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"The state prison class I , which is located at the Central Jakarta and frequently called Salemba Prison , currently the number of it's inmates is already overcrowded by four folds of it's normal capacity, Therefore it can cause inconvenience to the inmates who are serving their respective sentences . This poor condition can spark diction of different interest among the prisoners in order to maintain themselves or their groups.While spending their time to serve their punishment , a number problems may emerge the so-called sub prison-culture in the form of suppression and exploitation by the strong groups against the individual or minority groups within the prison, which surely will cause the insecurity . It will also lead to the break-up of the friendship ness among the inmates themselves.This evaluation is trying to reveal the forms and factors that cause the worsening security condition and the anticipation measures that have been taken by the Salemba State Prison Official to overcome such poor situation in order to apply a proper security anticipation measures at the State Prison Class I.Based on this research result, it reveals some forms of riots sparked by the prisoners due to which is due to the suppression and exploitation against individual inmate or group of inmates, which also emerge due the different cultural background of the prisoner or group of prisoners, that eventually ignites cultural conflicts among the inmates.The author have some suggestions as to where to place the prisoner and the inmates under their respective tribal background and region of their origin in order to to reduce the risk of riots at Salemba State Prison class I."

"Conflicts and riots in institutional environment has decorated on mass media, both electrical and printing media recently years. The precipitating factors are various, over capacity, unjust treatment between prisoners, unfull correctional tools and others.The Writer has the research in the institution about incident not on 18 June 2000 and it used qualitative approach. The writer used a depth interview to a arrest, a prisoner and three staffs who to surpassed the not and who to secured the riot.The interview resulted that the pattern and factors of the not which done by the prisoners and the staffs was started by the prisoner's squeezing to the arrests who stay in block A. Then the institution made a policy who to forbid the prisoner come in and out block A.The prisoners didn't like the policy because the staffs also squeezing prisoners. Especially Sidik, he was disagreed to the policy and he was be the precipitator of the not. Other factors caused the riot are :1. Disappointment2. Unharmony relationship3. Discrimination4. Low salary"

"Pada 26 Desember 1996 meletus kerusuhan di Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat. Skripsi ini berupaya untuk mengungkapkan sebab-sebab serta dampak kerusuhan tersebut dengan menggunakan metode penelitian, yakni metode sejarah. Pemicu terjadinya kerusuhan tersebut adalah kasus penganiayaan ustadz oleh oknum Polisi. Kasus penganiayaan kemudian menimbulkan rasa solidaritas dari generasi muda Islam Tasikmalaya yang direpresentasikan dalam bentuk acara doa bersama pada 26 Desember 1996 di Mesjid Agung Tasikmalaya. Setelah acara doa bersama, ketidakpuasan akan penanganan kasus penganiaayaan membuat massa melakukan tindak kekerasan terhadap simbol kepolisian lalu bergeser pada tindak kekerasan terhadap aset etnis Tionghoa. Pergeseran sasaran kekerasan tersebut dapat dijelaskan dengan menggunakan teori collective action dari Charles Tilly. Kerusuhan di Tasikmalaya pada 1996, meminjam istilah Charles Tilly, termasuk dalam aksi kolektif dengan kekerasan bentuk brawls (aksi tanpa kekerasan yang berakhir dengan penyerangan) yang bergeser menjadi opportunism (kekerasan yang memanfaatkan kesempatan).

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At December 26th 1996 a soical riot emerged in Tasikmalaya, West Java. Using methods of history as its research method, this thesis tries to explain causes and affects of that riot. The triger of the riot was ustadz’s mistreatment case by policemen. Hence, arising of the solidarity from Islam youth of Tasikmalaya. Then, they reacted by doing doa bersama at Mesjid Agung Tasikmalaya. At the end, mass felt unsatisfied toward mistreatment case handling, they did violence action to police symbol and shift to Chinese assets. Based on Charles Tilly’s collective action theory, the riot in Tasikmalaya is collective action by violence. The type of this collective action is brawls (nonviolence action which end by attacking) which is switching to opportunism (violence that exploiting opportunity)."

"Fokus kajian ini adalah kerusuhan anti Cina di Kota Garut pada 17-18 Mei 1963. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya kerusuhan tersebut. Adapun merode yang digunakan adalah metode sejarah, yang meliputi empat tahapan, yaitu heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Teori yang digunakan untuk mengetahui faktor determinan dari peristiwa kerusuhan itu adalah teori Colective Behavior dari Neil J. Smelser yang menyatakan bahwa suatu perilaku kolektif ditentukan oleh enam determinan penting, yaitu structutural conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of generalized belief, the precipitating factor, mobilization of participant for action, dan lack social control.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerusuhan anti Cina di Kota Garut pada 17-18 Mei 1963 tidak hanya ditentukan oleh faktor kesenjangan sosial, tapi ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor determinan sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam teori Neil J. Smelser, termasuk di dalamnya dukungan jaringan kultural dan ideologi. Kemudian dari hasil penelitian disertai ini ditemukan pula mengenai keterlibatan anggota DI/NII dalam peristiwa kerusuhan anti Cina tersebut. Selanjutnya, peristiwa kerusuhan anti Cina tersebut oleh masyarakat Garut lebih dikemal dengan sebutan ?beset Cina?.

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The main focus of this study is rasist, anti-chinese riot in the towns of Garut on May 17-18, 1963. This research is aimed at knowing factors causing such a riot happened. The method used is a historical method consisting four stages: heurestic, critic, intepretation, and historiography. The theory used for analyzing the determinant factors of the riot is Neil J. Smelser?s collective behaviour, confirming that a collective behaviour is constructed by six major-determinant elements: structural conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of general belief, the participating factor, mobilization of the participants for action, and lack of social control.The result of the research shows that the rasist, anti-chinese riot in the towns of Garut is not only determined by the social gap factor but also by some determinant factors as explained in Neil J. Smelse?s theory, including the cultural and ideological support. Later on, the members of DI/NII, based on the research data, got involved in sucu an event in Garut. In meanwhile, it is known more as Beset Cina for the people of Garut."

