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"Radikal bebas merupakan senyawa kimia yang bersifat sangat reaktif sehingga dapat menyebabkan stress oksidatif. Pertahanan terhadap radikal bebas diperankan oleh enzim antioksidan di dalam tubuh seperti superoksida dismutase (SOD). Konsumsi antioksidan eksogen alami dapat mendukung sistem pertahanan tersebut, salah satunya adalah Jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi antioksidan dari ekstrak biji A.pauciflorum terhadap kerusakan jaringan hati yang diinduksi dengan CCl4, dengan parameter aktivitas spesifik enzim SOD. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental menggunakan 28 tikus Sprague Dawley jantan berusia 8 minggu dengan berat tikus 90-160 gram. Tikus dibagi dalam 4 kelompok. Kelompok 1 merupakan kelompok tikus tanpa perlakuan (kontrol). Tikus pada kelompok 2 diberi 0,01ml/gBB selama 8 hari. Tikus kelompok 3 diberi 0,01ml/gBB selama 8 hari dilanjutkan dengan pemberian 0,55mg/gBB pada hari ke-9 dan ke-10. Tikus kelompok 4 diberi 0,55mg/gBB pada hari ke-9 dan ke-10. Setelah perlakuan dilakukan pengukuran terhadap aktivitas spesifik enzim SOD. Data percobaan diuji menggunakan uji One-Way ANOVA. Hasil penelitian didapatkan peningkatan aktivitas spesifik enzim SOD pada kelompok jengkol dan penurunan aktivitas spesifik enzim SOD pada kelompok CCl4 dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol, serta peningkatan aktivitas spesifik enzim SOD pada kelompok jengkol dengan CCl4 dibandingan dengan kelompok CCl4. Namun perubahan aktivitas spesifik enzim SOD di hati tersebut tidak bermakna dengan nilai p=0.210. Peningkatan aktivitas spesifik enzim SOD tersebut dapat menunjukkan potensi antioksidan ekstrak biji A.pauciflorum.

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Free radical is reactive chemical component that lead to oxidative stress. The body of mammal has its own defense mechanism against free radical through antioxidant enzyme such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). Consumption of natural exogenous antioxidant supporting the defense mechanism. One of the plants which is suspected to have antioxidant effect is Jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum). The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant potential of A.pauciflorum seed extracts against liver tissue damage induced by CCl4 with specific activity of SOD enzyme as the parameter. This experimental study is using 28 Sprague Dawley 8 weeks old rats, weighed between 90-160 g. These rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group 1 was group without treatment (control). Group 2 were administered 0,01ml/g body weight A.pauciflorum seed extracts for 8 days. Group 3 were administered 0,01ml/g body weight A.pauciflorum seed extracts for 8 days followed by 0,55mg/g body weight CCl4 on day 9th and 10th. Group 4 were administered 0,55mg/g body weight CCl4 on day 9th and 10th. The data obtained were analyzed by using One-way ANOVA. The result shows unsignificant increased specific activity of SOD in A.pauciflorum extract-treated group and decreased specific activity of SOD in CCl4-treated group compare to control grup, also increased specific activity of SOD in A.pauciflorum+CCl4-treated group compare to CCl4-treated group (p=0.210). This unsignificant increase might be indicating potential antioxidant effect in A.pauciflorum seed extract."

"Monosodium glutamat (MSG) adalah garam natrium glutamat yang merupakan asam amino nonessensial yang dapat bersifat eksitotoksik. Terdapat dugaan bahwa glutamat berpotensi menyebabkan peningkatan stres oksidatif di hati dengan mekanisme yang sama dengan eksitotoksisitas karena reseptor glutamat juga ditemukan di hati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh MSG terhadap peningkatan stres oksidatif pada hati tikus (Rattus norvegicus) jantan. Parameter yang diukur adalah kadar MDA, GSH, dan aktivitas spesifik katalase sebagai penanda adanya stres oksidatif. Sebanyak 27 ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan dibagi dalam 3 kelompok: kelompok kontrol (diberi akuades), kelompok P1A (diberi MSG 4g/KgBB), dan kelompok P2A (diberi MSG 6g/KgBB). Perlakuan diberikan melalui sonde selama 30 hari. Pengambilan sampel hati dilakukan pada hari ke-31. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat peningkatan kadar MDA pada kelompok perlakuan yang berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok kontrol, p≤0,05, tetapi pada kadar GSH terjadi penurunan yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan kelompok kontrol, (p≥0,05). Aktivitas spesifik katalase, juga terjadi penurunan yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol, p≥0,05. Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pemberian MSG dengan dosis 4g/KgBB dan 6g/KgBB selama 30 hari menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan stres oksidatif pada hati tikus (Rattus norvegicus) jantan yang ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan kadar MDA.

