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"Hipertensi merupakan penyakit vaskular dengan jumlah penderita yang banyak di dunia, menurut catatan Badan Kesehatan Dunia WHO tahun 2011 ada satu milyar orang di dunia yang menderita hipertensi dan dua per tiga diantaranya berada di negara berkembang yang berpenghasilan rendah-sedang. Salah satu pilihan obat antihipertensi yang digunakan adalah golongan inhibitor Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE). Obat golongan penghambat ACE ini juga dapat diperoleh dari produk bahan alam. Salah satunya yang diduga memiliki efek penghambat ACE adalah daun ungu (Graptophyllum pictum Griff.).Pada penelitian ini, daun ungu diekstraksi dengan etanol 80%, kemudian difraksinasi dengan n-heksana, diklormetan, etil asetat, dan metanol untuk diuji efek penghambatan aktivitas ACE. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui fraksi ekstrak daun ungu dengan efek penghambat aktivitas ACE terbaik dan mengetahui kandungan metabolit sekunder di dalamnya.Hasil menunjukkan bahwa fraksi metanol dan etil asetat dari ekstrak etanol daun ungu memiliki efek penghambatan aktivitas ACE terbaik dengan IC50 metanol sebesar 0,88 μg/mL dan IC50 etil asetat sebesar 0,92 μg/mL. Adapun kandungan metabolit sekunder yang terdapat pada fraksi metanol ekstrak etanol daun ungu adalah alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tanin, terpenoid, dan glikosida, sedangkan pada fraksi etil asetat ekstrak etanol daun ungu adalah flavonoid, glikosida, terpenoid, tanin.

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Hypertension is a vascular disease with a large number of patients in the world. According to the World Health Organization in 2011 there are a billion people in the world who suffer from hypertension, and two-thirds of which are in low-income developing countries. One of the antihypertension drug that is being used is Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor. The ACE Inhibitor can also be obtained from natural sources. One of the natural sources that is predicted to have the effect of ACE activity inhibition is the leaf of Wungu (Graptophyllum pictum Griff.).In this study, Wungu leaves is being extracted using 80% ethanol, then fractionated with n-hexane, dichlorormethane, ethyl acetat, and methanol to determine their ACE activity inhibition. The purpose of this study is to find out the extract fraction of Wungu with the best ACE activity inhibition effect and to determine the phytochemical contents in the fraction.The results showed that the methanol and etyhl acetate fractions from the ethanol extract of the Wungu leaves has the best inhibitory effect of ACE activity with IC50 of methanol at 0,88 μg/mL and IC50 of ethyl acetate at 0,92 μg/mL. As for the chemical compounds contained in methanol fraction from the ethanol extract of the Wungu leaves are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and glycosides, whereas in ethyl acetate fraction are flavonoids, glycoside, terpenoids, and tannins."

"Dewasa ini, nanopartikel magnetit MNP menarik perhatian banyak peneliti dikarenakan sifatnya yang unik. Pada penelitian ini, partikel magnetit berskala nano telah berhasil disintesis dan difungsionalisasikan secara simultan melalui metode yang ramah lingkungan menggunakan ekstrak daun Graptophyllum pictum L. Griff. Pada pembentukan MNP, ekstrak daun berperan sebagai sumber basa dan capping agent. Alkaloid dalam ekstrak terhidrolisis di dalam air dan menghidroksilasi ion prekursor membentuk serbuk nanopartikel Fe3O4. Ekstrak daun juga berperan sebagai penyedia gugus fungsi hidroksil, karboksil, dan amina kepada MNP sehingga terbentuk MNP-EKDH ekstrak kasar daun dan MNP-FDH fraksi air daun .MNP-FDH dan MNP-EKDH yang terbentuk dianalisis menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis, X-Ray diffraction XRD , spektroskopi Fourier transform infra red FTIR , particle size analyzer PSA , potential zeta charge PZC , scanning electron microscopy SEM , energy dispersive X-ray EDX , transmission electron microscopy TEM , dan vibrating sample magnetometry VSM .Hasil karakterisasi mengkonfirmasi terbentuknya MNP-EKDH dan MNP-FDH yang ditunjukkan melalui surface plasmon resonance pada ?max 291 dan 293 nm. Ukuran rata-rata partikel yaitu 117,7 nm dan 124,6 nm untuk MNP-EKDH dan MNP-FDH. MNP-EKDH bersifat paramagnetik sedangkan MNP-FDH bersifat superparamagnetik sehingga MNP-FDH berpotensi sebagai anticancer drug carrier.MNP-FDH dipelajari interaksinya dengan obat kanker epirubicin EPI dan didapatkan kapasitas muat yang optimum pada pH 8,0 dengan rasio berat MNP-FDH dan EPI yaitu 2:1. Interaksi MNP-FDH-EPI terjadi secara adsorpsi dan memenuhi isoterm Langmuir. Pengujian pelepasan menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa EPI terlepas dengan baik dari MNP-FDH-EPI pada 4,5 sebesar 28,48 .

