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"ABSTRACTRapid decrease in soilfertiligtfollows clearing of forests in the humid tropics and main processes triggered by the removal of vegetation cover are reviewed. The soil of forests, cleared to provide land for cultivation of annual foodcrops are clearly showing a decrease in fertility. This unfortunate phenomena occur mainly in areas of the Indonesian Archipelago located within a belt consisting of areas with 12 months of rainfall and monthly means of 75 and more millimeters. Monocultural cultivation of annual crops in these areas is likely to deplete soil of its fertility and unlessfloodedfield techniques of cultivation is involved, it might seem very unlikely that in the future, the use ofannualfood crops to cultivate clearedforest lands, such as of common practice today, could be maintained without sacrificing soilfertiliiy and destruction. In many parts of theArchipelago, deforestation ofareas to cultivate annual foodcrops is likely to invite processes leading to the fatal destruction of its soil. Unless arboriculture . (tree cultivation), imitating tropical rainforest forests, is practiced to produce food replacing the present traditional production of staple food starch by annual crops, the degradation of the environment will continue ending in an unsustainable, prohtable agriculture. perennial tree likely to become one off the best candidate "

"Among the various types of non-tariff barriers to trade, standards andtechnical regulations measure imposed by trading partners is one ofthe determinants to Indonesia's export activities that often have beenneglected. Probiem in meeting the standards (the terms “standards”and technical regulations” are used interchangeabiy throughout thisstudy) has always been on the top three of developed countries’complaints to the agriculture-based imports from Indonesia. On theother hand, stricter imposition of standards has now also being appliedby several importing countries, including the European Union (EU),which have been the main importers of Indonesian agriculturalproducts.This study covers Indonesia's export activities to four partner countriesin EU, on four selected agricultural commodity groups during theperiods of 1990-2005. Export activities were analyzed with a singie-country Gravity Modei approach (Chevassus-Lozza, et ai., 2005) whichuses the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) utility function inderiving an operationai gravity model. Standards are included as thevariabies of trade restrictiveness, parameterized by stocks ofstandards developed both by the Indonesia as exporter, and EUcountries as importers. Estimation for the model was done through theSeemingiy Unreiated Regression (SUR) for disaggregated pooied data.The results of analysis shows that a single-country gravity model usedin this study is able to assess the impacts of standards measures onIndonesias export activities in the selected commodity groups. Anincrease of foreign specific standards imposition reduces Indonesiasexports by 0.07 per cent, thus, act as trade deterrence and lead tocompetition disadvantage for Indonesia. On the other hand, anincrease of Nationai Standards of Indonesia imposition gives roie tocompetitive advantage and increases Indonesias exports by 0.03 percent."

"ABSTRAKRapid decrease in soil fertility follows clearing of forests in the humid tropics and main processes triggered by the removal of vegetation cover are reviewed. The soil of forests, cleared to provide land for cultivation of annual foodcrops are clearly showing a decrease in fertility. This unfortunate phenomena occur mainly in areas of the Indonesian Archipelago located within a belt consisting of areas with 12 months of rainfall and monthly means of 75 and more millimeters. Monocultural cultivation of annual crops in these areas is likely to deplete soil of its fertility and unless flooded field techniques of cultivation is involved, it might seem very unlikely that in the future, the use of annual food crops to cultivate cleared forest lands, such as of common practice today, could be maintained without sacrificing soil fertility and destruction. In many parts of the Archipelago, deforestation of areas to cultivate annual foodcrops is likely to invite processes leading to the fatal destruction of its soil. Unless arboriculture (tree cultivation), imitating tropical rainforest forests, is practiced to produce food, replacing the present traditional production of staple food starch by annual crops, the degradation of the environment will continue ending in an unsustainable, profitable agriculture. A perennial tree likely to become on of the best candidate for this purpose is the sagopalm. Metroxylon spp., an incredibility potent starch producer. The capacity and possibility of this starch producing parennial to fulfill the growing needs of food are reviewed here. Sagopalm plantations, or rather forests, covering a total area of not more than half the size of West-Java, would theoretically be sufficient to continually supply food starch to free no less than 400 million population from hunger. The advantages and superiorities of the sagopalm cultivation compared to other food-starch annual cultures are also discussed."

"Sugar is one of Indonesia’s strategic commodities, but its production fluctuates over time and is still unable to comply with the national sugar demand. This condition may even get worst with climate change. Although climate-smart agriculture is a promising thing, it is basically a genuine concept for many farmers in Indonesia, including sugarcane growers. The paper briefly reviews and argues agronomic practices as a climate-smart agriculture approach adapted by sugarcane growers in Indonesia to increase its production under the changing climate. Some agronomic practices can be adopted by the Indonesian sugarcane growers as climate-smart agriculture, i.e., efficient irrigation, improved drainage of sugarcane plantations, the use of suitable sugarcane cultivars, green cane harvesting-trash blanketing, the amendment of soil organic matter, crop diversification, precision agriculture, and integrated pest management. From the Indonesian government’s side, research should be propped as there is limited information about the effectiveness of each aforementioned agronomic intervention to alleviating the adverse effect of climate change and to improving sugarcane growth. Practically, to ensure the success of climate-smart agriculture implementation in the Indonesian sugar industry, multistakeholders, i.e., sugarcane growers, researchers, civil society, and policymakers, should be involved, and the government needs to link these stakeholders."