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"Prof. Baev presents in his book the development of the thermodynamic theory of specific intermolecular interactions for a wide spectrum of organic compounds: ethers, ketones, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and hydrocarbons. The fundamentals of an unconventional approach to the theory of H-bonding and specific interactions are formulated based on a concept of pentacoordinate carbon atoms. New types of hydrogen bonds and specific interactions are substantiated and on the basis of the developed methodology their energies are determined. The system of interconnected quantitative characteristics of the stability of specific intermolecular interactions is presented. The laws of their transformations are discussed and summarized. The new concept of the extra stabilizing effect of isomeric methyl groups on the structure and stability of organic molecules is introduced and the destabilization action on specific interactions is outlined."

"ABSTRAKProses hidrodesulfurisasi menggunakan katalis NiMo/ γ-Al 2O3 dengan 2 variasi kandungan fosfor yaitu katalis NiMo/ γ-Al 2O3 dengan 0,5% fosfor dan katalis NiMo/ γ-Al 2 O 3 dengan 2% fosfor. Aktivitas katalis diuji dalam flow reactor pada suhu 285-330 o C dan LHSV 4-6 h -1 dengan lube base oil ditambah senyawa dibenzothiophene sebagai feed atau umpan. Katalis dikarakterisasi menggunakan XRD yang menunjukkan bahwa kristal yang terbentuk adalah γ-Al 2 O 3 . Karakterisasi menggunakan XRF menunjukkan perbedaan kandungan Ni dan Mo. Pada katalis dengan 2% fosfor kandungan Ni dan Mo lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan 0,5% fosfor. Karakterisasi menggunakan metode BET menunjukkan adanya penurunan luas permukaan dengan kandungan fosfor yang lebih tinggi.Uji kekuatan mekanik katalis, semakin tinggi kandungan fosfor pada katalis kekuatan mekaniknya menurun. Produk reaksi hidrodesulfurisasi dianalisa menggunakan GC-Sulfur Breakdown, GC-MS, dan GC-SIMDIS (Simulated Distilation). Kinetika reaksi hidrodesulfurisasi merupakan pseudo orde 1. Energi aktivasi reaksi hidrodesulfurisasi pada katalis dengan 0,5% fosfor sebesar 16,66 kJ/mol dan katalis dengan 2% fosfor sebesar 38,550 kJ/mol.

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ABSTRACTHydrodesulfurization process using a catalyst NiMo/ γ-Al 2 O 3 with two variations, namely phosphorus content of the catalyst NiMo/ γ-Al 2 O 3 w ith 0.5% phosphorus and catalyst NiMo/ γ-Al 2 O 3 with 2% phosphorus. The catalyst activity was tested in a flow reactor at a temperature of 285-330 o C and LHSV of 4-6 h -1 with a lube base oil plus dibenzothiophene compound as a feed. The catalyst was characterized using XRD indicating that crystals formed are γ-Al 2 O 3 .Characterization using XRF showed differences in the content of Ni and Mo. At 2% phosphorus catalyst with Ni and Mo content higher than 0.5% phosphorus. Characterization using the BET method showed a decrease in the surface area with higher phosphorus content. Test the mechanical strength of the catalyst, the higher the content of phosphorus in the catalyst mechanical strength decreases Hydrodesulfurization reaction products were analyzed using GC-Sulfur Breakdown, GC-MS and GC-SIMDIS (Simulated Distilation). Hydrodesulfurization reaction kinetics is a pseudo first order. The activation energy hydrodesulfurization reaction on the catalyst with 0.5% phosphorus amounted to 16,667 kJ/mol and a catalyst with 2% phosphorus by 38.550 kJ/mol. "