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Nowaday, magnetite nanoparticles MNP attract many researchers because of their unique nature. In this study, nanoscale magnetite particles have been successfully synthesized and functionalized simultaneously through environmentally friendly methods using Graptophyllum pictum L. Griff leaf extract. In the formation of MNP, leaf extract acts as a base source and capping agent. The alkaloids in the extract are hydrolyzed in water and hydroxylate the precursor ions to form the powder of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Leaf extract also acts as a provider of functional groups of hydroxyl, carboxyl and amine to MNP to form MNP EKDH leaf rough extract and MNP FDH leaf water fraction .MNP FDH and MNP EKDH were analyzed using UV Vis spectrometer, X Ray diffraction XRD , Fourier transform infrared FTIR spectroscopy, Particle Size Analyzer PSA , Potential Zeta Charge PZC , scanning electron microscopy SEM , energy dispersive X ray EDX , transmission electron microscopy TEM , and vibrating sample magnetometry VSM The characterization results confirm the formation of MNP EKDH and MNP FDH shown through surface plasmon resonance at max 291 and 293 nm. The mean particle size was 117.7 nm and 124.6 nm for MNP EKDH and MNP FDH. MNP EKDH is paramagnetic meanwhile MNP FDH is superparamagnetic. MNP FDH has potential as an anticancer drug carrier.The interaction between MNP FDH and epirubicin cancer drug EPI was studied. The optimum loading capacity was obtained at pH 8.0 with a weight ratio of MNP FDH and EPI of 2 1. The MNP FDH EPI interaction occurs due to adsorption and fits to Langmuir isoterm. The release test concludes that EPI is well released from MNP FDH EPI at pH 4.5 for 28.48 "

"Dioscorea hispida dan Ayapana triplinervis adalah tanaman yang dapat digunakan dalam berbagai jenis pengobatan tradisional. Dioscorea hispida dan Ayapana triplinervis dapat dijadikan sebagai obat tradisional yang harus terjamin mutu, keamanan, dan manfaatnya, oleh karena itu dibutuhkan adanya standardisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh beberapa parameter spesifik dan non spesifik simplisia dan ekstrak etanol 70 umbi Dioscorea hispida dan daun Ayapana triplinervis yang berasal dari tiga daerah yang berbeda. Hasil pengujian terhadap parameter spesifik simplisia Dioscorea hispida yaitu, kadar sari larut air 11,25; 16,20; kadar sari larut etanol 6,42; 9,39; pola kromatogram diperoleh dengan menggunakan fase gerak toluen-etil asetat-kloroform 5:1:4 ; kadar fenol total 2,15 ndash;2,50 mgGAE/g simplisia. Parameter non spesifik simplisia Dioscorea hispida yaitu, susut pengeringan 10,53; 12,40; kadar abu total 5,81-5,94; kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,20; 0,22. Parameter spesifik ekstrak Dioscorea hispida yaitu kadar fenol total 10,30; 11,72 mgGAE/g ekstrak. Parameter non spesifik ekstrak umbi Dioscorea hispida yaitu, kadar air 10,27; 10,47; kadar abu total 2,84-2,93; kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,14; 0,19. Pengujian terhadap parameter spesifik simplisia Ayapana triplinervis yaitu, kadar sari larut air 18,69; 29,30; kadar sari larut etanol 7,73; 11,78; pola kromatogram diperoleh dengan menggunakan fase gerak etil asetat-asam format-air-asam asetat glasial 100:15:17:0,6; kadar flavonoid total 3,31; 4,10 mgRE/g simplisia. Parameter non spesifik simplisia Ayapana triplinervis yaitu, susut pengeringan 13,61; 14,55; kadar abu total 11,54; 11,83; kadar abu tidak larut asam 1,90; 2,66. Parameter spesifik ekstrak Ayapana triplinervis yaitu kadar flavonoid total 14,94; 22,41 mgRE/g ekstrak. Parameter non spesifik ekstrak Ayapana triplinervis yaitu, kadar air 11,07; 12,66; kadar abu total 10,55; 10,89; kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,25; 0,32.