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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt of glutamate which is a nonessential amino acid that may cause exicytotoxicity. There are allegations that glutamate could potentially increase an oxidative stress in the rat's liver by the same mechanism with exicytotoxicity because of glutamate receptors are also found in the liver.

This study aims to determine the effect of MSG on oxidative stress in the rat's liver. The level of MDA and GSH were measured as the marker of oxidative stress, and also specific activity of catalase. 27 albino rat's (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 3 groups: control group (distilled water), and 2 treatment groups, P1A (treated with MSG 4g / KgBW), and P2A (treated with MSG 6g / KgBW). The treatment was carried out for 30 days. On day 31 the liver were collected after euthanasia of the rats.

The results showed there were increased levels of MDA in the treatment groups compare to control significantly, p≤0,05, but the decreased of GSH levels were not significantly different than the control group, (p≥0,05). The specific activity of catalase, also a decreasing but not significantly different compared to control group, p≥0,05.

This study showed that the administration of MSG with a dose of 4g / KgBW and 6g / KgBW for 30 days led to an increased in oxidative stress on the liver of rats (Rattus norvegicus) which is indicated by elevated levels of MDA."

"Stres oksidatif telah diketahui menimbulkan efek yang merusak. Dalam fibrosis hati, stres oksidatif seolah-olah membentuk lingkaran setan yang menyebabkan perburukan fibrosis hati. Dalam hal ini, Nuclear Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) sebagai regulator antioksidan akan mengaktifkan sistem pertahanan antioksidan tubuh yang dapat memutus mata rantai fibrosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa ekspresi Nrf2 pada jaringan hati, menganalisa kadar Malondialdehyde (MDA) sebagai oksidan bebas dan Glutathione (GSH) sebagai pemulung oksidan. Selain itu, juga menilai pengaruh pemberian Sel Punca Mesenkim asal Tali Pusat (SPM-TP) 1 juta dan 3 juta pada fibrosis hati. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan menggunakan bahan biologis tersimpan berupa jaringan hati tikus Wistar 14 minggu. Terdapat empat kelompok perlakuan yaitu, kelompok sehat, kelompok 2AAF/CCl4, kelompok 2AAF/CCl4 yang diberikan SPM-TP 1 juta dan 3 juta dengan menggunakan tiga parameter yang diperiksa pada masing-masing kelompok yaitu, MDA, GSH, dan Nrf2. Pemeriksaan MDA dan GSH dilakukan dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer, sedangkan pemeriksaan Nrf2 dinilai dengan menggunakan pulasan imunohistokimia dan kuantifikasi dengan ImageJ (IHC Profiller). Data terdistribusi normal yang diperoleh diuji dengan one way ANOVA  dan diuji post hoc Tukey sedangkan data tidak terdistribusi normal diuji dengan Kruskal Wallis dan post hoc Mann Whitney. Dari data-data tersebut didapatkan penurunan kadar MDA, peningkatan kadar GSH serta ekspresi Nrf2 pada kelompok yang diberikan SPM-TP 1 juta sedangkan pada kelompok yang diberikan SPM-TP 3 juta tidak menunjukkan hasil yang lebih baik.

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Oxidative stress has been known to have deleterious effects. In liver fibrosis, oxidative stress seems to form a vicious circle that causes liver fibrosis to worsen. In this case, Nuclear Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) as an antioxidant regulator will activate the body's antioxidant defense system which can break the chain of fibrosis. This study aims to analyze the expression of Nrf2 in liver tissue, also the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) as a free oxidant and Glutathione (GSH) as an oxidant scavenger. In addition, it also assessed the effect of giving  Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (UCMSCs) 1 million and 3 million on liver fibrosis. This study was an experimental study using stored biological material in the form of 14-week-old Wistar rat liver tissue. There were four treatment groups, namely the healthy group, the 2AAF/CCl4 group, the 2AAF/CCl4 group who were given UCMSCs 1 million and 3 million using three parameters examined in each group, namely MDA, GSH, and Nrf2. MDA and GSH examinations were carried out using a spectrophotometer, while the Nrf2 examination was assessed using immunohistochemical staining and quantification with ImageJ (IHC Profiler). Normally distributed data obtained was tested with one way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test while data that is not normally distributed was tested with Kruskal Wallis and post hoc Mann Whitney.  From these data it was found a decrease in MDA levels, an increase in GSH levels as well as Nrf2 expression in the group given UCMSCs 1 million while the group given UCMSCs 3 million showed no better results."

