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"Penggunaan pupuk kimia secara terus menerus dan berlebihan dapat menurunkan kualitas tanah dan dapat menurunkan hasil panen. Salah satu solusi alternatif untuk mengembalikan kesuburan tanah adalah dengan menggunakan tambahan pupuk hayati. Pupuk hayati merupakan pupuk yang berisi mikroorganisme yang memiliki kemampuan meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman yang disebut dengan plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan bakteri dari sampel kepala udang dilanjutkan karakterisasi jenis genus bakteri dan diuji kemampuan berdasarkan karakter PGPB untuk mendapatkan isolat potensial sebagai pupuk hayati. Isolasi dilakukan dengan teknik quadrant streak dari cairan suspensi pada medium umum. Isolat bakteri yang didapatkan selanjutnya dikarakterisasi berdasarkan Cowan & Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria dan diuji kemampuannya menyediakan unsur hara bagi tanaman berdasarkan karakter PGPB, yaitu kemampuan memfiksasi nitrogen, melarutkan fosfat, menghasilkan IAA dan siderofor. Kemudian setiap isolat diuji kemampuan dalam menghasilkan enzim ekstraseluler (kitinase, protease, lipase dan amilase) menggunakan medium diferensial untuk mengetahui potesi mendegradasi makromolekul yang dapat dijadikan sumber nutrien bakteri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa diperoleh lima isolat bakteri yang diberi kode UD1 hingga UD5, diantaranya 3 isolat Gram positif (UD1, UD4, dan UD5) dan 2 isolat Gram negatif (UD2 dan UD3). Uji kemampuan PGPB terhadap kelima isolat menunjukkan 3 isolat (UD1, UD2, dan UD3) mampu memfiksasi nitrogen, 3 isolat (UD2, UD3, dan UD5) mampu melarutkan fosfat, 4 isolat (UD1, UD2, UD3, dan UD4) mampu menghasilkan IAA, dan 3 isolat (UD2, UD3, dan UD4) mampu menghasilkan siderofor. Hasil uji kemampuan menghasilkan enzim ekstraseluler menunjukkan 2 isolat (UD2 dan UD3) positif terhadap keempat jenis uji. Berdasarkan data tersebut maka bakteri hasil isolasi berpotensi untuk dijadikan agen pupuk hayati.

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The excessive use of chemical fertilizers can decrease soil quality and lead to reduced crop yields. One alternative solution to restore soil fertility is by utilizing biofertilizers. Biofertilizers contain microorganisms with the ability to enhance plant growth, known as Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB). This study aimed to isolate bacteria from shrimp head samples, characterize the genera of bacteria, and assess their PGPB characteristics to identify potential isolates for biofertilizer application. Isolation was conducted using the quadrant streak technique from suspension fluid on a standard medium. The isolated bacteria were then characterized based on Cowan & Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria and tested for their ability to provide nutrients to plants based on PGPB characteristics, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore production. Subsequently, each isolate was tested for its ability to produce extracellular enzymes (chitinase, protease, lipase, and amylase) using differential media to determine their potential for degrading macromolecules as a bacterial nutrient source. The results showed that five bacterial isolates were obtained, including 3 Gram-positive isolates (UD1, UD4, and UD5) and 2 Gram-negative isolates (UD2 and UD3). PGPB capability tests on these isolates revealed that 3 isolates (UD1, UD2, and UD3) could fix nitrogen, 3 isolates (UD2, UD3, and UD5) could solubilize phosphate, 4 isolates (UD1, UD2, UD3, and UD4) could produce IAA, and 3 isolates (UD2, UD3, and UD4) could produce siderophores. The results of the extracellular enzyme production test indicated that 2 isolates (UD2 and UD3) tested positive for all four types of tests. Based on this data, the isolated bacteria have the potential to be used as biofertilizer agents."

"Larva lalat tentara hitam (Hermetia illucens L.) atau BSF merupakan agen biologis yang umum digunakan dalam pengelolaan sampah organik. Kemampuan larva lalat tentara hitam dalam mencerna bahan organik didukung oleh berbagai aktivitas bakteri yang hidup di dalam saluran pencernaanya. Pencarian bakteri dengan berbagai aktivitas pendukung pertumbuhan dan proteksi tanaman berpotensi dalam mengurangi dampak akibat penggunaan pupuk dan pestisida sintetis. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengisolasi, menghitung jumlah populasi bakteri, mengetahui potensi aktivitas isolat, serta mengarakterisasi bakteri saluran pencernaan larva BSF. Pengisolasian bakteri dilakukan dengan metode filtrasi membran dengan pengenceran bertingkat dan uji aktivitas dilakukan pada beberapa medium. Berdasarkan morfologi, sebanyak 21 isolat berhasil terisolasi dan hasil perhitungan kepadatan populasi bakteri pada sampel saluran pencernaan BSF, yaitu 1,136 x 1010 CFU/gr. Berdasarkan uji aktivitas isolat, sebanyak dua isolat memiliki aktivitas selulolitik, yaitu isolat G18 dan G21; empat isolat yang dapat mendegradasi kitin, yaitu isolat G9, G16, G18, dan G21; empat isolat dengan kemampuan pelarutan fosfat dan memproduksi IAA, yaitu isolat G7, G10, G13, dan G19. Isolat G18 dan G10 merupakan isolat terunggul karena isolat G18 memiliki keunggulan dalam proteksi tanaman, sedangkan isolat G10 unggul dalam mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman. Isolat G1 hingga G22 memiliki karakteristik yang beraneka ragam. Berdasarkan identifikasi bakteri secara biokimia, isolat G9, G10, G16, dan G18 memiliki karakteristik bakteri dari kelompok Bacillus.

