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"Tesis ini bertujuan menguji hipotesis hubungan antara pajak yang dibayar oleh perusahaan dengan size-nya, yaitu apakah perusahaan besar membayar pajak yang lebih besar dibandingkan perusahaan kecil. Ukuran besar perusahaan diukur dari sales yang dihitung setiap tahun. Selain itu penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui sektor industri apa yang paling besar memberikan kontribusi dalam pembayaran pajak penghasilan pada negara.Perhitungan dan pengujian cross - sectional membuktikan bahwa selama periode pengamatan 2000 - 2002, perusahaan besar terbukti membayar pajak yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan perusahaan lainnya. Namun, besarnya pajak yang dibayarkan tidak berlaku proporsional dengan besarnya perusahaan pada level di bawahnya. Perusahaan yang membayar pajak terbesar kedua setelah perusahaan terbesar, justru adalah perusahaan - perusahaan terkecil dari sampel yang diambil. Sementara pembayar pajak dengan urutan setelahnya tidak secara otomatis proporsional dengan besarnya perusahaan.Dari perhitungan tarif efektif pajak per industri, diperoleh hasil bahwa pembayar pajak terbesar adalah perusahaan - perusahaan dari consumer goods industry, sementara pembayar pajak terkecil adalah perusahaan - perusahaan dari industri property, real estate & building construction. Perbedaan ini terkait dengan perbedaan struktur biaya antar industri.Dengan hasil penelitian ini, diharapkan Direktorat Jenderal Pajak dapat memberikan prioritas perhatian pada pembayar pajak dari kategori perusahaan - perusahaan besar dan industri tertentu, untuk mengoptimalkan target penerimaan pajak. Namun, hal ini tentu saja tidak berarti mengabaikan kelompok - kelompok perusahaan yang lain."

"Skripsi ini membahas implikasi pengenaan kebijakan diferensiasi tarif pajak penghasilan bagi karyawan yang tidak mempunyai NPWP. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini memperlihatkan pemerintah dalam mengeluarkan kebijakan diferensiasi tarif pajak penghasilan tidak didasari teori yang kuat. Hukum materiil dengan hukum formal bercampur karena unsur sanksi yang seharusnya terdapat dalam Undang-undang KUP, terdapat dalam tarif Undang-undang Pajak Penghasilan. Pemberlakuan diferensiasi tarif pajak penghasilan bertentangan dengan prinsip ability to pay. Bagi karyawan yang mempunyai penghasilan yang sama besarnya mendapat perlakuan yang berbeda. Hal ini menimbulkan ketidak adilan horizontal. Hendaknya dalam menaikkan penerimaan negara pemerintah hendaknya mengeluarkan kebijakan dengan tidak mengorbankan keadilan bagi masyarakat.

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The focus of this study is implication of outcome differential tariff income tax policy for employee who don't have Tax Payer Number. This research is qualitative research with descriptive design. The result of this research showed that the goverment policy on Differential tariff income tax didn't have strong theory based. Material law with formal law is mixed because there is penalty element that should have been included in general rule tax law in fact included in income tax law.

The aplication of differential tariff is against with the ability to pay principle. For employee who has same income get different treatment. This situation makes horizontal disequity. In raising country income government should made new policy which don't sacrifice people's equity."