"Latar belakang: Akumulasi volume latihan fisik yang berlebihan (overtraining/OT), dalam jangka panjang dapat menimbulkan penurunan performa yang disebut overtraining syndrome (OTS). Patofisiologi OTS banyak dihubungkan dengan stress oksidatif, kondisi ketidakseimbangan antara radikal bebas dan antioksidan endogen, yang dapat berujung pada gangguan kardiovaskular. Beberapa penelitan menunjukkan bahwa stres oksidatif dapat dihambat melalui suplementasi antioksidan. Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn. (H. sabdariffa) adalah tanaman yang mengandung antioksidan tinggi.Tujuan: Melihat efek OT terhadap tingkat stress oksidatif jantung tikus dan efek pemberian H. sabdariffa terhadap stress oksidatif jantung tikus OT.Metode: Studi eksperimental menggunakan 25 tikus Wistar dewasa, 8-10 minggu, 300-350 gr, diacak menjadi lima kelompok: Kontrol (C), Kontrol+Hibiscus (C-Hib), Latihan Aerobik (A), Overtraining (OT) dan Overtraining+Hibiscus (OT-Hib). Dosis H. sabdariffa yang diberikan: 500 mg/kgBB/hari. Latihan fisik (A dan OT) dilakukan 5x/minggu selama 11 minggu. Dihitung kadar MDA, SOD dan GSH pada jantung tikus menggunakan spektrofotometri dan Nox2 pada jantung tikus menggunakan ELISA pada akhir Minggu 11.Hasil: Pada kelompok OT-Hib kadar MDA secara bermakna mengalami penurunan, kadar GSH secara bermakna mengalami peningkatan, didukung dengan kadar SOD yang cenderung meningkat, namun tidak signifikan, dan Nox2 mengalami peningkatan yang tidak signifikan.Kesimpulan: Overtraining menyebabkan kondisi stres oksidatif pada jaringan jantung tikus dan pemberian suplementasi H. sabdariffa memiliki potensi menangani stres oksidatif pada jantung tikus overtraining

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Background: Accumulation of overtraining/OT volume, in the long run can lead to decreased performance called overtraining syndrome (OTS). Pathophysiology of OTS is associated with oxidative stress, a condition of imbalance between free radicals and endogenous antioxidants, which can lead to cardiovascular disorders. Some research shows that oxidative stress can be inhibited through antioxidant supplementation. Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn. (H. sabdariffa) is a plant that contains high antioxidants.

Objective: This study was to look at the effect of OT on rat heart oxidative stress levels and the effect of giving H. sabdariffa to oxidative stress in OT rats.

Methods: The study was an experimental study using 25 adult Wistar rats, 8-10 weeks, 300-350 gr, randomized into five groups: Control (C), Control + Hibiscus (C-Hib), Aerobic Exercise (A), Overtraining (OT ) and Overtraining + Hibiscus (OT-Hib). Dosage of H. sabdariffa given: 500 mg/kg/day. Physical exercise (A and OT) is given 5x/week for 11 weeks. Calculated levels of MDA, SOD and GSH using spectrophotometry and Nox2 using ELISA at the end of Week 11.

Results: In the OT-Hib group, MDA levels significantly decreased, GSH levels significantly increased, supported by SOD levels which tended to increase, but were not significant, and Nox2 experienced an insignificant increase.

Conclusion: Overtraining can causes oxidative stress conditions in rat heart tissue, and supplementation of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. can handle oxidative stress in overtraining rat's heart."

"Adaptation mechanism to hypoxia in living organisms increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation that could exceed the capacity of anti oxidant. Gluthatione (GSH) in which highest concentration present in liver, plays an important role in maintaining the intracellular redox equilibrium and protect tissues from oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to observe tissue response of rat that was exposed to chronic systemic hypoxia by analyzing the oxidative stress in liver tissue. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by chronic systemic hypoxia by kept them in hypoxic chamber (10% O2:90% N2) for 1, 3, 7 and 14 day(s). All rats were sacrificed with ether anesthesia after hypoxia treatment. Liver tissues were analyzed using parameters of oxidative stress, malondialdehyde (MDA) with tBARS test, and endogenous antioxidant, glutathione reduced form (GSH). The study showed that chronic systemic hypoxia induction caused oxidative stress in liver tissue, which was shown by increased concentration of MDA in liver tissue (nmol/mg liver tissue). Concentration of MDA in liver tissue was increased significantly on day-1, day-3, day-7 and day-14 compared to control group (ANOVA, LSD, p<0.05). The differences between day-3, day-7 and day-14 was not significant. In contrast, liver GSH content (μg/mg liver protein) was progressively decreased significantly since day-1 of hypoxia until the end of experiment (ANOVA, LSD, p<0.05). Statistical analysis revealed that there is a strong correlation between MDA and GSH concentration in liver tissue (Pearson = - 0.993). It was concluded that oxidative stress present in liver tissue of rat induced by chronic systemic hypoxia."

