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"ABSTRACT

Compared to what exists for other countries publications on the demographic characteristics of the population of Indonesia are very scanty, based on out-dated material and not much knows to the outside world. Many studies were carried out based on the data provided by the 1930 Census, which gave however very vague information on the age distribution of the Indonesian population. The last census, held in 1961, which was programmed as a "modern" census and should show many improvement in presenting demographic data of the Indonesian population, stalled in the stage of tabulating and publishing the result, due to political and economic disturbances in the sixties which affected the normal continuation of the intended work.

The purpose of this study is to explore as for as possible the implications of the demographic characteristics of the Indonesia population for the labor force and the school-going population of the country in the years ahead, by using the hitherto published material of the last census and demographic survey. This implies that it will not cover all of the exceedingly complex aspects of the consequences of the population characteristic, but will try to explain the possible effects of population dynamics on the future development of certain limited sections of the Indonesia population only.

The study will be divided in the following parts:

1. Geography and census history of Indonesia in brief outline.

2. Some notes on the collection of demographic data in Indonesia.

3. A discussion of the age composition of the population in Indonesia.

4. Age at marriage in Indonesia.

5. Estimates of basic demographic parameters of the population in Indonesia as of about 1960.

6. Population projections for Indonesia and its regions, from 1961 to 2001.

7. The Labor force in Indonesia.

8. Estimating the composition of the future power of Indonesia.

9. Estimating the future school-going population in Indonesia.

10. Summary and conclusion remarks."

"The Sultanate of Yogyakarta which during the struggle for Independence and subsequently has been known as the Special Region of Yogyakarta, is located in the southern part of Central Java. It constitutes much of the heartland of Javanese culture, for Yogyakarta was the centre of the pre-colonial Kingdom of Mataram. Within Yogyakarta, there is a marked contrast in the population density between Bantul and Sleman regencies on one hand, and Gunung Kidul and Kulon Progo on the other hand. The basic reason for this difference is the fact that the soil of Bantu and Sleman is primarily young and volcanic, there are also a good water supply and irrigation network. The annual rate of population growth in Yogyakarta is much lower compared to other provinces in Java. This region experienced a net loss of population through migration and that the losses were greater in the poorer areas of Gunung Kidul and Kulon Progo."

"This review analyses the gender dimensions of rapid population ageing in the Asia-Pacific region, shares examples of useful practices and makes policy recommendations within the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing. Population ageing is occurring at the same time as urbanization, migration, more women in paid work, smaller families, technological advances and environmental changes. Awareness of population ageing is increasing, with reports from international agencies and new national policies and plans. But these often fail to respond to the different needs of older women and men and to recognize and benefit from their different contributions. Age and sex discrimination intersect to disadvantage both women and men. Gender and ageing analysis need to be mainstreamed within development programmes. Women live longer than men yet have higher risk of poor health and disability in old age, suffering the accumulated effects of gender inequality throughout their lives. Although most older women and men continue to live with their families, older women are more likely than men to live alone, to be widowed and poor. They have had fewer opportunities to earn or make pension contributions and may lack inheritance rights. Older men are more likely to be socially isolated and miss their earlier roles. Older persons' community organizations reduce social isolation and have many benefits. Conditions affecting quality of life are more common in older women and often neglected, including sensory impairments, arthritis, incontinence, falls and sleep disorders. Risk factors also show gender differences. Women are less likely to be physically active; older men are more likely to drink alcohol and smoke. Older women face greater barriers to health care. Caring for dependent older family members is usually the responsibility of women, and paid care providers are disproportionately female. Family caregivers need support, help with assistive devices and respite care. They are often unable to earn and save for their own old age. Older persons groups could provide paid or voluntary care services at the community level. Government, civil society and the private sector all have roles in facilitating the contributions of older persons, preventing disability and providing care and support. National Governments need to invest in policies that recognize the different rights and roles of older women and men."