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Dioscorea hispida and Ayapana triplinervis are plants that are usually used for traditional treatments. Dioscorea hispida and Ayapana triplinervis can be used as traditional medicine that must be guaranteed on quality, safety, and benefit. Therefore, standardization is needed. This research was aimed to obtain some specific and non specific parameter of simplicia and ethanolic 70 extract of Dioscorea hispida tubers and Ayapana triplinervis leaves from three different regions.

The results showed that the specific parameters of Dioscorea hispida simplicia the total water soluble extract was 11.25; 16.20 the total ethanol soluble extract was 6.42 9.39 the chromatogram profile was obtained by using thin layer chromatography in toluene ethyl acetate chloroform 5 1 4 mobile phase, the total phenolic content was 2.15; 2.50 expressed in mgGAE g simplicia. Non specific parameters of Dioscorea hispida simplicia the total loss on drying was 10.53; 12.40 the total ash content was 5.81; 5.94 the total acid insoluble ash content was 0.20; 0.22 . Specific parameters of Dioscorea hispida extract the total phenolic content was 10.30; 11.72 expressed in mgGAE g extract. Non specific parameters of Dioscorea hispida extract the total water content was 10.27; 0.47 the total ash content was 2.84; 2.93 the total acid insoluble ash content was 0.14; 0.19.

The results showed that the specific parameters of Ayapanatriplinervis simplicia the total water soluble extract was 18.69; 29.30 the total ethanol soluble extract was 7.73; 11.78 the chromatogram profile was obtained by using thin layer chromatography in ethyl acetate formic acid water acetic acid 100:15:17:0.6 mobile phase the total flavonoid content was 3.31; 4.10 expressed in mgRE g simplicia. Non specific parameter of Ayapana triplinervis simplicia the total loss on drying was 13.61; 14.55 the total ash content was 11.54; 11.83 the total acid insoluble ash content was 1.90; 2.66 . Specific parameters of Ayapana triplinervis extract, the total flavonoid content was 14.94; 22.41 expressed in mgRE g extract. Non specific parameters of Ayapana triplinervis extract the total water content was 11.07 12.66 the total ash content was 10.55 10.89 the total acid insoluble ash content was 0.25 0.32."

