Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"ABSTRACTThe distraction of tropical rain forest in developing world has destroyed the forest ecological balance and affected its Inhabitants. In Indonesia, Increasing pressure on farm and forest lands has led the State Forest Corporation (SFC) to device a social forestry program. One of which was Implemented In Sanggau district, West Kalimantan province. The project, called Social Forestry Development Project (SFDP), aimed at establishing forest management system which allow for adequate income generation for the local population while preserving the forest ecological stability. The nutrition related activities of the project involved development of agricultural production, Income generation, development of Infrastructure facilities, and nutrition education. The study was conducted to Investigate the changes In nutritional situation of forest communities after three years Implementation of the SFDP In Sanggau district, West Kalimantan province. Two-repeat cross-sectional study was carried out In five sub villages of the project areas. Thirty households with under five children from each sub village were randomly selected from the list of total households that have under five children. Totally 152 households with 206 under five children from the first survey (April, 1993) and 151 households with 190 under five children from the second survey (September, 1996) were covered. Data on demographic characteristics, the nutritional status of under five children, socioeconomic conditions, sanitation conditions, food availability, food intake, child feeding practices, health services, exposure to Infectious diseases, and mothers' health and nutritional conditions were collected In both 1993 and 1996 surveys. Lower stunting prevalence (50.9% Vs 69.5%) and improved HAZ (-2.09 ± 1.46 Vs -2.70 ± 1.23) of children are observed in the area In 1996 compared to that In 1993. Suggesting that the project benefited the linear growth of children. The economic condition and food availability of the households In the area, as indicated by the Increase In percentage of households who owned radio and television (43.3% Vs 21.1% and 12.1% Vs 2.7%, respectively) and the decrease In percentage of those who experience food shortage (48.2% Vs 79.6%), was Improved. Significant Improvement was also observed In household consumption frequency of some food items and the ownership of KMS as well as Immunization coverage among the under five children. However, the sanitation condition and weaning practices in the area remained unchanged or even become worse and has led to high occurrence of diarrhea and Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). It was concluded that, the SFDP benefited linear growth of children by Improving the condition of some nutritional determinants. Therefore, the continuation and improvement of all current nutritional related activities of the project is recommended. Since the sanitation condition and weaning practices in the area was still bad, other recommendation would be an Introduction of latrine and clean water supply and weaning time for Infant at the age of 4-6 months instead of at younger age (less than 4 months)."

"Gizi kurang merupakan penyebab sepertiga kematian pada anak. Beberapa tahun terakhir karena meningkatnya harga pangan dan menurunnya pendapatan telah meningkatkan resiko kekurangan gizi terutama dikalangan anak-anak. Penyebab utama masalah gizi kurang adalah kurangnya asupan makanan atau anak menderita infeksi. Sedangkan penyebab tak langsung adalah ketersediaan pangan, pola asuh anak, pelayanan kesehatan, sanitasi dan air bersih. Pada tahun 2009 di Kecamatan Teluk Sampit prevalensi gizi kurus sebesar 21,6%, lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan angka kabupaten yaitu 14,6%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara karakteristik ibu, baduta dan keluarga dengan status gizi baduta (6-23 bulan) di Kecamatan Teluk Sampit, menggunakan metode penelitian non eksperimental dengan pengambilan data secara cross sectional. Pengambilan responden sebagai sampel secara simple random sampling.Hasil analisis univariat menunjukkan baduta dengan status gizi normal 84%, kurus 14% dan sangat kurus 2%. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara pendidikan, pendapatan keluarga dan jumlah anggota keluarga dengan status gizi baduta. Pemberdayaan masyarakat perlu dilakukan di wilayah Kecamatan Teluk Sampit dengan mengembangkan sarana dan prasarana, meningkatkan pendapatan keluarga dengan meningkatkan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan, pelatihan manajemen usaha dan penyediaan lapangan kerja sehingga daya beli masyarakat terhadap pangan meningkat.

