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"Pekerja anak dan partisipasi sekolah dapat berubah melalui pemintaan dan penawaran pekerja saat peningkatan permintaan komoditas. Peningkatan permintaan global terhadap kelapa sawit mendorong perhatian international terkait pekerja anak di sektor kelapa sawit Indonesia. Kami menggunakan estimasi difference-in-difference untuk dua periode waktu data dari SUSENAS di tahun 2002 dan 2010 pada tingkat kabupaten menggunakan peningkatan permintaan secara global dan kecocokan pengolahan lahan kelapa sawit sebagai exogenous treatment. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa peningkatan permintaan kelapa sawit meningkatkan pekerja anak sebesar 1,44% dan mengurangi partisipasi sekolah sebanyak 1.85% di kabupten yang menghasilkan kelapa sawit di atas batas estimasi kesesuaian perhitungan kelapa sawit yang dapat diolah (suitability cultivation) dibandingkan kabupaten yang menghasilkan kelapa sawit di bawah batas tersebut. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah Indonesia harus berkomitmen untuk mengurangi tingkat pekerja anak di kabupaten penghasil kelapa sawit dengan meningkatkan pengawasan tenaga kerja secara langsung dan meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas sekolah-sekolah di daerah-daerah penghasil kelapa sawit.

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Child labour and schooling can be changed through the demand and labour supply of a booming commodity. The increased global demand for palm oil put another international attention on the increased child labour incidence in the Indonesia palm oil sector. We estimate difference-in-difference estimation for two period data of SUSENAS in 2002 and 2010 on district level using increasing global demand and suitability cultivation as the exogenous treatments. This paper's findings suggest that the palm oil boom increased child labour by 1.44% and reduced schooling as much as 1.85% on average in the district above the suitability of palm oil cultivation than those below the median. Therefore, the Indonesian government should commit to eradicating child labour incidence in palm oil areas by improving labour control and increasing the number and quality of schools."

"ABSTRAKKelapa sawit adalah komoditas yang saat ini berkembang paling pesat di wilayah Kabupaten Bangka Barat Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Banyaknya aktivitas budidaya komoditas ini dalam skala besar yang dilakukan oleh pihak swasta telah berdampak pada perubahan tutupan lahan serta berpengaruh pada kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat sekitar perkebunan. Tujuan umum dari penelitian ini adalah menyusun rencana upaya pemanfaatan lahan pertanian yang berkelanjutan di wilayah Bangka Barat untuk masa mendatang terkait dengan dampak negatif aktivitas kelapa sawit swasta pada kondisi lingkungan dan kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat.Metode penelitian secara umum menggunakan metode observasi lapangan, studi dokumen dan metode survei dengan teknik estimasi dan overlay. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder berupa data dan peta penggunaan lahan historis selama periode 1990-2011, peta HGU sawit swasta dan peta-peta dasar RTRW. Data primer dalam penelitan didapatkan dari hasil wawancara dan digunakan untuk menggambarkan kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat sebagai dampak adanya aktivitas kelapa sawit swasta.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa konversi tutupan lahan menjadi lahan kelapa sawit swasta selama periode 1990-2011 di Kabupaten Bangka Barat dominan terjadi pada kelas perkebunan atau kebun seluas 15.492,2 ha, disusul kelas pertanian lahan kering campur semak dan kebun campur 7.978,6 ha dan kelas semak belukar seluas 6.513,4 ha. Dari sisi sosial ekonomi, aktivitas kelapa sawit swasta diketahui telah berpengaruh pada skala kepemilikan lahan oleh masyarakat, perubahan perilaku pola hidup masyarakat petani karet, dan hilangnya sistem kebun desa. Rencana pemanfaatan lahan sebagai hasil dan tujuan akhir penelitian dibuat dengan mempertimbangkan dampak aktivitas kelapa sawit swasta pada perubahan tutupan lahan serta kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat, di antaranya adalah melakukan aspek pertimbangan komoditas alternatif, penentuan luas dan lokasi masing-masing kombinasi dari komoditas alternatif dan mengikutsertakan beberapa nilai-nilai luhur sosial yang harus tetap terpelihara dalam aktivitas pertanian dan perkebunan di masa mendatang.

