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"BackgroundProdromal factors of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) are often associated with previous viral infection (60%). The ailment supported by the acquired immunomediated disorder concept. Viral hepatitis is very rarely found in GBS, preceded by cytomegalovirus (15-18%), Campylobacter jejuni (28%), and Epstein-Barr virus (5%). There is no specific etiology of GBS because those viruses usually appear sporadically (subclinically). All hepatitis virus infection can cause neurological complications, including GBS.Case ReportWe report two cases of hepatitis A virus infection (HAV) in GBS patients in Dr. Sardjito General Hospital during 5 years of observation (1996-2000) from 92 GBS patients. The diagnosis of HAV was based on more than 2 times increment of transaminase enzyme, positive IgM anti HAV, negative HbsAg, and negative IgM ami HCV. The diagnosis of GBS was based on clinical symptoms of acute generalized paralysis, cerebrospinal fluid examination, and electromyelography. In both cases, sub-clinical and sporadic symptoms appeared several days before paralysis, which makes it more likely that the prodromal period of GBS occurred at the same time of HAV incubation period.DiscussionThe incidence of HAV in GBS patients during 5 years of observation was 2%. This corresponds with the case reported by Verona et al, 1996 and Pelletier et al, 1985, i.e. the presence of peripheral neuropathy (n. facialis and n. occulomotorius). Possible alternative pathways for hepatitis virus complicating as GBS are perivascular and endometrial peripheral nerve infiltration by mononuclear cells, T cell sensitization, stimulation of IL-2 growth factor surface receptor, and B cell stimulation. All of the conditions mentioned above causes necrotizing arteritis, vascular occlusion, and at the end, segmental demyelinization. Hepatitis virus may replicate in the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system, subsequently developing into multiple neuropathy disorder and poly arteritis.ConclusionThe diagnoses of HAV and GBS in both cases were established. HAV is one of several viruses that may trigger GBS. In both cases, HAV infection was sub-clinical and sporadic. Symptoms of hepatitis infection subsided along with improvements in the patient's neurological status. Acute viral hepatitis has a wide clinical spectrum and laboratory manifestation that is in accordance with the severity, varying from unclear symptom (anicteric) to jaundice. Acute hepatitis A, B, C infections have the same symptoms in general. However, hepatitis B and C tend to be more severe. The mildest symptoms are transaminase enzyme level increment, no jaundice, gastrointestinal symptoms, flu-like symptoms, and sometimes it can not be diagnosed. The more severe symptoms are jaundice with obvious generalized symptoms.' The incidence of hepatitis A is difficult to be determined accurately because of its characters, i.e. sporadic, endemic, and has a high rate of asymptomatic infection.23-4"

"Latar Belakang: Luaran pasien Sindroma Guillain-Barré (SGB) tidak sepenuhnya baik walaupun telah berkembang imunoterapi. Prediksi pasien SGB dengan luaran buruk harus dilakukan sedini mungkin untuk menentukan manajemen selanjutnya di rumah sakit dan perawatan di rumah. Sistem EGOS merupakan salah satu cara untuk memprediksi luaran pasien SGB. Sayangnya, penelitian EGOS selama ini dilakukan di luar negeri yang memiliki kondisi pasien dan lingkungan yang berbeda dengan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui gambaran luaran pasien SGB melalui skala disabilitas enam bulan pascaawitan dan EGOS di RSUPNCM. Metode: Penelitian ini berdesain potong lintang dengan mengambil data dari rekam medik pasien SGB yang menjalani perawatan inap di RSUPNCM sejak Januari 2010 hingga Desember 2014. Data mengenai karakteristik demografi, klinis, nilai EGOS, dan luaran pasien SGB saat enam bulan pascaawitan dikumpulkan pada penelitian ini. Hasil: Jumlah kasus baru SGB pertahun di RSUPNCM adalah 7,6 kasus. Kasus SGB terjadi di sepanjang tahun dan tidak mengenal musim. Rasio jenis kelamin laki-laki daripada perempuan adalah 1,2 : 1. Rerata usia pasien adalah 39,71 tahun. Varian SGB yang paling sering ditemukan pada penelitian ini adalah AIDP (31,6%), diikuti AMSAN (18,4%), AMAN (15,8%), dan SMF (13,2%). Durasi awitan - RS memiliki median 8,5 hari. Sebanyak 24 pasien mendapat imunoterapi PE, dimana sebanyak 83,3% pasien mendapatkannya pada ≥2 minggu pascaawitan. Proporsi pasien SGB dengan luaran baik sebesar 64,3%. Semakin besar nilai EGOS, maka semakin besar proporsi pasien SGB dengan luaran buruk. Simpulan: Proporsi luaran pasien SGB memiliki kecenderungan tren data yang sejalan dengan prediksi EGOS. Selain itu, proporsi luaran baik pasien SGB dapat lebih ditingkatkan lagi dengan mempercepat diagnosis dan pemberian imunoterapi.

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Background: The outcome of GBS is not completely well, despite of the development of immunotherapy. Patients with poor outcome have to be identified quickly in order to determine next management in hospital and home care planning. Erasmus GBS Outcome Score (EGOS) is a model to predict the outcome of patients at six months after onset. Unfortunately, the EGOS studies were conducted in foreign countries, which have different patient characteristics and environment. This study was conducted to describe the outcome characteristics and EGOS of GBS patients at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect data from patient medical records who were admitted to the hospital between January 2010 and December 2014. Data collected included demographic and clinical characteristics, EGOS, and outcome of GBS patients.

Results: New cases of GBS in this hospital were 7.6 cases/ year. Male-to-female ratio was 1.2:1. Mean age was 39.71 years old. The most frequent variant was AIDP (31.6%), followed by AMSAN (18,4%), AMAN (15.8%) and MFS (13.2%). Median duration of onset - hospital was 8.5 days. Twenty four patients were treated with plasma exchange, in which 83.3% got these two weeks after onset. Proportion of patients with good outcome was 64.3%. Higher score of EGOS tend to have higher proportion of patients with poor outcome.

Conclusions: The proportion of GBS patient outcome in this study had a same data trend with EGOS. This proportion of patients with good outcome could be improved with early diagnosis and prompt immunotherapy."

"The most common problems for which patients present to the emergency department are neurological disorders, including stroke, syncope, back pain and headache. The etiology of the patient's symptoms may be life-threatening, that is, when headache is due to subarachnoid hemorrhage or meningitis, or life-altering, that is, when back pain or weakness is due to spinal cord compression, if not diagnosed and treated urgently. This is a comprehensive textbook of the disorders that are neurological emergencies, including their differential diagnosis, diagnosis and treatment. "