---

Undernutrition is an underlying cause of about one third child deaths. Over the past year, rising food prices coupled with falling incomes have increased the risk of malnutrition, especially among children. The general cause of the problem malnutrition in the children are lack of food intake and infection. The indirect cause are the availability of food, child care patterns, health services, sanitation and cleaning water. In the year 2009 prevalence of wasted children in Teluk Sampit was 21.6%, higher when compared to East Kotawaringin district that are 14.6%. This study is aimed to determine the relationship between characteristic of mother, child under two years, and families with a nutritional status of under two years children (6-23 months) in Teluk Sampit sub district. Using non-experimental design where data were collected cross sectionally. Respondents were taken using simple random sampling.

Result showed that children under two years with good nutrient were 84%, wasted were 14% and severely wasted were 2%. Bivariate analysis of the finding showed that there was significant correlation between education, family income and family size with nutritional status. This study suggests that community empowerment needs to be done in Teluk Sampit through developing facilities and infrastructure for increasing family incomes by enhanching, their knowledge and skills, income generating, training and provide employment to increase food purchasing power."

"This cross sectional study in the Philippines, is a part of CRONOS study. Data on dietary intake, anthropometry, biochemical assessment and socio - economic and self perceived health status were collected from 300 elderly Filipino men and women between 60-75 years old in middle income and low income areas in Metro Manila and rural areas in Rizal province during the period of October to November 1996.Results of dietary intake showed both sexes had very low intakes of energy nutrients. Rural elderly for both sexes had low intakes of energy and nutrients compared with urban middle income and urban low income.Anthropometric finding showed that rural elderly had lower nutritional status as compared to urban elderly. Chronic energy deficiency was higher in male than female elderly. A high prevalence of anemia (38%) among male elderly was also found to exist. A high prevalence of hypertension was also observed in the urban low income elderly (33%).Majority of the elderly rated their self rated health as good and fair. The reported self perceived diseases common among the elderly were arthritis, cough, and hypertension.Previous jobs engaged by the elderly were mostly blue collar jobs and owing to loss of income, most elderly are dependent on their families for support."

"It is well accepted that dietary imbalances inflict a substantial burden of illness on Filipinos. Persistent nutritional problems in the Philippines such as protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and other nutritional deficiencies greatly affect many infants and young children (Florentino, 1996). Results of the Philippine Nationwide Nutrition Survey in 1998 revealed various degrees of malnutrition assessed through clinical, anthropometric and biochemical measurements. Iron-deficiency anemia is highly prevalent especially among infants, pregnant and lactating women, and the elderly. The incidence of anemia is 56.6% for infants, 50.3% and 45.7% for pregnant and lactating women, respectively and 49.1% and 39.2% for elderly male and female, respectively. Prevalence rate of anemia for all age groups is 30.6% which is higher than the 1993 rate of 28.9%. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is still a public health problem in the country. Vitamin A deficiency among children is widespread throughout the country. The most greatly affected groups by vitamin A deficiency are the children and pregnant women. About 8 out of every 10 children are vitamin A-deficient. About 7 out of every 100 pregnant women are vitamin A .-deficient This prevalence is higher than the 1993 V AD rate of 3 out of every 100 pregnant women. About one-third of the Filipino population is at risk to iodine deficiency disorders (MD). While the overall prevalence of iodine deficiency in the Philippines is mild, 40% of children have moderate to severe iodine deficiency disorders. About 3 out of every 10 children have moderate to severe iodine deficiency disorders. Over the years, the Filipino diet is composed mainly of rice and fish with some vegetables. Changes in the consumption amounts of these foods and the corresponding nutrient intake of Filipinos have been observed through the years. (Villavieja, 1993). In the Philippines, the nutrition concern is a matter of national policy. The Philippine Government is committed to ensuring the nutritional adequacy among its population. The history of the recommendation to increase the variety of foods in Filipino diets as means to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients dates back in the late 40s. This was the first set of dietary guidelines for Filipinos known as the "Basic Six Food Groups" formulated by the then Institute of Nutrition (IN), now the Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI). Later, the Basic Six Food Groups was revised into "Your Guide to Good Nutrition" same six groups were re-grouped according to the three basic functions of food in the body, namely: energy-giving foods, body-building foods, and regulating foods. This guide was essentially the practical translation of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in the form of functional groupings of foods together with the recommended amounts designed to supply all the nutrients that the body needs. In 1990, the first Nutritional Guidelines for Filipinos was formulated by a committee spearheaded by FNRL The Nutritional Guidelines was not intended to replace the Guide to Good Nutrition but to offer a broader guideline for nutritional health. For broader guidance on nutrition and health, the FNRI initiated the development of a new food guide " the Philippine Food Guide Pyramid". "