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Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae are biological agent that commonly used in organic waste management. The ability to digest organic compounds was known to be supported by the diversity of bacterial activities inside their body. The exploration of certain bacterial activities in promoting plant growth and protection may be needed to reduce the impact of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides uses. This study aims to isolate, enumerate the bacterial population from BSF larval gut, screening for potential activities, and characterize isolates. Isolation of bacteria was carried out by membrane filtration method combined with serial dilutions and the bacterial activities carried out on various media. A total of 21 bacteria were isolated from BSF larval gut and the bacterial population density is 1.136 x 1010 CFU/gr. The isolate activity test showed that; two isolates G18 and G21 were positives for cellulolytic activity; four isolates G9, G16, G18, and G21 were able to degrade chitin; four isolates G7, G10, G13, and G19 have the ability to solubilize phosphate and produce IAA. Isolates G18 and G10 were the best isolates because G18 had the advantage in plant protection, while G10 excelled in supporting plant growth. Isolates G1 to G22 had various characteristics. Based on the biochemical identification, isolates G9, G10, G16, and G18 had the characteristics of bacteria from the Bacillus group."

"Bacteria in agrobiology : plant probiotics, discusses the current trends and future prospects of beneficial microorganisms acting as probiotics. Topics include the application for the aboveground fitness of plants, in mountain ecosystems, in tropical and Mediterranean forests, and in muga sericulture. Further aspects are Arabidopsis as a model system for the diversity and complexity of plant responses, plant parasitic nematodes, nitrogen fixation and phosphorus nutrition."

"This book is presenting and quantifying it as a catenary process, describing transport of water in the soil, including root extraction patterns and methods of its evaluation. Transport of water through the plant and from the canopy to the atmosphere is also described and quantified. A variety of evapotranspiration (and its components evaporation and transpiration) calculation methods are described, starting from empirical methods up to the most sophisticated ones based on the solution of the transport equations of water and energy in the SPAS. "

"Pendahuluan: Salah satu bakteri penyebab periodontitis adalah Treponema denticola. Untuk perawatan penyakit periodontal diperlukan aplikasi terapi topikal antibakteri tambahan untuk mempercepat penyembuhan dibanding hanya dengan terapi tunggal seperti kuretase. Ekstrak tanaman rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) memiliki khasiat antibakteri yang dapat melawan bakteri Gram negatif seperti Treponema denticola. Dalam upaya pengembangan bentuk sediaan, ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela dibuat dalam bentuk sediaan gel. Tujuan: Mengetahui efektivitas gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) sebagai antibakteri terhadap Treponema denticola. Metode: Uji zona hambat dilakukan dengan meletakkan cakram kertas yang dipaparkan gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela 10%, 15%, 25%, kontrol positif, dan kontrol negatif di atas medium mueller-hinton agar yang telah diinokulasi bakteri Treponema denticola lalu diinkubasi dalam waktu 6 jam dengan suhu 37^oC pada kondisi anaerob. Uji total plate count dilakukan dengan menghitung jumlah koloni Treponema denticola yang masih hidup setelah dipaparkan dengan gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela 10%, 15%, 25% serta kontrol positif dan kontrol negatif.Hasil: Gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela konsentrasi 15% dan 25% menunjukkan efek zona hambat terhadap bakteri Treponema denticola. Pada uji total plate count, gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) dengan konsentrasi 10%, 15%, dan 25% menunjukkan pengurangan jumlah koloni bakteri Treponema denticola. Kesimpulan: Gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) konsentrasi 25% terbukti paling efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Treponema denticola ATCC 33520.

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Introduction: One of the bacteria that causes periodontitis is Treponema denticola. For the treatment of periodontal disease, an additional antibacterial therapy by topical application to accelerate healing is needed rather than a single therapy such as curettage. The ethanol extract of the rosella plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) has an antibacterial agent that can against Gram-negative bacteria such as Treponema denticola. In an effort to develop the dosage form, ethanol extract of roselle calyx was made in gel form.

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of gel ethanol extract of roselle calyx (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) as an antibacterial against Treponema denticola.

Methods: Inhibition zone test was carried out by placing paper discs exposed with 10%, 15%, 25% rosella calyx extract gel ethanol, positive control, and negative control on the mueller-hinton agar medium which had been inoculated with T. denticola bacteria and then incubated within 6 hours with a temperature of 37^oC in anaerobic conditions. Total plate count test is done by counting the number of T. denticola colonies that are still alive after being exposed with 10%, 15%, 25% rosella calyx extract gel as well as positive and negative controls.

Result: The gel ethanol extract of roselle calyx (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) concentration of 15% and 25% showed the effect of inhibitory zones on the bacterium Treponema denticola. In the total plate count test, gel ethanol extract of roselle calyx (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) with a concentration of 10%, 15%, and 25% showed reduction in the number of Treponema denticola colonies.

Conclusion: The gel ethanol extract of roselle calyx (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) concentration of 25% was proven to be the most effective in inhibiting the growth of the bacterium Treponema denticola ATCC 33520."

"Lactic acid fermantation has been studied as an alternative method os chitin recovery from the natural chitin compunds,such as shrimp waste....."