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"Tanaman sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata nees) atau king bitter (the cread) termasuk ke dalam divisi spermathophita kelas Dicotyledoneae...."

"ABSTRAKPrevious study shows that tryptone-yeast extract-cystine-sucrose is choice of the culture media for isolating and growing S. mutans serotype c, but the affectiveness in stepping up the recovery growth of the bacteria has never been compared with that of the blood agar added to yeast extract and sucrose. This study was come to find out the growth of S. mutans serotype c with blood agar-yeast extract-sucrose. S. mutans INA99 serotype c is identified, sliced, and cultured into blood agar-yeast extract-sucrose, brucella agar blood-yeast extract-sucrose, blood agar and tryptone-yeast extract-cystine-sucrose, each 4 slices. The average amount of blood agar colonies that grows after an incubation of 2x24 hours in an anaerob condition of 37 C, diluted by 40 time is 4.890. In blood agar-yeast extract-sucrose the average colony is 145.600, diluted 1.600 time. In brucella agar blood-yeast extract-sucrose, the average colony is 103.500, diluted 40 times. In tryptone-yeast extract-cystine-sucrose the average colony is 2.430, diluted 40 time. Statistical result shows that, there are significant difference (p=0.000) between the total colonies of S. mutans INA99 serotype c which grows on the different types of culture media. The largest amount of colony is present on blood agar-yeast extract-sucrose, then followed by brucella agar blood-yeast extract-sucrose, blood agar and tryptone-yeast extract-cystine-sucrose. Conclusion: blood agar which added yeast extract and sucrose is the best culture media for S. mutans INA99 serotype c growth."

"Bakteriosin merupakan senyawa protein yang memiliki efek bakterisida terhadap mikroorganisme lain. Bakteriosin yang dihasilkan bakeri asam laktat sangat potensial untuk digunakan sebagai pengawet makanan alami. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh medium pertumbuhan MRS, CMG dan CM terhadapaktivitas antimikroba. Leuconostoc mesenteroides Pbac1. Penentuan zona hambatan pertumbuhan terhadap bakteri indikator. Lactobacillus acidilactici dilakukan melalui uji antagonisme dengan metode difusi sumur agar.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bakteri indikator yang sensiftif yaitu L. plantarum dan L. acidilactici, sedangkan media terbaik untuk pertumbuhan bkateri indikator sensitif adalah MRS. Diameter zona hambatan terhadap L. plantarum adalah 1.28 cm dan terhadap L. acidilactici adalah 1.23 cm. Media terbaik untuk memproduksi supernatan Leuconostoc mesenteroides Pbac1 degnan aktivitas bakteriosin tertinggi adalah MRS dengandiameter zona hambatan terhadap L. plantarum 1.28 cm. dan terhadap L. acidilactici 1.19 cm. Titer aktivitas bakteriosin adalah 100 AU/ml. Berdasarkan hasil di atas, media MRS digunakan untuk uji aktivitas bakteriosin dari supernata kultur L. mesenteroides Pbac 1 dengansumber karbon berbeda yaitu glukosa, maltosa dan manosa. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa glukosa merupakan sumber karbon terbaik dengan diameter zona hambatan terhdap L. plantarum dan L. acidilactici adalah 1.23 cm. Titer aktivitas bakteriosin terhadap bakteri indikator pada uji tersebut adalah 100 AU/ml.

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Bacteriocin activity of Leuconostoc mesenteroides Pbac1 bacteria on several media. Bacteriocin is a proteinaceous compound that has bactericidal action against microorganisms. Bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria are very potential as natural food biopreservatives. The aim of the research was to know the infl uence of the growth medium; MRS, CMG, LTB and CM on antimicrobial activity of Leuconostoc mesenteroides Pbac1. Growth inhibition zone determination has been carried out by antagonism assay, as well as diffusion method using Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus pentosus and Lactobacillus acidilactici as indicator strains.The results showed that L. plantarum and L. acidilactici were the sensitive indicators. The best growth medium for antagonism assay of the two sensitive indicator bacteria was MRS, which showed inhibition zone diameter of 1.28 cm and 1.23 cm, respectively. The most active supernatant was produced by L. mesenteroides Pbac1 grown on MRS, which inhibited the growth of L. plantarum and L. acidilactici with respective zone diameter of 1.28 cm and 1.19 cm. Bacteriocin titre activity against sensitive indicator bacteria was 100 AU/ml. Based on the result, MRS was further utilized to study the effect of the different carbon sources i.e glucose, maltose and mannose on bacteriocin activity of L. mesenteroides Pbac1. The results showed that glucose was the best carbon source as indicated by the widest diameter of inhibition zone, i.e 1.23 cm, against both indicator strains. Bacteriocin titre activity of the latter study was 100 AU/ml."