"Emping melinjo adalah produk dari biji melinjo bagian dalam yang pembuatannya dilakukan dengan merebus, kemudian dipipihkan dan dikeringkan dibawah sinar matahari. Hingga saat ini belum banyak dilakukan penelitian mengenai nilai gizi emping melinjo. Karena emping melinjo umum dikonsumsi masyarakat Indonesia bahkan sudah merupakan komoditi eksport, maka dipandang perlu untuk mengetahui sejauh mana keuntungan dan kerugian bahan makanan tersebut terhadap kesehatan.Untuk mendapatkan jawaban dilakukan penelitian berupa percobaan eksperimental dengan menggunakan tikus putih. Penelitian terdiri dari 2 tahap yakni : 1. Penelitian pendahuluan untuk mengetahui mutu protein dengan menggunakan metode Net Protein Utilization (NPU) dan Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER). 2. Penelitian tentang daya cerna nitrogen dan apsorpsi mineral dengan memperhatikan problematik yang didapatkan pada penelitian tahap 1. Pada penelitian tahap pertama yang diperhatikan hanya segi kuantitas dari protein {10%), lemak (10%) dan energy 400 kal. dengan penambahan vitamin dan mineral tanpa perhitungan yang akurat.Sebaliknya, pada penelitian tahap ke-2, semua zat-zat gizi dalam ransum diperhitungkan dengan cermat, sehingga bernilai gizi adekuat dalam anti mengandung zat-zat gizi lengkap dan dalam jumlah cukup sesuai kebutuhan tikus percobaan seperti yang dianjurkan oleh National Research Council of the U.S.A.Pada penelitian tahap ke-2 kegiatan meliputi : a. Pemberian ransum dengan komponen emping melinjo mentah dalam 4 konsentrasi (0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 40 %). b. Pemberian ransum dengan komponen emping melinjo mentah dibandingkan dengan emping melinjo goreng dengan konsentrasi sama (40 %). Kelompok kontrol (0 %) adalah kasein pada a. kadar protein 15 % (N + 6.25), lemak 5 %, kalsium 0.5 % magnesium 0.04 % phosphor 0.52 %, pada b. kadar protein 15 %, lemak 15 %, kalsium 0.4 % magnesium 0.04 % phosphor 0.52 % lama penelitian 14 hart dengan hasil aebagai berikut Pada percobaan tahap - 1 I. kimiawai : - Protein t 10 % - Komposisi asam amino menyerupai asam amino telur - Tidak ada asam amino pembatas Percobaan dengan tikus - NPU rendah - PER rendah - Angka kematian tinggi - Hepatotoksik II. Kimiawi: - Tidak dapat dideteksi adanya penghambat tripsin - Tidak dapat dideteksi adanya hemaglutinin Percobaan dengan tikus ; - Semua tikus tumbuh dengan subur sama dengan kontrol, secara umum absorpsi nitrogen, Ca, Mg, P, back, hanya pada kelompok emping melinjo (40 %) menunjukkan absorpsi P rendah. Namun retensi baik. - Pemeriksaan mikroskopik pada organ-organ vital tidak ditemukan kelainan. - Kadar kolesterol dan trigliserida plasma darah lebih rendah dibanding kelompok kontrol. Kesimpulan 1. Emping melinjo tidak dapat digunakan sebagai sumber protein tunggal pada tikus percobaan. 2. Protein emping melinjo mengandung susunan asam amino yang lengkap sehingga memungkinkan tikus tumbuh baik, bila diberikan bersama protein lain yang bermutu baik seperti kasein di dalam ransum yang bernilai gizi adekuat. 3. Kalau emping melinjo digunakan sebagai komponen ransum yang bernilai gizi adekuat tidak dapat dideteksi adanya efek negatif seperti keracunan pangan. 4. Kalau emping melinjo digunakan sebagai komponen ransum yang bernilai gizi adekuat, tidak terlihat adanya efek merugikan tikus percobaan mengenai pertumbuhan, daya cerna nitrogen, absorpsi mineral dan tidak menyebabkan tanda-tanda kelainan pathologis jaringan organ-organ tertentu. 5. Emping melinjo kering dapat digunakan sebagai konponen ransum tikus yang bernilai gizi adekuat, sampai pada kadar 40 g per 100 g makanan. 6. Seandainya hasil dari penelitian emping melinjo pada tikus, dapat diekstrapolasikan kepada manusia, kerugian kesehatan tidak diantisipasi jikalau dikonsumsi dalam jumlah yang umum dilakukan. Emping melinjo kering dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol dan trigiliserida dalam plasma. Saran: 1. Penggunaan emping melinjo sebagai bahan makanan manusia masih perlu diteliti lebih lanjut, diantaranya sebagai hasil olah dengan cara merebus, menggoreng dan sangan. 2. Perlu diteliti lebih lanjut kemampuan emping melinjo menurunkan plasma cholesterol dan trigliseida yang dikaitkan dengan penelitian epidemiologis diantara konsumen emping melinjo dan mereka yang tidak mengkonsumsinya.