"Tanaman sangketan Achyranthes aspera L. merupakan tanaman yang memiliki banyak khasiat. Dalam upaya pengembangan obat tradisional, proses penjaminan mutu dan keamanan obat perlu dilakukan yakni dengan standardisasi. Standardisasi dilakukan terhadap simplisia dan ekstrak etanol akar dan daun sangketan yang berasal dari tiga daerah yakni Sragen, Klaten, dan Boyolali. Proses ekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 70. Hasil pengujian terhadap parameter spesifik simplisia akar sangketan yakni kadar sari larut etanol 3,07-4,28 ; kadar sari larut air 6,16-7,48 ; pola kromatogram menggunakan standar -sitosterol, serta kadar fenol total 1,58-1,82 mgGAE/gram simplisia. Hasil pengujian parameter non spesifik simplisia akar sangketan yakni susut pengeringan 5,25-7,28 ; kadar abu total 12,12-17,62 dan kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,87-1,32. Parameter spesifik ekstrak akar sangketan yakni kadar fenol total 33,90-36,88 mgGAE/gram ekstrak. Parameter non spesifik ekstrak akar sangketan antara lain kadar abu total 6,26-9,28 ; kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,10-0,12 ; dan kadar air 5,29-6,75. Sementara itu hasil pengujian terhadap parameter spesifik simplisia daun sangketan yakni kadar sari larut etanol 5,83-9,36 ; kadar sari larut air 10,25-15,44 ; pola kromatogram menggunakan standar -sitosterol. Kadar fenol total 0,93-1,15 mgGAE/g simplisia. Parameter non spesifik simplisia daun sangketan antara lain susut pengeringan 15,25-15,91 ; kadar abu total 14,58-20,79 dan kadar abu tidak larut asam 1,75-2,19. Parameter spesifik ekstrak daun sangketan yakni kadar fenol total 6,94-7,68 mgGAE/gram ekstrak. Parameter non spesifik ekstrak daun sangketan kadar abu total 13,18-14,52 ; kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,14-0,29 ; dan kadar air 10,42-11,16.

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Sangketan Achyranthes aspera L. is one of many plants which have many efficacies. In the recent development of the traditional medicine, there is a need to have quality assurance and drug security process by standardization. Standardization was carried out on simplicial and ethanolic extract of roots and leaves of sangketan which come from three different regions Sragen, Klaten and Boyolali. Extraction method was maceration with ethanolic 70 as its solvent. The result of specific parameters of roots simplicia of sangketan plant showed ethanol soluble extract 3.07 4.28 water soluble extract 6.16 7.48, chromatogram pattern used sitosterol as standard, and total phenolic content 1.58 1.82 mgGAE g simplicia.

The results of non specific parameters of roots simplicia of sangketan plant showed loos on drying 5.25 7.28 total ash value 12.12 17.62 acid insoluble ash 0.87 1.32. The result of specific parameters of roots rsquo extract of Sangketan plant showed total phenolic content of 33.90 36.88 mgGAE g extract. The result of non specific parameters of roots extract showed total ash value of 6.26 9.28 acid insoluble ash value of 0.10 0.12 and moisture content of 5.29 6.75. Meanwhile, the result of specific parameters of leaves rsquo simplicia of sangketan plant showed ethanol soluble extract 5.83 9.36 water soluble extract 10.25 15.44 chromatogram pattern used sitosterol as standard, and total phenolic content 0.93 1.1,5 mgGAE g simplicia.

The result of non specific parameters of leaves rsquo simplicia of sangketan plant showed loss on drying of 15.25 15.91 total ash value of 14.58 20.79 and acid insoluble ash value of 1.75 2.19. The result of specific parameters of leaves extract of sangketan plant showed total phenolic content of 6.94 7.68 mgGAE g extract. The result of non specific parameters of leaves rsquo extract of sangketan plant showed total ash value of 13.18 14.52 acid insoluble ash value of 0.14 0.29 and moisture content of 10.42 11.16."