"Media culture is one of the important factors in the growth of mivroalgae. Culture medium contains macro and micro nutrition required for the growth of microalgae. Composition of nutrition concentrations determine the production of microalgae biomass and nutrient content. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of medium composition of media for microalgae Scenedesmus sp. This study was conducted in a laboratory scale. The growth medium that were used in this tudy were BBL sm, SS, MN, M4N, "Sederhana 2", and "Sederhana 3" medium. The microalgae that were used in this study were mixed culture Chlorophyceae microalgae which is dominated by scenedesmus sp. The parameters observed were pH, optical density (OD), cell density and temperature. the results show that of the 6 variations of the growth medium used in this study M4N medium is the best medium for the growth of microalgae. At the end of the operation, cell density of Scenedesmus sp. from M4N medium was 306.83 x 106 cell/ML with a dark green color for the culture. The coefficient growth of Scenedesmus sp. which is grown in M4N medium was 0,36. This is likely to be due to the composition of nutrients in the medium M4N which were more complete than other media."

"Kemajuan yang pesat di bidang telekomunikasi dewasa ini menyebabkan timbulnya berbagai jenis teknik kompresi yang dimanfaatkan dalam berbagai aplikasi. Teknik kompresi yang sangat dikenal saat ini adalah teknik kompresi DCT (discrete cosine transform) dengan metode scanning zig-zagnya.Teknik kompresi yang sedang dikembangkan saat ini adalah teknik kompresi dengan menggunakan transformasi wavelet. Dari perhitungan lama proses, nilai PSNR dan SNR, ternyata teknik kompresi transformasi wavelet memberikan hasil yang lebih bagus dibanding teknik kompresi dengan menggunakan DCT.Sampai saat ini belum ada pembakuan metode scanning yang cocok untuk diterapkan pada transformasi wavelet. Tesis ini membahas simufasi penerapan metode scanning vertikal, horisontal, zig-zag, dan diagonal pada kompresi gambar diam dengan menggunakan transformasi wavelet.Dengan membandingkan kinerja rasing-masing metode scanning, dalam hal ini parameter yang diperbandingkan adalah lama proses, jumlah koefisien yang di-scan, perhitungan RMSE temyata diperoleh bahwa metode scanning yang cocok untuk transformasi Wavelet adalah metode scanning zig-zag.

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Image compression is a process to reduce bit information of an image. The purpose of image compression is to obtain fewer amount of data and it can be reconstructed as a new image without decreasing its quality significantly. Image compression could be done in spatial domain or transformation domain.Wavelet transform is the effective methods for image compression process since its ability to localize the bit information contained of the image. One of the important steps in transformation image using wavelet transform is scanning step.To increase performance wavelet transform, choosing scanning method i.e. vertical, horizontal, zig-zag, and diagonal will be done. From analysis view depends on the composition of coefficient and time processing, it can be said that scanning method zig-zag give the best performance. ;Image compression is a process to reduce bit information of an image. The purpose of image compression is to obtain fewer amount of data and it can be reconstructed as a new image without decreasing its quality significantly. Image compression could be done in spatial domain or transformation domain.Wavelet transform is the effective methods for image compression process since its ability to localize the bit information contained of the image. One of the important steps in transformation image using wavelet transform is scanning step.To increase performance wavelet transform, choosing scanning method i.e. vertical, horizontal, zig-zag, and diagonal will be done. From analysis view depends on the composition of coefficient and time processing, it can be said that scanning method zig-zag give the best performance."