---

Gnetum gnemon LINN., also called tulip tree, is found throughout the islands of the Indonesian archipelago. Locally, this tree is known as melinjo tree, and its young stems and leaves, young and ripe fruits are used in a traditional dish. The seeds of the ripe fruits are eaten after roasting. The seeds may also be processed in household-food industries into flattened and dried flakes called "emping melinjo". Prior to consumption, emping melinjo is usually fried in coconut fat which renders it crispy with a specific bitter taste. Emping melinjo is also exported to Middle East countries and the Netherlands (Departemen Perindustrian, 1988). The nutritional value of emping melinjo has not yet been studied in detail. A feeding trial using rats fed emping melinjo as the sole source of protein showed a low protein efficiency ratio when compared with skim milk (Oey, 1979). Budiarso and Sihombing (1989) reported that livers of rats fed diets containing melinjo seeds as major ingredient had perilobular necrosis. These studies suggest that emping melinjo has low nutritional value and may even contain toxic substances. However, the diets used consisted of emping melinjo as sole source of protein supplemented with vitamin and mineral mixtures. This is very different from the situation in Indonesians who consume emping melinjo as a snack, side dish or as a component of the rice menu. Thus, a study was performed with rats fed nutritionally adequate diets with varying levels of emping melinjo, either in dried/unfried or dried/fried form. The nutritional value of emping melinjo was assessed on the basis of growth performance, histology of selected organs, selected blood measures, nitrogen digestibility, and mineral absorption. In the first experiment, purified diets were used containing 0, 10, 20 or 40 % (w/w) of dried/unfried emping melinjo. The control diet (without emping melinjo) contained casein as sole source of protein and was formulated according to the recommendations of the National Research Council: it contained 5 % of fat. The four experimental diets were balanced for nitrogen, fat, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. There were 8 male rats per dietary group; the experimental period lasted 14 days. The rats had free access to food and demineralized water. Feed intake and weight gain were not significantly affected by emping melinjo in the diet. Cecum weight, including contents, was raised markedly after feeding emping melinjo. Feces production rose after consumption of emping in a dose-dependent fashion, but dry matter content fell. Histological examination showed that liver and jejunum were unaffected' by the feeding of emping, but nephrocalcinosis was induced. The amount of emping melinjo in the diet did not affect hematocrit values and blood hemoglobin concentrations. Plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were significantly lowered by emping melinjo in a dose-dependent fashion. Apparent nitrogen digestibility was gradually decreased with increasing emping melinjo concentrations in the diet. The highest dietary concentration of emping used, i.e. 40 %, significantly reduced the apparent absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. As a component of the human diet, melinjo is not consumed in its dry form but after frying in coconut fat. It could be suggested that dried/fried melinjo does not negatively affect mineral and nitrogen absorption because eiher possible anti-nutritional factors are denaturated by frying or the nutrients in emping become more accessible to digestive processes. The second experiment was carried out to test this suggestion. In addition, the solubility of minerals in the ileal lumen was determined to obtain clues as to the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of emping on mineral absorption. Soluble minerals in the ideal lumen are considered to be available for absorption as opposed to insoluble minerals. There were three experimental diets: a control diet, a diet containing 40 % dried/unfried emping and a diet containing 40 % dried/fried emping (corrected for the fat taken up while frying). The high-fat diets (15 % fat) were carefully balanced for nitrogen, fat, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. There were 12 male rats per dietary group, which had free access to food and demi ne ral i zed water; the experimental period lasted 14 days. Feed intake did not differ significantly between the three experimental groups, but weight gain was some what depressed by both dried/unfried and dried/fried emping. The two emping preparations raised cecum weight and feces production, while the dry matter content of feces dropped. As was observed in experiment 1, the feeding of dried/unfried emping at a level of 40 % of the diet significantly reduced the apparent absorption of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Frying of emping caused disappearance of the inhibitory effect on calcium and magnesium absorption whereas nitrogen and phosphorus absorption were still reduced, albeit to a lower extent. Dried/unfried and dried/fried emping in the diet raised both the amount of solid and liquid phase in the ileum. The concentrations of soluble calcium and magnesium were decreased by dried/unfried as well as dried/fried emping. The concentration of phosphorus in the liquid phase of the ileal lumen was lowered by dried/unfried but not by dried/fried emping. The addition of dried/unfried emping melinjo to the diet of rats at the expense of isonitrogenous amounts of nitrogen caused a lowering of the absorption of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. This effect is either completely or partly abolished by frying of the emping melinjo Frying of dried/emping did not increase the concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the liquid phase of the ileum so that its stimulatory effect on calcium and magnesium absorption remains obscure. Frying of emping did raise the ileal solubility of phosphorus. Frying of emping did raise the Meal solubility of phosphorus. The still some what reduced absorption of phosphorus as seen after the feeding of fried emping is probably the result of unavailable phosphorus as phytate in the emping. The reduced absorption of nitrogen in rats fed either dried/fried or fried emping could relate to the presence of poorly digestible material in the intestine as evidenced by the increased weight of solid phase in the deal lumen. This undigestible material probably represents polysaccharides which raise microbial activity in the cecum leading to the formation of fatty acids and thereby elevating the water content of feces. The undigestible polysaccharides in emping melinjo, if and when present, could also be responsible for its cholesterol lowering activity."