"An employee stock option issued as a form of compensation. Employee stock option are mostly offered to management as part of their executive compensation package. They are also offered to lower staff. Employee stock options (ESOP) are issued as a private contract between the employer and employee. Depending on the vesting schedule and the maturity of the options, the employee may elect to exercise the options at whatever stock price was used as the strike price. At that point, the employee may sell the stock or hold on to it in the hope of further price appreciation. There are a variety of differences in the tax treatment of ESOP having to do with their use as compensation. The fact that the benefits from employee stock option are tax at different times in different countries is a difficulties. Also, same country may tax different parts of the benefits at different times. Based on this problem, the writer is attracted to make a research on the Income Tax Treatment Analysis on Employee Stock Option.The point of this analysis is to find when the income tax should be taxable on the benefit from the ESOP, clasiffy the benefit derived from the ESOP and analyze the international tax issue arising from ESOP. The research approach used is qualitative and the method used is descriptive. It means that the research purpose is to describe and analyze the Income Tax Treatment on Employee Stock Option. The analysis will focus on the tax treatment from the employee point of view. The data collected through in-depth interview between the researcher and the informant considered related to this research.After the research completed, there is three conclusions of this research. First, it is concluded that the Income Tax will be taxable when the stock acquired by the option is sold. This treatment is used based on the realization of income principle. Second, the classification of benefit from ESOP treated as employment income in total or split into employment income and capital gain. And the third, a variety of differences in the tax treatment of ESOP can caused the conflict in international taxation which make double taxation and double non taxation between countries. The double taxation and double non taxation can be minimized through the credit and exemption method provided by countries."

"Hadirnya Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2008 merupakan perubahan baru bagi Wajib Pajak khususnya Wajib Pajak badan. Salah satu perubahan yang terdapat dalam undang-undang tersebut adalah pemberian fasilitas pengurangan tarif Pajak Penghasilan (PPh) bagi Wajib Pajak badan Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah (UMKM). Pengurangan tarif tersebut dikarenakan adanya perubahan tarif pada Pasal 17 yaitu tarif umum PPh bagi Wajib Pajak badan. Kebijakan tersebut sangat menarik, karena fasilitas yang diberikan kepada Wajib Pajak berdasarkan peredaran bruto. Peredaran bruto yang dimiliki oleh sebuah UMKM dapat mempengaruhi pajak yang terhutang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kebijakan pengurangan tarif PPh badan melalui Pasal 31E Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2008 ditinjau dari sisi keadilan pemungutan pajak. Konsep utama yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah konsep fasilitas atau insentif pajak dan konsep keadilan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu melalui pendekatan kuantitatif dengan analisis data kualitatif. Data kualitatif diperoleh melalui studi literatur dan wawancara mendalam. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan maka dihasilkan kesimpulan bahwa kebijakan yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah melalui Pasal 31E Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2008, tidak mencerminkan keadilan baik dari segi keadilan horizontal maupun keadilan vertikal. Dalam mencapai suatu keadilan sebaiknya perumus kebijakan memberikan batasan fasilitas tersebut berdasarkan Penghasilan Kena Pajak dan bukan peredaran bruto.

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The presence of Tax Laws No. 36/2008 is a new change for taxpayers, especially company taxpayers. One of the changes in the law is the reduction policy of taxon-revenue of micro-small-intermediate company taxpayer. The reduction is given due to the change of rate in the Article 17, which is general tax-on-revenue rate of company taxpayers. The policy is so interesting because the facility given to taxpayer is based on bruto circulation. Bruto circulation of a micro-smallintermediate company can influence the tax liability. This research aims to analyze the reduction policy of tax-on-revenue of micro-small-intermediate company taxpayer through Article 31E of Tax Laws No.36/2008 observed from equity principle in taxation. The main concepts used in this research are concept of facility or tax incentive and concept of equity principles. Research method used in quantitive approach with qualitative data analysis. Qualitative data is obtained from literature study and in-depth interview. The result is that the policy issued by the government through Article 31E in Tax Laws No.36/2008 does not reflect equity, both from horizontal and vertical equity principle. In achieving equity, the policy maker should give limitations of the facility, based on taxable revenue instead of bruto circulation."