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ABSTRACTPalm oil is a commodity which currently grew with the most rapid rate at the region of West Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Islands Province. The many activities of cultivation of this commodity on a large scale by the private sector have an impact on land cover changes and on socio-economic conditions of communities around the plantation. The general objective of this research is to develop a plan of sustainable agricultural land use in West Bangka Regency for the foreseeable future related to the negative impact of private palm oil activities on environmental and socio-economic conditions of society.Research methods in general using field observation method, document study and survey methods by estimation and overlay techniques. The study uses secondary data which are historical land use maps for the period 1990-2011, private oil concession maps and basic map of Spatial Planning. Primary data in the study obtained from the interviews which are used to describe the socio-economic conditions of society as a result of the presence of private oil palm activity.The results showed that conversion of land cover into oil palm private land during 1990-2011 in the West Bangka Regency occured dominantly on plantation or garden class 15.492,2 ha, followed by dryland farming class mixed shrub and mixed plantations 7.978,6 ha and class shrub 6.513,4 ha. In terms of socio-economic, private palm oil activities is known to have an effect on the scale of land ownership by the community, changes in lifestyle behaviors on rubber farming community, and the loss of rural farm system. Land use plans as a result and ultimate goal of this research made by considering the impact of private palm oil activity on land cover change and socio-economic conditions of society, in between was doing consideration aspect of alternative commodities, determining the extent and location of each combination of alternative commodities and include several noble social values that should be maintained in agricultural and plantation activities in the future."

"Sertifikasi berkelanjutan menjadi hal yang penting dalam sektor perkebunan kelapa sawit Indonesia, mengingat permasalahan-permasalahan yang ditimbulkan oleh perkebunan kelapa sawit. Dalam hal ini, terdapat dua macam sertifikasi berkelanjutan, yaitu RSPO dan ISPO yang mana memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangannya masing-masing. Skripsi ini membahas mengenai kedudukan sertifikasi tersebut, serta menentukan sertifikasi mana yang lebih baik diterapkan dalam sektor perkebunan kelapa sawit Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam bentuk yuridis normatif, dengan tipe deskriptif dan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sertifikasi RSPO merupakan bentuk standarisasi dalam perdagangan internasional yang bersifat voluntary, sedangkan sertifikasi ISPO merupakan peraturan teknis berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undagnan yang wajib dipatuhi. Kedua sertifikasi berdiri sendiri, serta tidak menggantikan kedudukan sertifikasi lainnya. Dalam penerapannya, sertifikasi RSPO memiliki persyaratan yang lebih kompleks dalam melindungi lingkungan dan sosial dibandingkan sertifikasi ISPO, serta telah diakui oleh Uni Eropa untuk melakukanimpor produk kelapa sawit. Oleh karenanya, apabila produk kelapa sawit Indonesia akan diperdagangkan secara internasional, maka sertifikasi RSPO lebih baik diterapkan dalam sektor perkebunan kelapa sawit Indonesia.Sustainable certification holds a pivotal role in Indonesian palm oil plantations sector, given the problems posed by palm oil plantations. Currently, there are two types of ongoing certification, namely RSPO and ISPO, which have their respective advantages and disadvantages. This thesis discusses the status of these certifications, and determines which certification is better to be implemented in Indonesian oil palm plantations sector. This thesis was conducted in the form of juridical normative, with descriptive type and qualitative approach. The result ofthis study indicates that RSPO certification is a form of standardization in international trade in which compliance is not mandatory, while ISPO certification is a technical regulation based on Indonesian laws in which compliance is mandatory. Both certifications are stand-alone, and do not replace the position of other certifications. In its application, the requirements of RSPO certification is a lot more complex than ISPO certification in regards to protecting the environmentand social, and has been recognized by the European Union for the importation of palm oil products. Therefore, if Indonesian palm oil products are to be traded internationally, RSPO certification is better to be implemented in Indonesian palm oil plantations sector."

"[ABSTRACTA number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective. The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level., A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.]"