"ABSTRAKKurang Energi Protein (KEP) sampai saat ini masih menjadi masalah gzi utama di Kabupaten Cianjur. Berbagai upaya telah dilakukan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut baik melalui lintas program maupun lintas sektor yang dalam pelaksanaan kegiatannya lebih dipertajam ke kantong kantong KEP.Tujuan dari studi ini adalah diketahuinya status gizi balita di Kabupaten Cianjur pada tahun 1996 dan hubungannya dengan tingkat pendidikan ibu, produk domestik regional bruto (PDRB), pencapaian program imunisasi campak, program. penanggulangan ISPA, cakupan pencemaran air bersih (PAB), cakupan jamban keluarga (JAGA), dan partisipasi masyarakat dalam. penimbangan (D/S).Studi ini dilaksanakan di 215 posyandu dari 187 desa terpilih dengan perbandingan 164 posyandu dari desa tidak miskin dan 51 posyandu dad desa miskin di seluruh kecamatan yang ada (24 kecamatan). Populasi dan desa miskin di seluruh kecamatan yang ada (24 kecamatan). Populasi dan sampel studi adalah seluruh balita yang ada di posyandu terpilih (215 posyandu).Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa angka kurang energi protein (KEP) pada balita di Kabupaten DT II Cianjur sebesar 19,4%. Tidak ada kecamatan yang tidak memiliki kantong KKP, angka KEP di kantong-kantong KEP tersebut berkisar antara 12% s.d. 59%. Dari uji statistik menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara prevalensi KEP total dengan pendidikan ibu, penggunaan air bersih, frekuensi diare, dan penggunaan jamban keluarga. Sementara dengan cakupan imunisasi campak, penanggulangan ISPA, PDRB, dan partisipasi rnasyarakat di posyandu tidak menunjukkan adanya hubungan.Mengingat hal diatas, hasil studi ini agar dapat dijadikan bahan masukan bagi perencanaan baik untuk program gizi sendiri maupun untuk program penanggulangan penyakit diare (P2 Diare), program penyediaan air bersih, dan jamban keluarga serta perencanaan koordinasi dengan Depdikbud dalam program kejar paket A dan B untuk daerah dengan KEP tinggi harus mendapat prioritas.

---

ABSTRACT

Background

Currently, in District of Cianjur the Protein Calorie Deficiency remains as the major nutritional problem. A lot of effort both in inter programs and inter sector of which the implementation is more ficused to the order to overcome the problem.

Aims

The aims of this study is to obtain the under five children nutritional status in the distric of Cianjur in 1996 and its relations to the mother's educational level, Bruto Regional Domestic Product, the achievement of the measles immunization program, the coverage of the use of clean water, the coverage of the family septic tank toilet and people's participation in the body weight scalling

Method

This study is carried out in 215 Posyandus (The Integrated Service Post) from 187 selected villages which consist of 164 posyandu of non poor villages and 51 posyandus of poor villages in whole exiting subdistricts (24 subdistrics). The population and samples for this study are all the under five chlidren in the selected posyandus (215 Posyandu)

Result

The study shows that the rate of Protein Calorie Deficiency of under five children in the Distric of Cianjur is 19,4%. All subdistricts have the 'protein calorie deficiency area with the rate of protein calorie deficiency in these areas range between 12% to 59%. The statistical test shows relation of total prevalence of protein calori deficiency and mother's educational level, the use of clean water, the frequency of diarrhoea and the use of family septic tank toilet. Meanwhile, it shows no relation with the coverage of measles immunization, the upper respiratory tract infection overcoming program, bruto regional domestic product, and people's participation in posyandu.

Considering the above matter, the result of this study could be potential input for planning of nutritional program as well as communicable disease control (diarrhoea), clean water provision program and family septic tank toilet. And for coordinating with Departement of Education and Culture in the elimination of illiteracy program A and B in areas of high rate of protein calorie deficiency should be considered as highest priority."