"The currency or foreign exchange (FX) market is the largest financial market in the world, with trading volumes surpassing $1,9 trillion a day. Although primarily dominated by a worldwide network of interbank traders, a new era of internet-base communication technologies has recently allowed individual investors to gain direct access to this popular and profitable market. Trading in the foreign exchange market is an alternative tool for investment other than investing in stock market.The tax issues on gain from foreign exchange trading tend to be disorienting since there are no tax circular that regulates the implementation of foreign exchange trading in Indonesia. Since the absence of specific income tax law on gain from forex trading, this research attempts to explain the nature of foreign exchange trading itself, then it will describe the difference between the US Income tax treatment and the Indonesian income tax treatment on gain on forex trading followed by the conclusion to propose the right alternative tax treatment to be implemented in Indonesia. This research uses qualitative approach with descriptive technique. Library study, field study and benchmarking are chosen to gather the information. The field study is executed by interviewing tax officers, brokers, and academic scholar. While as the benchmarking is being executed by comparing with tax rule in the United State of America to propose the right tax treatment to be implemented in Indonesia.Forex trading is traded in the Over the Counter Market where there are no centralized exchanges. The nature of forex trading is to speculate in buying or selling foreign currency contract in the spot market. According to the Indonesian income tax regulation article 4(1) leter l stated that gain on foreign exchange are treated as an taxable object whilst loss on foreign exchange principally could be recognized as deductible expense. Since the absence of specific regulation relating to the tax treatment on forex trading therefore the general rule may apply, the general rule stated forex trading falls under business income category and that all increase in economic capability originating from Indonesia as well as from offshore shall be accumulated and taxed according to article 17 tax rate.Differ from the Indonesia tax law, the US tax law on profit from the fluctuation in foreign exchange rates are treated differently from foreign exchange trading. The fluctuation in foreign exchange rate as as part of their normal course of business fall under IRC Section 988. Gains and losses from foreign exchange (such as buying and selling of foreign goods) are treated as interest income or expense and get taxed accordingly. Since forex traders are also exposed to daily exchange rate fluctuations, their trading activity falls under the provisions of Section 988. These daily fluctuations can be considered part of a currency trader's assets in the normal course of his business; the IRS gives the trader the option of rejecting (opting out) of Section 988 and electing that the gains be taxed under the favorable 60/40 split of IRC Section 1256. Under IRC Section 1256, forex traders can have a significant advantage over stock traders. Forex traders are allowed to split their capital gains using a 60% / 40% split. This means that 60% of the capital gains are taxed at the lower, long-term capital gains rate (currently 15%) and the remaining 40% at the ordinary or short-term capital gains rate, which depends on the tax bracket the trader falls under (as high as 35%). This results in an average rate of 23%, which is 12% less than the regular (short-term) rate.From the comparative study between the US tax laws on foreign exchange trading, this research propose an alternative tax policy on forex trading in Indonesia. One of the alternative is only net gain are calculated and tax. The second alternative to be implemented in the form of withholding final tax payment from every realize transaction."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai pencabutan fasilitas pajak penghasilan atas industri reksa dana yang kemudian melihat pengalaman dengan kebijakan perpajakan mengenai hal yang sama di negara Malaysia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa reksa dana saat ini telah berkembang dan sudah memenuhi tujuan pemberian fasilitas pajak sehingga tidak perlu lagi diberikan fasilitas tersebut. Selain itu pencabutan fasilitas pajak penghasilan bertujuan untuk menciptakan equal treatment serta mengeliminasi terjadinya tax avoidance. Meskipun di Malaysia reksa dana dibebaskan dari pengenaan pajak, Indonesia tidak serta merta dapat mengikuti hal tersebut karena setiap negara mempunyai kebutuhan yang berbeda.

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This study describes the revocation of income tax facility that previously enjoyed by the investment fund industry in Indonesia up to 2008 and conducts a comparative analysis with those happen in Malaysia. The research is using qualitative approach with a description typed of methodology. This concludes that investment fund has tremendously growing and the government is of the view that it is time to revoke the tax incentive so that it can contribute tax collection equally and eliminate tax avoidance. Even though Malaysia exempt investment fund from income tax it does not means that Indonesia should follow because every country had different purposes. This research recommended investment manager to adjust the product of investment fund."

