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"This text addresses many of the recurring clinical themes of the USMLE Step 1. The information presented in this text prepares you to handle not only the clinical vignettes found on the USMLE Step 1, but also the questions concerning basic gross anatomy concepts."

"Urbanisasi yang cepat terutama di daerah tropis telah menjadi perhatian serius akhir-akhir ini. Pembangunan tipe "sprawl" telah ditemukan di beberapa negara dimana pembangunan perumahan dan komersial dengan kepadatan rendah meluas hingga ke pinggiran luar kota. Karena keadaan ini, sebagian besar ruang hijau pada akhirnya akan mengalami degradasi yang menyebabkan fenomena yang disebut Urban Health Island (UHI) dan heat stress. Selain itu, peningkatan populasi perkotaan juga akan mempengaruhi peningkatan pembangunan gedung. Lebih dari sepertiga dari total kebutuhan konsumsi energi yang diperlukan untuk menyediakan kondisi ruangan yang nyaman dengan sistem pendingin, pemanas, dan ventilasi, menjadi tanggung jawab sektor bangunan. Penggunaan sistem pendingin ruangan yang berlebihan pada sebuah bangunan dapat menyebabkan peningkatan konsumsi energi, emisi gas, dan juga polusi udara di luar ruangan. Karena negara-negara di daerah tropis memiliki iklim yang panas dan lembab, sebagian besar bangunan di daerah tersebut membutuhkan sistem pengkondisian ruangan terutama dengan pendinginan dan dehumidifikasi. Suhu dan kelembaban di dalam ruangan tergantung pada seberapa banyak panas yang masuk ke dalam ruangan. Istilah ini disebut sebagai perolehan panas, dimana sebagian besar berasal dari radiasi matahari yang masuk melalui atap. Salah satu cara terbaik untuk mengurangi heat gain tanpa mempengaruhi konsumsi energi dan lingkungan adalah dengan menggunakan Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe (CLPHP). Pada penelitian ini, kinerja sistem atap CLPHP diuji dengan menggunakan dua jenis fluida kerja, yaitu air murni dan etanol murni. Sistem atap CLPHP kemudian dibandingkan dengan kondisi ketika sistem atap tidak menggunakan CLPHP dengan menggunakan metode eksperimen. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa pada 113 W/m2, sistem atap CLPHP dengan etanol FR 55% memiliki resistansi termal terendah yaitu 0,224 K/W dan akan memberikan penurunan temperatur loteng sebesar 2,4◦C. Pada 270 W/m2, sistem atap CLPHP dengan air FR 70% memiliki resistansi termal terendah sebesar 0,160 K/W dan dapat memberikan pengurangan suhu loteng sebesar 3,1◦C. Pada 355 W/m2, sistem atap CLPHP dengan air FR 70% memiliki resistansi termal terendah sebesar 0,095 K/W dan dapat memberikan pengurangan suhu loteng sebesar 3,4◦C. CLPHP dengan etanol FR 55% telah terbukti bekerja lebih baik pada masukan panas rendah untuk pengurangan suhu. CLPHP dengan air FR 70%, di sisi lain, telah terbukti memiliki kinerja pengurangan suhu yang lebih besar dalam input panas sedang dan tinggi.

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A rapid urbanization especially in tropical regions have becoming a serious concern recently. A “sprawl” type development has been found in several countries whereas low-density residential and commercial development are expanding into the outer edges of cities and towns. Due to these circumstances, most of the green spaces will eventually degrade causing a phenomenon called Urban Health Island (UHI) and heat stress. Moreover, an increase in urban population will also affect the increase in building construction. Over one third of the total demand of energy consumption required to provide comfortable room condition with cooling, heating and ventilation system, is becoming the building sector’s accountability. An excessive use of air conditioning system in a building could lead to an increase in energy consumption, gas emission and also outdoor air pollution. Since countries in tropical areas have a hot and humid climate, most of the building in that regions require a room conditioning system especially by cooling and dehumidification. Temperature and humidity inside the room depend on how much heat enters the room. This term is called as heat gain, whereas it is mostly coming from a solar radiation that enters through the roof. One of the best ways to reduce heat gain without affecting energy consumption and environment is by using a Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe (CLPHP). In this study, the performance of the CLPHP roofing system was tested using two types of fluids, pure water and pure ethanol. The CLPHP roof system was then compared with the condition when the roof system did not use CLPHP using the experimental method. The results of the experiment showed that at 113 W/m², the CLPHP roofing system with ethanol FR 55% has the lowest thermal resistance of 0.224 K/W and will provide a 2.4◦C reduction in attic temperatures. At 270 W/m², the CLPHP roofing system with water FR 70% has the lowest thermal resistance of 0.160 K/W and can give a 3.1◦C reduction in attic temperatures. At 355 W/m², the CLPHP roofing system with water FR 70% has the lowest thermal resistance of 0.095 K/W and can deliver a 3.4◦C reduction in attic temperatures. CLPHP with ethanol FR 55% has been shown to work better in low heat input for temperature reduction. CLPHP with water FR 70%, on the other hand, has been shown to have greater temperature reduction performance in medium and high heat input."