"There were 37.3 million people or 17.42% people out of the total population in Indonesia who lived under the poverty line in year 2003 which constitute 20.23% of people in rural and 13.57% of the people in urban area (BPS, 2003). Poverty has a negative impact to the health and nutrient status of the population who lived under the poverty line. Poor people are more exposed to environmental risk (poor sanitation, unhealthy food, violence and natural disaster) and have less access to quality health care (WHO, 2000). Various approaches have been conducted to determine the poverty line. Badan Pusat Statistics/Central Bureau for Statistics (BPS/CBS) is one of the institutions that have developed the poverty line, which has been used nationally in Indonesia. The poverty line was defined as the expenditure value of the minimum food, so called food poverty line, and non-food commodities per capita per month (BPS, 1998). The food poverty line was derived by calculating the rupiah value of minimum standard for food adequately required by an individual, which was set at 2,100 calories per person per day. The rupiah value of 2,100 calories was derived from 52 selected food commodities mostly consumed by the reference population from the Susenas/National Health Survey data. Reference population is a group of people living just above the poverty line, and hence, their pattern of consumption can be used as a standard of minimum consumption. The selected food commodities were taking into account the difference among provinces but it did not distinguished between rural and urban areas. Therefore, the difference in values of expenditure spent for purchasing these food commodities refers to the differences in volume and price of each selected food item in both areas. However, some aspects were not considered in the calculation of this food poverty line. First, the estimation of the calorie content from the selected food commodities was not based on the quantities of food actually consumed by household member. It was only concerned on the amount of food used by the household. However, food used is not equivalent to the food consumed. Therefore, the calories content derived from the food used would overestimate the calories intake derived from the food actually consumed by the household member (Hasan, 1997). Secondly, the food poverty line developed by BPS was not measured independently. It was based on the consumption of the reference population. The consumption of the reference population was not necessarily adequate in terms of quantity and quality of the food because the reference population was determined by their non-food expenditure. It did not guarantee that people with higher non-food expenditure would consume adequate food. Third, nutrient or food consumption pattern of the population was correlated by the range of foods, which was locally produced or imported, available in an area and in a given season (Gopalan, 1984 in Hatma 2001)."