"Stress akademik mempengaruhi kesehatan jaringan periodontal dan kadar interleukin-1 beta. Stres merupakan faktor risiko penyakit periodontal yang dapat meningkatkan kadar interleukin-1 dan berperan pada kerusakan jaringan periodontal. Tujuan: menganalisis hubungan antara stres akademik pada mahasiswa program studi spesialis dengan kondisi jaringan periodontal dan kadar interleukin-1 beta dari cairan krevikular gingiva. Metode: Tiga puluh delapan subjek penelitian mengisi kuesioner Graduate Dental Environtmental Stress (GDES),pemeriksaan klinis periodontal, dan pengambilan sampel dari cairan sulkus gingiva dari delapan titik di regio anterior dan posterior serta pemeriksaan kadar interleukin-1 beta dengan Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) antara tingkatan stres akademik dengan kondisi jaringan periodontal yaitu tingkat kebersihan mulut (p=0,038), indeks perdarahan gingiva (p=0,02), namun tidak pada kedalaman poketdan tingkat perlekatan klinis (p=0,972). Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p=0,03) antara kadar interleukin-1 beta dengan tingkatan stres akademik. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05) antara kadar interleukin-1 beta dengan kondisi jaringan periodontal yaitu tingkat kebersihan mulut (p=0,465), indeks perdarahan gingiva (p=0,826), kedalaman poket (p=0,968), tingkat perlekatan klinis (p=0,968). Simpulan: Stres akademik memiliki pengaruh terhadap risiko penyakit periodontal dengan peningkatan kadar interleukin-1 beta dalam cairan krevikular gingiva.

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Stress is a risk factor for periodontal disease, causing increase levels of interleukin-1 beta that involve in periodontal destruction. Objective: To analyze the relationship between academic stress in residency program students conditions and levels of interleukin-1 beta in gingival crevicular fluid. Methods: Thirty eight subjects filled the questionnaire of Graduate Dental Environtmental Stress (GDES), periodontal examination and samples of gingival crevicular fluid were tested for interleukin-1 beta with the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test. Results: There were significant differences between academic stress to periodontal tissue in oral hygiene (p=0.038),bleeding on probing index (p=0.02), but no significant differences in pocket depth and loss of attachment (p=0.972). There were significant differences between academic stress to levels of interleukin-1 beta (p=0.03), but no significant differences between levels of interleukin-1 beta to periodontal tissue in oral hygiene (p=0.465), bleeding on probing index (p=0.826), pocket depth (p=0.968), and loss of attachment (p=0.968). Conclusion: Academic stress influences the periodontal risk factor and level of interleukin-1 beta."

"Saline soil is a common problem in coastal paddy field, especially in Indonesia. Salinity affects rice growth and the activities of soil functional microbes, including functional bacteria, which play roles in plant growth. Some of these microbes are associated with rice plants and are able to survive under saline condition. The presence of functional microbes is also important to improve soil quality. Nitrogen and phosphate are essential soil nutrients and is available in soil due to the activities of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and free-living plant-associated bacteria. The objective of the present study was to obtain nitrogen-fixing, phosphate solubilizing and Indole Acetic Acid  (IAA)-producing bacteria that are able to survive and promote the growth of rice under saline conditions. From rice and peanut rhizosphere, Ca-phosphate (Ca-P) solubilizing and nitrogen-fixing bacteria were isolated separately using specific media. Then, the Ca-P solubilizing ability, phosphomonoesterase activity and IAA-producing ability were quantitatively examined. Based on the abilities, 20 strains were selected and identified as Burkholderia cepacia-complex, Burkholderia anthina, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Bacillus cereus-complex (three strains), Achromobacter spanius, Azospirillum sp. (four strains), Azotobacter sp. (three strains), Rhizobium leguminosarum, Rhizobium sp. (two strains), and Pseudomonas sp. (three strains). The inoculation of several single strains or the mixture of the selected strains promoted the growth of rice under saline conditions. These inoculants could be potential as biofertilizer in saline paddy fields."