"[Saat ini tengah banyak studi yang dilakukan untuk menemukan antivirus dengue(DENV) dari ekstrak bebagai tumbuhan sebagai alternatif pengobatan terhadapinfeksi DENV. Calophyllum flavoramulum (C. flavoramulum) merupakantanaman yang banyak hidup di daerah Asia Tenggara ini memiliki kandungan dariturunan xanthone dan flavonoid yang memiliki potensi sebagai antivirus. Padastudi ini dilakukan evaluasi efek inhibisi dari fraksi etanol ekstrak daun C.flavoramulum terhadap DENV-2 strain New Guinea C (NGC). Efek inhibisi(IC50) dievaluasi dengan menggunakan focus assay. Sedangkan efek toksisitas(CC50) terhadap sel dievaluasi pada sel Huh7it-1 menggunakan metode MTTassay. Hasil dari studi ini menunjukan CC50 = 473,50ug/ml, IC50 = 41,74ug/ml,dan SI=11,33. Hasil tersebut menunjukan bahwa C. flavoramulum tidak toksikterhadap sel hidup dan memiliki nilai SI yang cukup tinggi sehingga efektif untukdigunakan sebagai antivirus dengue. Akan tetapi, perlu diteliti lebih lanjutmengenai kandungan aktif dalam C. flavoramulum yang memiliki aktivitas untukmenghambat replikasi DENV.;In recent years, several studies have been conducted to find dengue (DENV)antiviral from natural extract as an alternative management for dengue infection.Calophyllum flavoramulum(C. flavoramulum), one of South East Asia plants,contains derivates of flavonoid and xanthone where both have been known aspotential dengue antivirals. This study evaluated inhibitory potential of ethanolextract from C. flavoramulum leaf to DENV-2 strain New Guinea C (NGC)through focus assay. Along with inhibitory effect (IC50), toxicity effect (CC50) toHuh7it-1 cell also evaluated through MTT assay. The result of this study shownIC50 = 41.74 μg/mL, CC50 = 473.50 μg/mL, and SI=11.33. In conclusion, extractof C. flavoramulum can be used selectively as a dengue antiviral, besides it is nottoxic for living cells. More studies are needed to find its active ingredients whichspecifically have the ability to inhibit DENV replication.;In recent years, several studies have been conducted to find dengue (DENV)antiviral from natural extract as an alternative management for dengue infection.Calophyllum flavoramulum(C. flavoramulum), one of South East Asia plants,contains derivates of flavonoid and xanthone where both have been known aspotential dengue antivirals. This study evaluated inhibitory potential of ethanolextract from C. flavoramulum leaf to DENV-2 strain New Guinea C (NGC)through focus assay. Along with inhibitory effect (IC50), toxicity effect (CC50) toHuh7it-1 cell also evaluated through MTT assay. The result of this study shownIC50 = 41.74 μg/mL, CC50 = 473.50 μg/mL, and SI=11.33. In conclusion, extractof C. flavoramulum can be used selectively as a dengue antiviral, besides it is nottoxic for living cells. More studies are needed to find its active ingredients whichspecifically have the ability to inhibit DENV replication., In recent years, several studies have been conducted to find dengue (DENV)antiviral from natural extract as an alternative management for dengue infection.Calophyllum flavoramulum(C. flavoramulum), one of South East Asia plants,contains derivates of flavonoid and xanthone where both have been known aspotential dengue antivirals. This study evaluated inhibitory potential of ethanolextract from C. flavoramulum leaf to DENV-2 strain New Guinea C (NGC)through focus assay. Along with inhibitory effect (IC50), toxicity effect (CC50) toHuh7it-1 cell also evaluated through MTT assay. The result of this study shownIC50 = 41.74 μg/mL, CC50 = 473.50 μg/mL, and SI=11.33. In conclusion, extractof C. flavoramulum can be used selectively as a dengue antiviral, besides it is nottoxic for living cells. More studies are needed to find its active ingredients whichspecifically have the ability to inhibit DENV replication.]"

"Wound healing is a biological response that occurs following a trauma or pathologic condition of the oral mucosa. Wounds require proper management so they may heal faster and without complication. The number of fibroblast cells seen in the oral mucosa is a strong indicator of wound healing. In the remodelling phase of wound healing, fibroblast cell proliferation decreases as collagen fibres are synthesized. Noni leaf (Morinda citrifolia L.), a part of the noni plant, is traditionally used to heal soft tissue wounds in Indonesia. The leaves have potential chemical compounds that may be useful in the wound repair process. Objective: This paper aims to examine the effect of ethanol based pastes of the Indonesian noni leaf on oral mucosa wound healing by investigating visual wound closure and fibroblast cell counts in Wistar rats. Methods: Rats were divided into 2 control groups and 4 treatment groups. The pastes were formulated in concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 20% and were applied onto wounds of the oral mucosa of the rats. One control group was given no medication and the other control group had an ethanol gel with a concentration of 10% noni leaf extract applied to their intraoral wounds. Result: Result revealed that all groups treated with noni leaf paste experienced better wound closure (p<0.05) when compared to the control groups. Fibroblast cell counts showed little significance amongst all groups (p=0.143), however fibroblast cell counts of groups treated with noni leaf paste, of all concentrations, were lower than both control groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that topical application of noni leaf paste promotes better oral mucosa wound healing than gel formulas but shows no significant difference in the amounts of fibroblasts during the remodelling phase."