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan estimasi VO2 max, status gizi, aktivitas fisik, dan asupan gizi (energi, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C, kalsium, dan zat besi) antara anak normal dan anak dengan retardasi mental. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain ecological study. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan Maret - April 2012 di SDN Srengseng Sawah 07 dan SLBN 02 Jakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan VO2 max dan aktivitas fisik yang lebih rendah secara siginifikan pada kelompok anak dengan retardasi mental (p =0,001). Rata-rata asupan kelompok dengan retardasi mental lebih tinggi secara bermakna untuk asupan protein (p=0,007), vitamin A (p=0,043) dan vitamin B2 (p=0,027). Sekolah disarankan untuk rutin melakukan tes kebugaran kardiovaskular. Pada anak dengan retardasi mental disarankan untuk meningkatkan aktivitas fisik dan menjaga asupan makan.

---

The purpose of this study is to compare estimated VO2 max, nutritional status, physical activity, and nutritional intakes (energy, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C, calcium, and iron) between normal children and children with mental retardation. This research is an ecological study. Data were collected from March to April 2012 in SDN Srengseng Sawah 07 and SLBN 02 Jakarta.

This study shows that estimated VO2 max and physical activity in children with mental retardation is significantly different (p=0,001). Mean of nutritional intakes in children with mental retardation is siginificantly higher in protein (p=0,007), vitamin A (p=0,043), and vitamin B2 (p=0,027).

It is suggested that the school has to examine the cardiovascular fitness regularly. Children with mental retardation are suggested to increase their physical activity and control their food intake."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran kegiatan posyandu dan status gizi balita di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Silih Nara Kabupaten Aceh Tengah tahun 2012. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dari hasil wawancara dengan pedoman kuesioner dan observasi dengan pedoman checklist serta data sekunder dari hasil laporan gizi Puskesmas dan register posyandu.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif, dengan sampel seluruh posyandu dan kader posyandu aktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 96,7% sarana posyandu tidak lengkap, 50,0% posyandu mempunyai kader kurang dari 5 (lima) orang, 83,2% pengetahuan kader kurang, mayoritas kader (93,7%) tidak pernah melakukan penyuluhan gizi, mayoritas kader melakukan PMT Pemulihan kurang dari 90 hari terus menerus, 64,3% kader tidak melakukan tindak lanjut hasil penimbangan, 73,3% posyandu dengan cakupan D/S di bawah target, dan balita dengan status gizi kurang sebanyak 20,86%.Disarankan agar Dinas Kesehatan mendorong kepala puskesmas lebih memperhatikan program promosi kesehatan terutama program posyandu, meningkatkan pengetahuan kader dengan mengadalan pelatihan kader, dan peningkatan sumber daya manusia promosi kesehatan di tingkat puskesmas. Bagi puskesmas diharapkan peningkatan kualitas dan kuantitas kinerja petugas promosi kesehatan, merekrut kader baru dan melakukan pembinaan berkesinambungan terhadap semua posyandu. Bagi pokja IV PKK agar melakukan pembinaan yang berkesinambungan terhadap kader posyandu, kader dan tokoh masyarakat agar meningkatkan perannya, menambah wawasan dan tokoh masyarakat agar ikut menggerakkan peran serta masyarakat.

