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"Caveolins are important structural proteins of caveolae, small invaginations of the membrane. They have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple cancers. In this volume, we will mainly focus on the importance of caveolin-1 in breast, prostate, lung, skin, colon, pancreatic and brain cancers with also a mention of the novel role of caveolin-3 in breast cancer."

"Latar Belakang: Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction (CADR) dapat memengaruhi tatalaksana infeksi TB. Hal ini berdampak pada bukan hanya morbiditas dan mortalitas tapi juga resistensi kuman. Untuk itu, proporsi CADR dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan pada penggunaan Obat Anti Tuberkulosis (OAT) perlu ditentukan demi tatalaksana pasien yang komprehensif.Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran kejadian CADR terkait pemberian OAT dalam bentuk proporsi, analisis peran faktor pejamu yang berkaitan dengan kejadian tersebut, dan OAT yang paling sering menimbulkan CADR. Metode: Desain penelitian ini adalah kohort retrospektif dengan menggunakan rekam medik pasien Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo selama 1 Januari 2014hingga 30 Juni 2015. Sampel diperoleh dengan metode konsekutif yang diseleksi berdasarkan kriteria penelitian. Data kemudian dianalisis untuk menilai hubungan antara CADR dengan usia, jenis kelamin, status HIV, status gizi, dan riwayatmlkojuujhjh Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR). Hasil: Proporsi CADR pada pemberian OAT mencapai angka 5,5%. Dari kelima variabel independen, variabel usia (RR=6,510; IK95% 2,036-20,819 p=0,008) dan riwayat ADR (RR=5,174; IK95% 1,500-17,838; p=0,009) berpengaruh terhadap kejadian CADR. OAT yang paling sering menyebabkan kejadian CADR adalahrifampisin. Analisis Cochran Mantel-Haenszel menunjukkan bahwa risiko relatif terjadinya CADR untuk faktor usia adalah 7,267 (IK95% 2,093-25,235 p <0,001) dan risiko relatif terjadinya CADR untuk faktor riwayat ADR adalah 5,880 (IK95% 1,552-22,273 p=0,003). Simpulan: Proporsi kejadian CADR setelah pemberian OAT adalah 5,5%. Variabel usia dan riwayat ADR bermakna secara statistik dan klinis terhadap kejadian CADR. Rifampisin adalah OAT tersering yang menimbulkan CADR.

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Background: Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction (CADR) affected the therapy of TB, which impacted not only its morbidity and mortality but also its resistance. Therefore, the incidence of CADR and the factors associated during the

administration of Anti Tuberculosis Drugs (ATDs) needed to be determined in order to achieve comprehensive treatment.

Objective: To know CADR events on ATD administration by finding the incidence, analyzing the host factors associated with those events, and searching the most common ATD that caused CADR. Methods: This study used retrospective cohort by accessing medical record registered in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from January 1st 2014 until June 30th 2015. Samples were collected consecutively, selected by certain criteria. The data were then analyzed to determine the association between CADR and age, sex, HIV infection, nutritional status, and history of Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR). Results: The incidence of CADR after the administration of ATD was 5.5%. Among the five variables, age (RR=6.510; 95%CI 2.036-20.819, p=0.008) and past history of ADR (RR=5.174; 95%CI 1.500-17.838; p=0.009) were statistically and clinically correlated to CADR. The most frequent drug that triggered CADR was rifampicin. Cochran Mantel-Haenszel showed that the relative risk of CADR according to age was 7,267 (IK95% 2,093-25,235 p <0,001), while the relative

risk according to the past history of ADR was 5,880 (IK95% 1,552-22,273 p=0,003). Conclusions: The incidence of CADR after ATDs administration was 5.5%. Age and past history of ADR were significantly associated with CADR. The most common ATD causing CADR was rifampicin."

"Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM) adalah lembaga yang memiliki tanggung jawab untuk menjamin bahwa seluruh obat yang beredar di masyarakat memenuhi persyaratan keamanan, khasiat, dan mutu pada masa pasca pemasaran. Salah satu bentuk upaya pemantauan keamanan adalah dengan cara Monitoring Efek Samping Obat (MESO). Kegiatan MESO di Puskesmas Kecamatan Ciracas sebelumnya dilakukan secara manual dengan menuliskan kejadian ESO pada buku secara tertulis. Pemantauan MESO selanjutnya dilakukan secara elektronik menggunakan sistem pelaporan e-MESO BPOM yang dilakukan dengan cara mengunggah template microsoft excel pada laman e-meso.pom.go.id. Pengisian data MESO yang ditemukan disesuaikan dengan formulir pelaporan ESO dengan media google form. Kejadian ESO yang ditemukan pada bulan April 2023 adalah nihil sehingga dilakukan pelaporan dengan nihil kejadian.

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Indonesian Food and Drug Authority is an institution that has the responsibility to ensure that all drugs circulating in the community meet the requirements for safety, efficacy, and quality in the post-marketing period. One form of safety monitoring efforts is by adverse drug reaction monitoring (ADR Monitoring). ADR monitoring activities at the Ciracas Public Health Center were previously carried out manually by writing down ADR events in a written book. ADR monitoring is then carried out electronically using the BPOM e-MESO reporting system which is carried out by uploading Microsoft Excel templates on the e-meso.pom.go.id page. The MESO data that has been found filled out to microsoft excel is adjusted to the ARD report form using google form. The ADR events found in April 2023 are nil so zero incidents are reported."

"Diabetic neuropathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus that is often overlooked, since there are often no subjective complaints during initial stages, and sensory deficit is often only found after objective examination.Diabetic neuropathy is defined by the San Antonio Concensus of 1988 as "clinical or subclinical neural disturbance that occurs in diabetes mellitus, with no signs of other peripheral neuropathy. Neuropathy may manifest on the somatic, peripheral, as well as autonomicic nervous systems."The incidence rate of diabetic neuropathy is reported to be 10-90%. Such high variation is due to differences in the diagnostic criteria or method to establish the diagnosis.Reports of peripheral neuropathy from various hospitals in Indonesia are as follows: Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital / Jakarta (1989) 68.16%, Hasan Sadikin Hospital (1989) 12.2%, Dr. Sutomo Hospital / Surabaya (1990) 52.21%, Dr. Pirngadi Hospital / Medan (1996) 18.05%, Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital / Ujung Pandang (1997) 57.81%. Asril Bahar, Jakarta (1985), reported an incidence rate for parasympathetic autonomicic neuropathy of 11.9%, while Harsinen Sanusi, Ujung Pandang (1989) reported an incidence rate of 66.7%."

"The purposes of this study are to study the pathogenesis of oral cancer and to see the role play of oncogenes, onco-suppressor genes in cancer growth and their mutation type. There are many predisposing factors which may influence the development of cancer. The factors are divided intrinsic (hereditary) and extrinsic factors (bacteria, viruses, fungi, chemical, drugs, radiation, trauma, heat, cold and nutrition). These agents may act individually, in combination with other carcinogen (co-carcinogen) or in combination with other agents that do not in themselves causes cancer (promoters), but that help the carcinogens to mutate or depress cells, but in the mechanism still enigma. Oncogenes oncosuppressor genes are normal genes in human. Oncogenes functions are as growth factor (e.g. sis), growth factor receptor (e.g. erbB1), signal transducer (e.g. ras) or nuclear factor (e.g.myc, jun). Tumor (oral cancer) will be arises if oncogenes andonco-suppressor genes function are disturbed by some carcinogenand these genes have mutation, deletion, amplification or translocation. That was also related to the loss or inactivation of onco-suppressor genes such as p53, so that causes the loss of the normal growth regulation/strait control that associated with tumorigenesis."

"Summary:The authors discuss fundamental questions about the biology, genetics, mechanisms of pathogenicity, mechanisms of resistance, and drug development strategies that are likely to provide important new knowledge about TB and new interventions to prevent and treat this disease"