"Dillenia indica merupakan tumbuhan yang banyak terdapat di Indonesia dan memiliki banyak potensi untuk dimanfaatkan. Salah satu potensi yang belum banyak dimanfaatkan selama ini adalah sebagai sumber antioksidan alami yang dapat menggantikan penggunaan antioksidan sintetik. Pada penelitian ini senyawa bioaktif dari daun Sempur air (Dillenia indica) pada variasi diameter serbuk daun 0,3 mm; 0,5 mm dan 0,8 mm akan dimaserasi dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol. Kemudian hasil ekstrak akan diuji untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidannya dan kandungan total fenolik di dalamnya. Pemisahan hasil ekstrak dilakukan dengan menggunakan kromatografi kolom dan KLT. Fraksi yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan uji aktivitas dengan metode carotene bleaching. Identifikasi dilakukan terhadap fraksi yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan paling stabil dengan menggunakan analisis spektrofotometri Infrared (IR), Mass Spectrometry (MS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR 1H dan 13C. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan juga dilakukan dengan metode DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil) untuk mengetahui mampu atau tidaknya antioksidan dalam ekstrak berfungsi sebagai radical scavenger.Hasil yang didapat dari penelitian ini yaitu ekstrak etanol dari daun Sempur air memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan kandungan senyawa fenolik didalamnya. Kandungan total fenolik terbesar, yaitu 29,030 GAE, terdapat pada hasil ekstrak dengan diameter serbuk daun 0,3 mm. Selain itu, pada uji aktivitas carotene bleaching, fraksi dari ekstrak dengan diameter serbuk daun 0,3 mm memiliki aktivitas antioksidan paling baik yang ditunjukkan pada fraksi B, C dan E. Keberadaan antioksidan pada fraksi B, C dan E didukung oleh hasil identifikasi senyawa dengan menggunakan spektrofotometri IR, MS, 1HNMR dan 13CNMR, yang menunjukkan adanya senyawa fenolik di dalam tiap fraksi. Selain itu ekstrak etanol dari daun Sempur air mampu berfungsi sebagai radical scavenger pada nilai EC50 (efficient concentration 50%) sebesar 30,465 ppm. Selain itu, aktivitas antioksidan yang paling baik ditunjukkan pada ekstrak dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol dibandingkan ekstrak dengan menggunakan pelarut etil asetat dan petroleum eter.

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Dillenia indica is a common plant in Indonesia and has a big usage potential. One of its function is as natural antioxidant that can replace the usage of synthetic antioxidant. In this research, bioactive compound from leaves of Dillenia indica on powder diameter variation of 0,3 mm; 0,5 mm and 0,8 mm will be extracted with ethanol solvent. The extract will be tested to find out the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The separation of extract will be used column cromatography and thin layer cromatography. Fraction which has antioxidant activity will be tested with carotene bleaching methode. The identification will be done on fraction which has the most stable antioxidant activity with Infrared Spectrophotometry (IR), Mass Spectrometry (MS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 1H and 13C analyses. Antioxidant activity testing also done with DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil) methode to find out the ability of antioxidant in extract as radical scavenger.

The results from this research are ethanol extract from Dillenia indica leaves have antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The biggest total phenolic content is 29,030 GAE on the extract of leaves powder on 0,3 mm diameter. Besides, on carothene bleaching tested methode, fracton from extract with leaves powder diameter 0,3 mm has the best antioxidant activity which is shown on B, C and E fraction. The presence of antioxidant on B, C and E fraction is supported by the compound identification with the usage of IR spectophotometry, MS, 1HNMR and 13CNMR, which show the presence of phenolic compound in each fraction. Besides, ethanol extract from Dillenia indica leaves has a function as radical scavenger with EC50 (efficient concentration 50%) value 30,465 ppm. The comparation of antioxidant activity has been done on Dillenia indica leaves extract with three different solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether). The usage of ethanol solvent on extract shows the best antioxidant activity."