"Colonialism had interfered the life of human being over the world since the early of nineteen century. It had great influences in the post colonialism era, the era in which elites of the former colonized nation behave and think as their former colonizer. Consequently while the behavior and thought were implemented in the society, there would be various questions addressed to them. People in the postcolonial nation often considered the pattern of governance in a new society as a new practicing imperialism. This research envisage the phenomenon depicted in novel A Grain of Wheat and Weep Not, Child written by Ngugi Wa Thiong'O. He is a Kenyan writer. Most of his works are dealing with situation created by postcolonial society that often imitated colonialist's thought, behavior, and mentality. The situation of society as well as the people after colonialism era is degraded. Each of them attempts to set their inner life free from situation, but it does not succeed due to the chaotic circumstances in the society. Problematic character is a representation of individual in society, therefore the prominent discussion in this research is dealing with the degraded society in the works that affected such demoniacal character."

"Wilayah pegunungan menyediakan banyak layanan ekosistem untuk daerah sekitarnya dan dataran rendah. Wilayah Gunung Patuha terletak di Kabupaten Bandung, tepatnya di Kabupaten Ciwidey, Kabupaten Rancabali dan Kabupaten Pasirjambu. Salah satu jasa ekosistem yang ada di Gunung Patuha adalah Layanan Penyediaan Air. Pertumbuhan populasi yang intensif menyebabkan kebutuhan air meningkat secara drastis. Hasil air dari ekosistem atau daerah aliran sungai dapat diperkirakan dengan menggunakan model hidrologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi tentang hasil air, baik besaran dan distribusi spasialnya, dari daerah tangkapan air Gunung Patuha. Hasil air dari daerah penelitian dihitung menggunakan model hasil air di InVEST (Penilaian Terpadu Jasa Ekosistem dan Pengorbanan), yang didasarkan pada pendekatan neraca air. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa volume hasil air di Gunung Patuha untuk 2018 adalah sekitar 1,202 juta m3 per tahun. Sub DAS Cipandak adalah penghasil air terbesar (117,5 juta m3 per tahun), diikuti oleh Sub DAS Cioleh-oleh (113,3 juta m3). Hasil air di lokasi penelitian memiliki nilai antara 21.429 hingga 31.857 m3/ha/tahun. Secara spasial, Sub-Daerah Aliran Sungai dengan volume hasil air yang tinggi ditemukan di sebelah tenggara Gunung Patuha, yang merupakan daerah pegunungan dengan ketinggian lebih dari 1500 mdpl dan curah hujan rata-rata 2500 hingga 3300 mm per tahun. Daerah hasil air juga menunjukkan pola yang sama dengan bentuk daerah curah hujan.

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Mountaineous region provides a lot of ecosystem services for surrounding area and lowland area. Patuha Mountain Region located in Bandung District, exactly in Ciwidey Sub-District, Rancabali Sub-District and Pasirjambu Sub-District. One of ecosystem services that exist in Patuha Mountain Region is Water Provisioning Services. Intensive population growth causing the need of water increase drasticly. The water yield from an ecosystem or watershed can be estimated using a hydrological model. This study aimed to obtain information about the water yield, both the magnitude and their spatial distribution, from the catchment areas of Patuha Mountain. The water yield from the study area was calculated using the water yield model in InVEST (the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs), which based on the water balance approach. The results indicated that the volume of water yield in Patuha Mountain for 2018 is approximately 1.202 million m3 per year. Cipandak subwatershed is the largest water producer (117.5 million m3 per year), followed by Cioleh-oleh subwatershed (113.3 million m3). The water yield at the study site has a value between 21,429 to 31,857 m3/ha/year. Spatially, Sub-Watersheds with a high volume of Water yield are found in the southeast of Patuha Mountain, which is a mountainous area with an elevation of more than 1500 masl and rainfall averaging 2500 to 3300 mm per year. The water yield area also shows the same pattern with the shape of the rainfall area.