---

The purpose of this study was to determine the activities overview posyandu and nutritional status of children in the region of Nara Reparation Health Center of Central Aceh District in 2012. This study uses primary data from interviews with questionnaires and observation guidelines with the guidelines checklist and report the results of secondary data from Community Health Center and register posyandu nutrition.The study is a descriptive study, with samples of all posyandu and cadres are active. The results showed 96.7% posyandu no means complete, 50.0% posyandu cadres had less than 5 (five), 83.2% lack of knowledge of cadres, cadres majority (93.7%) have never done nutritional counseling, the majority PMT Recovery cadres do less than 90 days continuously, 64.3% of cadres do not follow up the results of weighing, with coverage of 73.3% posyandu D / S is below the target, and the nutritional status of infants with less as much as 20.86%.Public Health Service recommended that more attention to health centers encourage the head of health promotion programs, especially programs posyandu, increase knowledge for meaningful training cadre to cadre, and the improvement of human resources in health promotion clinic level. For the clinic is expected to increase the quality and quantity of health promotion staff performance, recruiting new cadres and conduct ongoing training for all posyandu. For the working group in order to guide IV PKK continued to posyandu cadres, cadres and leaders in order to enhance its role, adding insight and community leaders to participate mobilize community participation."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran dari perilaku diet penurunan berat badan dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku tersebut pada siswi SMAN 5 Tasikmalaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode cross-sectional, pengambilan sampel secara random berkelompok (cluster sampling), dan dianalasis dengan menggunakan uji chi-square. Sampel penelitian ini terdiri dari 188 siswi kelas X dan XI. Pengambilan data penelitian dilakukan pada tanggal 25 Maret 2013 - 6 April 2013. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 34% responden melakukan diet penurunan berat badan. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa perilaku diet penurunan berat badan berhubungan secara signifikan dengan status gizi (p-value 0.008), citra tubuh (pvalue 0.000), pengaruh keluarga (p-value 0.000), pengaruh teman dekat (p-value 0.000), dan pengaruh media massa (p-value 0.000). Disarankan adanya program edukasi gizi seperti pelatihan penilaian status gizi dan penyuluhan tentang perilaku diet penurunan berat badan agar remaja putri dapat menilai status gizinya secara akurat dan dapat memahami konsep diet penurunan berat badan secara benar.

---

The aim of this study is to determine the percentage of dieting behavior and its correlates among students (adolescent girls) at SMAN 5 Tasikmalaya. This study uses cross-sectional design, cluster sampling method, and analyzed using the chi-square test. The study sample consisted of 188 students of class X and XI. This study was conducted on March 25, 2013 - April 6, 2013.

The result of this study shows that 34% of respondents doing a diet. This study also found that dieting behavior has been associated with nutritional status (p-value 0.008), body image (p-value 0.000), family influence (p-value 0.000), peer group influence (pvalue 0.000), and influence of the mass media (p-value 0.000).

The researcher suggests the existence of nutrition education programs such as training about nutritional status assessment and counseling about dieting behavior so that adolescent girls can assess the nutritional status accurately and understand the concept of dieting behavior correctly."