"Pendahuluan: Candida sp. Menyumbang 40.9% dari seluruh kasus di seluruh dunia. Namun, resistensi obat terus meningkat akibat kemampuan jamur ini untuk beradaptasi. Oleh karena itu, obat antijamur alternatif untuk melawan kandidiasis invasive sangat dibutuhkan. Beberapa studi menunjukkan bahwa propolis, sebuah produk dari sarang lebah yang bertekstur seperti lilinn, memiliki sifat antijamut. Walaupun demikian, studi yang menyelidiki efektivitas Propolis Brunei (PB) sebagai obat antijamur alternatif masih langka. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efek PB terhadap pertumbuhan candida albicans (CA). Metode: Studi ini menggunakan metode difusi agar dan mikrodilusi. Melalui difusi agar, peneliti mengevaluasi zona inhibisi. Sedangkan, melalui mikrodilusi, peneliti mengevaluasi optical density difference (ODD), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), dan percentage of inhibition (%I). CA ATCC 90028 dipaparkan dengan ekstrak etanol propolis dengan tiga konsentrasi berbeda: 50 mg/ml, 70 mg/ml, dan 100 mg/ml. Flukonazole diguanakan sebagai control positif. Hasil: Rerata zona inhibisi PB 50 mg/ml (10 mm), 70 mg/ml (9 mm), dan 100 mg/ml (11,5 mm) lebih rendah daripada flukonazol (15,5 mm). ODD PB 100 mg/ml lebih tinggi dari tes sampel yang lainnya (0.0703 nm). %I PB 50 mg/ml (79.15%), 70 mg/ml (91.18%), dan 100 mg/ml (92.76%) lebih tinggi daripada flukonazol (21.82%). MIC adalah 50 mg/ml. Kesimpulan: PB memiliki efek antifungal terhadap pertumbuhan CA. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antaran zona inhibisi dan ODD PB jika dibandingkan dengan flukonazol. Terdapat korelasi negatif antara zona inhibisi dan ODD ketika membandingkan ketiga konsentrasi PB. Terdapat korelasi positif diantara konsentasi PB dan %I.

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Introduction: Among all cases, candida species accounts for 40.9% cases worldwide. However, drug-resistance is rising due to its adaptive nature. Thus, an alternative anti-fungal drug to combat invasive candidiasis is needed. Studies have shown that propolis, a wax-like beehive product, possess anti-fungal properties. Still, studies investigating the effectiveness of Brunei propolis (BP) as an alternative anti-fungal drug are still scarce. This study aims to evaluate the effects of BP against the growth of Candida albicans (CA). Methods: Researcher conducted agar diffusion and micro-dilution method. Through agar diffusion, inhibition zone was evaluated. Meanwhile, through micro-dilution, the author evaluated the optical density difference (ODD), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and percentage of inhibition (%I). CA ATCC 90028 was tested against Propolis extract in three different concentrations: 50 mg/ml, 70 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml. Fluconazole was the positive control. Results: The mean inhibition zone of BP 50 mg/ml (10 mm), 70 mg/ml (9 mm), and 100 mg/ml (11.5 mm) are lower than fluconazole (15.5 mm). ODD of BP 100 mg/ml is higher than other test samples (0.0703). %I of BP 50 mg/ml (79.15%), 70 mg/ml (91.18%), and 100 mg/ml (92.76%) are higher than fluconazole (21.82%). MIC value is 50 mg/ml. Conclusion: BP possess anti-fungal effects towards CA. There is a significant association between inhibition zone and ODD of BP with respect to fluconazole. There is a negative association between all BP concentrations. There is a positive association between BP concentration and %I."