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"ABSTRAKPenelitian torrefaksi bonggol jagung telah dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh laju alir nitrogen terhadap yield dan komposisi bonggol jagung yang dihasilkan melalui proses torrefaksi. Pengaruh laju alir nitrogen diteliti dengan memvariasikan laju alir nitrogen sebesar 0,3 L/min, 0,5 L/min, dan 0,7 L/min dengan masing-masing variasi laju alir nitrogen dilakukan pada 3 variasi suhu torrefaksi, yaitu 250oC, 275oC, dan 300oC. Proses torrefaksi berlangsung di reaktor tubular dengan holding time 20 menit, heating rate 10oC/menit, dan total massa umpan 15 gram. Identifikasi pengaruh laju alir nitrogen dilakukan dengan menganalisis bonggol jagung hasil torrefaksi dengan menggunakan karakterisasi FTIR, Ultimate, dan Thermogravimetri Analysis (TGA). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh laju alir nitrogen terhadap yield dan komposisi bonggol jagung hasil torrefaksi. Semakin besar laju alir nitrogen maka yield dari bonggol jagung hasil torrefaksi akan semakin kecil. Semakin besar laju alir nitrogen, kandungan oksigen dalam bonggol jagung hasil torrefaksi akan semakin berkurang dan kandungan karbonnya meningkat. Kandungan oksigen setelah torrefaksi menurun hingga 38% pada saat suhu torrefaksi 300oC dengan laju alir nitrogen sebesar 0,7 L/min sementara kandungan karbonnya meningkat hingga 44% bila dibandingkan dengan bonggol jagung umpan torrefaksi, rasio C/O meningkat dari 0,95 menjadi 2,19 dan rasio C/H meningkat dari 6,9 menjadi 13,99. Berdasarkan karakterisasi FTIR seiring semakin besar laju alir nitrogen maka gugus fungsi fenol, guaiacol, catechol, dan ether akan semakin tinggi. Data karakterisasi TGA menunjukan bahwa laju alir nitrogen tidak berpengaruh terhadap suhu pirolisis dari bonggol jagung yang sudah ditorrefaksi. Suhu torrefaksi adalah faktor yang mempengaruhi dari suhu pirolisis bonggol jagung yang sudah ditorrefaksi.

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ABSTRACTTorrefaction of corn cobs has been carried out to study the effect of nitrogen flow rate on yield and torrefied corn cobs composition produced through torrefaction. The effect of nitrogen flow rate was investigated by varying the nitrogen flow rate by 0,3 L/min, 0,5 L/min, and 0,7 L/min with each nitrogen flow rate variation performed on 3 torrefaction temperature variations are 250oC, 275oC, and 300oC. Torrefaction process takes place in a tubular reactor with a holding time of 20 minutes, a heating rate of 10oC/ minute, and a total feed mass of 15 grams. Identification of the effect of nitrogen flow rate was carried out by analyzing the torrefaction corn cobs using FTIR, Ultimate, and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) characterizations. The results of this study indicate that nitrogen flow rate affects yield and torrefied corncobs composition. The greater the nitrogen flow rate, the lower is the yield of torrefied corn cobs. The greater the flow rate of nitrogen, the lower is the oxygen content in the corn cobs and the higher is the carbon content. The oxygen content after torrefaction decreased up to 38% when the torrefaction temperature was carried out at 300oC with a nitrogen flow rate of 0.7 L/min while the carbon content increased by 44%, the C/O ratio increased from 0,95 to 2,19 and the C/H ratio increased from 6,9 to 13,99. Based on FTIR characterization, increasing nitrogen flow rate increases the functional groups furan, phenol, guaiacol, catechol, and ether. Based on the TGA characterization, the nitrogen flow rate did not affect the pyrolysis temperature of the torrefied corn cobs. Torrefaction temperature is a factor that influences the pyrolysis temperature of torrefied corn cobs."