"AbstrakThe chief purpose of this paper is to analyze the formation and growth of oil palm plantation enterprises in postcolonial Indonesia. Most of the oil palm plantation enterprises in Indonesia are incorporated businesses organized as limited companies (perseroan terbatas, PT). Amendments of the corporate charters of limited companies concerning their formation, increase in capital, executive appointments, and so on must be reported to the government. Each amendment is announced by an Appendix of the State Gazette (Tambahan Berita Negara Republik Indonesia, TBN RI), which is annually printed, bound, and stored by the State Printing Office (Percetakan Negara Republik Indonesia, PNRI). Using data from these official documents for the period until 1999, this article presents an outline of the development of oil palm plantation enterprises mainly in the 1980s and 1990s. It contains the profiles of top class business groups such as Asian Agri, Astra Agro, Salim (Indoagri), and Sinar Mas, as well as some second class groups among the nearly 500 corporate enterprises that were engaged in the oil palm plantation business."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kepentingan dan kinerja sertifikasi Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO), kendala yang dihadapi oleh perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit dalam melakukan sertifikasi serta upayaupaya yang dapat dilakukan dalam memperbaiki kinerja layanan sertifikasi ISPO. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian campuran (mix method) dengan menggunakan metode sequensial explanatory. Teknik pengumpulan data kuantitatif melalui kuesioner tertutup dengan skala likert dan kuesioner terbuka, sedangkan penelitian kualitatif menggunakan wawancara mendalam (indepth interview) dan terstruktur. Selain itu, peneliti juga melakukan studi pustaka, dan observasi. Untuk penelitian kuantitatif, peneliti menggunakan pendekatan lima dimensi pengukuran kepuasan pelayanan pelanggan yakni dimensi berwujud (tangible), keandalan (reliability), kecepatan (responsiveness), kepastian (assurance) dan keempatian (emphty). Unit analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah personalia yang bertanggungjawab dalam sertifikasi ISPO pada perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang telah menerima sertifikat ISPO, serta personalia yang bertanggungjawab dalam sertifikasi pada perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang belum melakukan upaya sertifikasi ISPO. Jumlah unit analisis pada perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang telah menerima sertifikat ISPO adalah tiga puluh Sembilan (39) orang yang mewakili perusahaan, dan lima puluh empat (54) orang personalia yang bertanggungjawab dalam sertifikasi dari perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang belum melakukan upaya sertifikasi ISPO. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis Important Performance Analysis (IPA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kepuasan perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang telah menerima sertifikat ISPO terhadap kinerja pelayanan sertifikasi ISPO menunjukkan puas, dengan nilai tingkat kesesuaian antara kepentingan dan kinerja lima dimensi pelayanan sebesar 80,72%. Kendala yang dihadapi oleh perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang belum melakukan upaya sertifikasi ISPO antara lain masalah legalitas kebun (Hak Guna Usaha/HGU dan perizinan), sumber daya manusia dan teknis operasional. Upayaupaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kinerja pelayanan sertifikasi ISPO antara lain melakukan perbaikan aspek organisasi dan sumber daya manusia, mencari solusi atas hal-hal yang selama ini menjadi kendala dalam sertifikasi antara lain mempercepat proses pengurusan HGU dan redesain kawasan, serta mempertegas regulasi dalam keorganisasian ISPO.

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This study aims to determine the level of important and performance certification of Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO), the constraints faced by oil palm plantation companies in conducting certification and efforts that can be done to improve the performance of ISPO certification services. This research is mix study, using sequential explanatory method. Quantitative data collection techniques through a closed questionnaire with Likert scale and open questionnaire, where as qualitative research using structure depth interview. In addition, the researchers also conducted literature study and observation.

For the quantitative study, researchers used the five dimensions of satisfaction measurement services the tangible dimension (tangible), reliability (reliability), speed (responsiveness), certainty (assurance) and emphaty (emphty). The unit of analysis in this study is that the personnel responsible for ISPO certification on oil palm plantation companies that have received the certificate of ISPO, and personnel who are responsible for the certification of oil palm plantation companies that have not made the effort ISPO certification. The number of units of analysis on oil palm plantation companies that have received the certificate of ISPO are 39 people who represent the company, and 54 personnel who are responsible for the certification of oil palm plantation companies that have not made the effort ISPO certification. Data were analyzed using analysis of Important Performance Analysis (IPA).