"Tesis ini mengestimasi pengaruh penerapan tarif tunggal pada Pajak Penghasilan Badan (PPh Badan) terhadap indikasi penggelapan pajak (tax evasion). Pengukuran indikasi penggelapan pajak menggunakan hasil pemeriksaan pajak dari Direktorat Jenderal Pajak (DJP) selama kurun waktu 6 tahun (2007-2012). Hasil statistik deskriptif dan analisis Tobit maximum likelihood menunjukkan penerapan tarif tunggal cenderung menurunkan indikasi penggelapan pajak. Hasil penelitian menyarankan bahwa penerapan tarif tunggal pada Pajak Penghasilan Badan dapat meningkatkan kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Badan. Selain itu, semakin tinggi tarif pajak penghasilan cenderung menstimuli indikasi penggelapan pajak.

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This paper investigates the difference effects of progressive rate and single rate implementation on corporate income tax to tax evasion indication. Using firm level data of tax audit results as a measure of tax evasion indication for six years observations (2007-2012), the empirical results from the sample data show that the implementation of single rate on corporate income tax reduces the tax evasion indication. In addition, the results show that the higher the marginal income tax rate, the higher the tax evasion indication."

"Penelitian ini menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh hubungan politik dan reformasi perpajakan pada tahun 2009 terhadap tarif pajak efektif. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 91 perusahaan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia untuk tahun 2008-2009. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh negatif reformasi perpajakan terhadap tarif pajak efektif sesuai dengan penurunan tarif pada Undang-Undang Pajak Penghasilan yang baru. Sedangkan hubungan politik tidak terbukti berpengaruh terhadap tarif pajak efektif.

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AbstractThis study examines and analyzes the influence of political connections and tax reform to the effective tax rate. The sample of this study was 91 companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange for the years 2008-2009. The results showed that there are negative effects of tax reform with the effective tax rate in accordance with the tariff reduction on the new Income Tax. Political relations did not influence the effective tax rate."

"This quantitative research relates tax-incentive policy with investment-climate for foreign-invested ompanies in textile industry by using the method of survey analysis. This research took samples by using simple random sampling method. The result shows that the tax-incentive policy is not significantly related to investment-climate of foreign-invested companies in textile industry in Indonesia. There are a lot of factors that influence investment-climate, among others, the availability of cheap, professional experts, political stability, the condition of market and its potential, macro-economic stability, the condition of infrastructure, legal certainty, and the condition of bureaucracy, as well as the rate of corruption in Indonesia. Based on the analysis on the research result, however, market access appears to be the significant factor that generates foreign investors in textile industry in Indonesia"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh perubahan tarif pajak PPh badan terhadap nilai pengukuran kinerja perusahaan serta faktor penentu tarif pajak efektif pada masa sebelum dan sesudah periode perubahan. Penelitian menggunakan variabel EVA, ROI, EPS serta tarif pajak efektif untuk mengetahui signifikansi perbedaan, menggunakan Wilcoxon rank test dan paired t-test. Analisis data panel dengan model random effect terkait faktor penentu tarif pajak efektif menggunakan proksi leverage, size dan capital intensity. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat perbedaan signifikan nilai EVA, ROI, EPS serta tarif pajak efektif sebelum dan sesudah periode perubahan tarif pajak, serta size berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadap tarif pajak efektif sebelum perubahan tarif PPh badan.

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This study aims to determine the effect of changes in corporate income tax rate on the value of the company's performance measurement and determinants of effective tax rates in the period before and after the period of change. Studies using variable EVA, ROI, EPS and effective tax rate to determine the significance of the differences, using the Wilcoxon rank test and paired t-test. Analysis of panel data with random effects models related to determinants factors of effective tax rates using a proxy for leverage, size and capital intensity. The results showed there were significant differences in the value of EVA, ROI, EPS and effective tax rates before and after the period of change in tax rate, and size has a positive significant effect on the effective tax rate before the change in corporate income tax rates."