedua perusahaan berbasis aplikasi yang memiliki bisnis naik wahana atau transportasi online dan konvensional di pasar yang sama, hanya saja lebih spesifik dalam bentuk moda transportasi yang sama, apakah itu sama dua roda atau empat roda bersamaan di area yang sama. Pemerintah harus merespons lebih cepat terhadap penentuan pasar menyangkut bisnis naik kendaraan dengan memperbarui aturan yang ada, serta dengan tegas menanggapi keberadaan sepeda motor sebagai penentuan transportasi umum terkait dari pasar terkait.

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Relevant market or relevant market is an important indicator for identify how much market control by business actors and identify the real competitors of the dominant business actor that can limit its behavior as well as the anti-competitive impact of each alleged violation. Along the rapid development of the industrial revolution 4.0, technology moved far faster than the law itself. One indication of the revolution is seen the mushrooming of business in the form of platforms or intermediary applications in various countries including Indonesia. One of them is a platform with the concept of sharing economy or sharing economy that occurs in one of the ride-hailing business or online transportation services like what PT. Go-Jek Indonesia. Will but it becomes difficult to determine the relevant market at PT.Go-Jek Indonesia because there was uncertainty to base the determination on PT. Go-jek Indonesia as an application company or likened to a company transportation. As for the form of research used in writing this is a normative juridical with a qualitative approach and type of research descriptive-analytical to obtain an overview of the relevant market law PT.Go- Jek Indonesia. Determination of the relevant market in the ride-hailing business such as PT. Go-Jek Indonesia is based on both application-based companies that have ride-hailing business or online and conventional transportation in a market the same, its just that it is more specific in the form of the mode of transportation the same, whether its the same two wheels or four wheels together on a same area. The government must respond more quickly to market determination concerned the ride-hailing business by updating the existing rules, as well as firmly responding to the existence of motorbikes as related public transportation determination of the relevant market"

"[ ABSTRAKYakuza merupakan suatu istilah yang menunjuk, baik seorang individu maupun kelompok organisasi kriminal yang ada di Jepang. Mereka sudah ada di Jepang sejak awal abad ke-17, dan masih terus ada sampai masa sekarang ini. Yakuza dari dulu sudah dikenal sebagai penjudi, dan berjdudi dianggap sebagai salah satu pemasukkan mereka. Memasuki tahun 1985, yaitu masa ketika Ekonomi Gelembung Jepang mulai muncul, yakuza ikut masuk ke dalam bisnis legal seperti saham dan properti. Tidak hanya masyarakat biasa saja yang dapat berbisnis dengan mudah, yakuza pun yang adalah organisasi kriminal dapat dengan mudah membangun dan memperluas bisnis-bisnis mereka. Harga properti dan saham ketika masa ekonomi gelembung menjadi murah, dan peminjaman yang diberikan oleh bank-bank di Jepang untuk berbisnis dan berinvestasi diberikan dengan sangat mudah, bahkan tidak lagi memeriksa latar belakang klien yang meminjam uang. Pada masa Ekonomi Gelembung Jepang, pendapatan yang diperoleh yakuza menjadi meningkat, baik pendapatan tersebut diperoleh dari bisnis legal maupun ilegal. Pada tahun 1989, melalui survey yang dilakukan oleh NRIPS, diketahui bahwa angka pendapatan yakuza mencapai hingga 1,3 triliun yen, atau sekitar 11,28 triliun rupiah pada saat itu.

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ABSTRACTYakuza is a term refering to whether a person or groups of criminal organization in Japan. They appeared since the begining of the 17th Century, and still exist until today. Yakuza are always known as a gambler. Gambling is considered as one of their income. When entering 1985—which was an era, where Japan's Bubble Economy starting to exsist—the yakuza started to join in the legal businesses such as real estate and property. It is not only the common people that may easily established legal businesses, the yakuza, which is a criminal organization, may also built and expanded their bussinesses easily. Real estate and property prices in the bubble era became inexpensive and the loaned that were given by the banks in Japan to establish and invest in businesses were given very easily, that even the banks were no longer checking into their clients' background. At Japan's Bubble Economy, the income that the yakuza earned were inreased, whether those incomes came from the legal or the illegal businesses. By 1989, with the survey held by NRIPS, it is known that the numbers of the yakuza's income reached until 1,3 trillion yen or approximately 11,28 trillion rupiah at the time., Yakuza is a term refering to whether a person or groups of criminal organization in Japan. They appeared since the begining of the 17th Century, and still exist until today. Yakuza are always known as a gambler. Gambling is considered as one of their income. When entering 1985—which was an era, where Japan's Bubble Economy starting to exsist—the yakuza started to join in the legal businesses such as real estate and property. It is not only the common people that may easily established legal businesses, the yakuza, which is a criminal organization, may also built and expanded their bussinesses easily. Real estate and property prices in the bubble era became inexpensive and the loaned that were given by the banks in Japan to establish and invest in businesses were given very easily, that even the banks were no longer checking into their clients' background. At Japan's Bubble Economy, the income that the yakuza earned were inreased, whether those incomes came from the legal or the illegal businesses. By 1989, with the survey held by NRIPS, it is known that the numbers of the yakuza's income reached until 1,3 trillion yen or approximately 11,28 trillion rupiah at the time.]"