"The research describes the process of the riot in Dili, East Timor after the ballot causing gross violations of human rights. This descriptive research implemented historical approach observing tangible occurrences. The research utilizes collective behavior theories of Neil J. Smelser and Muhammad Mustofa. Smelser proposes that collective behavior occurs cause of structural conduciveness, structural strain, spread of general beliefs, precipitating factors, actions of mobilization and social controls. Meanwhile, Muhammad Mustofa is of a certain opinion that collective behavior occurs in a special atmosphere when a crowd suffers from a foss of control and judges that their cruel, mean, inhuman actions are "just" in order to anticipate their complicated situation.

The result of the research indicates that the riot after Dili riot influenced by political will of Indonesian Government and certain foreign sides to separate East Timor from the unity of Indonesia through the ballot causing the severe polarization of the East Timorese.

The riot after the ballot in East Timor emerged negative reactions, which are conveyed by certain foreign and internal sides in order to execute human rights court. Indonesia government has been performing human rights court based on international law of 1998 Rome Statute.

The riot after the ballot in East Timor could have been minimized if the authority had taken some measures such as reconciliation at all levels of both hostile parties during the process of the ballot. In addition, the authority should have given responsibility of the security during the ballot to international forces.

In order to gain the bright future, both nations the Indonesian and the people of Timor Leste should implement reconciliation for the sake of maintaining the stability and sustaining the development."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang Huru-hara demokratisasi lokal khususnya kasus kerusuhan pilkada yang menempatkan ruang spasial di Kabupaten Tuban. Temporal yang diambil adalah perisitiwa kerusuhan Pilkada tahun 2006 yang mencoba ditarik mundur dengan menelisik berbagai situasi dan peristiwa politik lokal sejak terpilihnya Haeny sebagai wakil ketua DPRD kabupaten Tuban pada tahun 1997. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi gejala-gejala sosial yang menyertai setiap peristiwa dan momentum politik yang berujung pada kerusuhan Pilkada pada tahun 2006. Berbagai kasus kerusuhan pilkada di Indonesia bersifat partikulistik dengan faktor determinan yang berbeda-beda. Kerusuhan pilkada kabupaten tuban 2006 merupakan kasus kerusuhan yang tidak disebabkan oleh faktor tunggal, terdapat banyak faktor pendukung lain yang menyebabkan meletusnya perirtiwa Tuban membara tahun 2006. Faktor Meletusnya peristiwa kerusuhan pilkada tuban tahun 2006 disebakan oleh faktor umum dan faktor khusus. Faktor umum yang menyebabkan kerusuhan Pilkada tuban dipicu oleh banyaknya kecurangan Pilkada yang dilakukan oleh kubu pasangan Haeny-Lilik Heli yang mengakibatkan kekalahan yang terpaut tipis di kubu Noor Nahar-Tjong Ping Nonstop . Berita mengenai berbagai kecurangan yang dilakukan oleh kubu Heli begitu cepat menyebar di kalangan pendukung Nonstop sehingga terjadi gerakan massa untuk melakukan aksi. Sedangkan sebab khusus kerusuhan pilkada tuban dipicu oleh latar belakang politik di Kabupaten Tuban yang bersifat unik antara Partai Golkar dan PDIP dan PKB. Politik lanjutan yang digelar pasca pemilu 1999 telah menimbulkan sejumlah ketegangan pada elit politik hingga massa pendukungnya. Proses lanjutan tersebut diantaranya merupakan persaingan Partai Golkar, PDIP dan PKB dalam memperebutkan kursi Ketua DPRD Kabupaten Tuban periode 1999-2004 yang berakhir dengan kemenangan Haeny Relawati dari Partai Golkar. Tidak hanya sampai disitu pertarungan lanjutan yang sebenarnya justru terjadi pada Pilkada Tuban 2001 yang memperebutkan kursi Bupati dan Wakil Bupati Tuban periode 2001-2006.

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ABSTRACT This thesis discusses the local democratization riots, especially in the case of regional elections that place spatial space in Tuban Regency. Temporal taken is the event of 2006 elections that was elected by Haeny as vice chairman of Tuban district council in 1997. This is done to identify the social phenomena that accompany every political event and momentum which led to unrest in 2006. Various cases of regional election unrest in Indonesia are particulate with different determinants. The eruption of the incidents of the regional head election in 2006 was the result of the eruption of the incidents of the regional head election in 2006 was caused by general factors and special factors. The general factor causing the unrest of Tuban election was triggered by the number of election fraud conducted by the Haeny Lilik Heli stronghold which resulted in a slight deficit in the Noordin Nahar Tjong Ping Nonstop group. News of the various fraud by Heli stronghold so rapid spread among Nonstop supporters so that the mass movement to take action. While the unique causes of the election unrest were triggered by the political background in Tuban Regency which is unique between Golkar Party and PDIP and PKB. The continued politics that followed post 1999 elections has caused some tension in the political elite to the masses of supporters. The follow up process among others is the competition of Golkar Party, PDI P, and PKB in fighting for Chairman of Tuban District Council of 1999 2004 period ended with Haeny Relawati victory from Golkar Party. Not only there was a follow up fighting that actually happened at the Tuban election 2001 who was fighting over the seat of Regent and Vice Regent of Tuban period 2001 2006. "