The results showed that the level of satisfaction of palm oil plantation companies that have received ISPO certificate against certification service performance ISPO show satisfied, with the value of the degree of correspondence between the important and the performance of the five dimensions of service amounted to 80.72%. Constraints faced by palm oil plantation companies who have made efforts ISPO certification, among others, the legality of the garden (HGU and licensing), human resources and technical operational. Efforts can be made to improve service performance ISPO certification among others make improvements and organizational aspects of human resources, find solutions for things that become obstacles in the certification include speeding up the process to obtain the concession and redesigning the area, as well as reinforce the regulation in ISPO organization."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh dari harga CPO terhadap alih fungsi pada hutan produksi konversi (HPK) menjadi perkebunan sawit di Indonesia, dengan adanya proses pelepasan kawasan hutan untuk perkebunan sawit. Dengan menggunakan data pelepasan kawasan hutan untuk perkebunan sawit di tingkat provinsi tahun 1995 sampai tahun 2017, pelepasan kawasan hutan diestimasi menggunakan model tobit dengan left-censored (0), serta variabel ekonomi yang mempengaruhi permintaan lahan untuk sawit yaitu harga CPO, tingkat suku bunga, nilai tukar, serta besarnya share industri pengolahan dalam Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB), dan GDP dunia. Hasil empiris menujukkan bahwa tingkat harga pada lag tertentu secara signifikan mempengaruhi peningkatan pelepasan kawasan hutan untuk perkebunan sawit sebesar 23,55% dan 23,48%. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa harga CPO berperan besar dalam pelepasan kawasan hutan untuk perkebunan sawit di Indonesia di masing-masing wilayah.

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This study aims to look at the effect of CPO prices on the conversion in conversion production forests (HPK) to oil palm plantations in Indonesia, with the process of releasing forest areas for oil palm plantations. Using data on the release of forest areas for oil palm plantations at the provincial level from 1995 to 2017, the release of forest areas was estimated using the Tobit model with left-censored (0), as well as economic variables that affect land demand for oil palm, namely CPO prices, interest rates, values exchange rates, as well as the size of the share of the manufacturing industry in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and world GDP. Empirical results show that the price level at a certain lag significantly influences the increase in the release of forest areas for oil palm plantations by 23.55% and 23.48%.This study found that the price of CPO played a major role in the release of forest areas for oil palm plantations in Indonesia in each region."

"Industri minyak sawit merupakan industri yang signifikan dalam perdagangan global, Akan tetapi, minyak sawit juga memiliki tantangan keberlanjutan dengan adanya dampak merugikan dari segi ekologis maupun sosial yang telah dikritik oleh berbagai aktor internasional sejak lama. Dengan semakin globalnya perdagangan sawit, muncullah berbagai inisiatif yang bertujuan untuk mengubah praktik produksi yang selama ini dilakukan. Salah satu inisiatif ini adalah RSPO, sertifikasi minyak sawit berkelanjutan, pada 2003. Sertifikasi ini merupakan suatu global private governance dan diikuti oleh stakeholder dalam industri minyak sawit, yakni sektor hulu dan hilir serta LSM dan lembaga keuangan. Hal menarik terjadi ketika Malaysia membuat MSPO, sertifikasi minyak sawit keberlanjutan nasional pada 2013. Mengacu pada teori Smith dan Fischlein yang diadaptasi oleh Hospes, governance yang muncul ketika sudah ada tatanan yang serupa mdash;pada kasus ini, MSPO mdash;adalah rival governance. Faktor yang memotivasi aktor untuk mendirikan rival governance ada dua, yakni eksklusi serta ancaman terhadap kepentingan aktor tersebut ketika berpartisipasi dalam tatanan yang telah ada. Penelitian ini menelusuri kedua faktor tersebut yang dialami MPOA selaku perwakilan Malaysia dalam partisipasinya di RSPO. Penelitian ini menemukan berkurangnya kemampuan industri minyak sawit Malaysia dalam berkompetisi Pemerintah Malaysia butuh menjauhkan diri dari ancaman legitimasi atas bidang yang mereka jadikan kepentingan, yakni keberlangsungan industri sawit nasional.

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Palm oil industry is an industry that holds a significance in the global trade. However, palm oil also possesses sustainability challenges given its scathe ecological and social impacts which have been criticized by various international actors for a long time. With the increasingly global palm oil trade, emerged initiatives which aim to alter the existing palm oil production practices. One of these initiatives is RSPO, a sustainable palm oil certification, in 2013. This certification is a global private governance and is participated by stakeholders in the industry, namely the upstream and downstream sector, NGO rsquo s, and financial institutions. Interestingly, Malaysia also establishes MSPO, their own national palm oil certification, on 2013. Referring to Smith and Fischlein rsquo s theory that is adapted by Hospes, a governance that emerges in the same field of another existing governance is called a rival governance. There are two factors that motivate actors to establish rival governance, namely exclusion and rules that threaten their ability to compete effectively within original domain. This research follow the course of the two factors that are experienced by MPOA as Malaysia rsquo s representative in its participation in RSPO. This research finds that in competing, Malaysia needs to keep away from legitimacy threats on fields of their interest, which is the survivability of national palm oil industry."