"Berkembangnya industri petrokimia dan meningkatnya penggunaan bahan bakar fosil di Indonesia dewasa ini telah menyebabkan emisi gas polutan berbahaya seperti hidrogen sulfida (H2S) dan senyawa sulfur lainnya ke lingkungan juga semakin besar. Polutan ini bersifat korosif dan racun (toksik) bagi manusia dan lingkungan. Berbagai metode fisis untuk mereduksi senyawa sulfur ini, seperti adsoprsi karbon aktif, belum memberikan hasil memuaskan, sehingga menuntut ditemukannya metode lain yang lebih efisien dan ekonomis. Biofiltrasi, suatu metode yang menggabungkan proses adsorpsi dan biodegradasi secara simultan dalam sebuah alat yang disebut biofilter, sangat potensial untuk menggantikan metode konvensional yang sudah ada. Dalam aplikasi metode biofiltrasi ini tentunya diperlukan alat proses yang sesuai, untuk itulah pada penelitian ini dilakukan perancangan alat biofilter, serta pengujian kinerja alat yang terdiri dari uji hidrodinamika dan uji adsorpsi. Pengujian adsorpsi dilakukan dalam dua tahap, tahap pertama adalah dengan mengalirkan gas umpan udara dan tahap kedua dengan mengalirkan senyawa tiosulfat ke dalam kolom biofilter. Kedua pengujian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan apakah hasil rancang bangun alat biofilter mampu melakukan proses adsorpsi gas N2 dan O2 (dalam udara) serta senyawa sulfur dengan baik. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, kolom biofilter yang dirancang adalah kolom unggun tetap (fixed bed) berbahan pengisi Zeolit Alam Lampung alami dengan ukuran diameter 5 cm dan tinggi 35 cm. Hasil rancang bangun alat biofilter ini mampu melakukan adsorpsi N2 dan O2 dengan persentase reduksi maksimum 12,14 % dan 9,8 %. Selain itu biofilter juga mampu mengadsorp senyawa sulfur (dalam bentuk ion tiosulfat) dengan persentase reduksi maksimum sebesar 47,6 %. Lebih baiknya kinerja biofilter dalam mengadsorp senyawa tiosulfat dipengaruhi oleh ukuran molekul tiosulfat yang lebih kecil dari molekul N2 dan O2 sehingga memungkinkan tiosulfat lebih banyak terserap pada pori zeolit. Hasil rancang bangun dan pengujian hidrodinamika serta adsorpsi yang dilakukan terhadap alat biofilter ini selanjutnya digunakan sebagai dasar untuk proses reduksi gas H2S. Karenanya, keberhasilan penelitian ini akan membuka jalan untuk dapat mereduksi kandungan gas H2S dalam limbah industri maupun emisi kendaraan bermotor sehingga lebih ramah lingkungan.

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Nowadays, petrochemical industry development and the use of fossil fuel in Indonesia have been increasing dramatically, resulting in higher emission of dangerous gas pollutants such as hydrogen sulfide and other sulfuric compounds to the environment. These pollutants are very toxic and corrosive for human nature and also environment if accumulated at certain amount. Physical method that have been used in order to reduce sulfuric compound, such as activated carbon adsorption, is not giving satisfaction results yet that forced the invention of new method which giving better efficiency end economical.

Biofiltration, a method that combines adsorption and bio-degradation processes simultaneously in an instrument called biofilter, has greay potential to replace previous conventional methods. Application of biofiltration method needs appropriate process equipment. In order to reach that purpose, this research aimed to build up the biofilter system and also conduct performance tests which consist of hydrodynamic and adsorption test.

The adsorption tests conducted in two steps, the first step is done by flowing air as the feed gas and second step is done by flowing thiosulfate compound's vapor to the biofilter column. Both tests have an objective to decide whether the result of biofilter's build up plan in doing the adsorption of nitrogen and oxygen along with sulfuric compound appropriately or not. Based to results of the research, it is known that biofilter column is a fixed bed adsorption column which filled with Lampung natural zeolite as the packing material. The biofilter column has 5 cm of inner diameter and 35 cm of height.

The build up plan result of the biofilter system capable of doing nitrogen and oxygen adsorption process, with maximum reduction efficiencies are 12.58 % and 9.80 % respectively. Biofilter also capable to adsorp sulfuric compound, which represented in thiosulfate form, with maximum reduction efiiciency is 47.6 %. The performance of biofilter in those adsorption processes is influenced by several factors: molecular size, polarity and phase difference between thiosulfate and nitrogen or oxygen molecules.

The results of this research are used as consideration to optimize sulfuric compound separation by biofilter. Because of that reason, the success of this research will make great possibility to produce industrial waste and vehicle's emission with lower sulfuric compounds."

"Senyawa turunan eugenol diduga dapat menginhibisi Bcl-2 pada sel kanker kolorektal HT29. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh senyawa baru turunan eugenol yang dapat menghambat sel kanker kolorektal HT29 secara in vitro dan menurunkan ekspresi Bcl-2 pada mencit yang mengalami pre-klamsia terhadap kolon secara in vivo. Penelitian ini diawali dengan melakukan desain senyawa turunan secara in silico. Hasil senyawa hit disintesis di laboratorium. Uji secara in vitro, uji apoptosis dan uji in vivo dilakukan berturut-turut pada hasil senyawa sintesis. Hasil in silico, dari skrining secara farmakofor dengan rancangan acak lengkap menggunakan 220 senyawa desain. Berdasarkan fitur farmakofor dengan cut off 5 fitur dihasilkan 23 senyawa. Hasil skrining farmakofor dilakukan docking menghasilkan delapan senyawa yaitu senyawa 4 rsquo;- 2-kloro-3-hidroksipropil -2 rsquo;-metoksifenil 2-hidroksibenzoat 57, 4 rsquo;- 2-kloro-3-hidroksi-propil -2 rsquo;-hidroksifenil 2-hidroksibenzoat 167, S -4 rsquo;- 2,3-dihidroksipropil -2 rsquo;-metoksifenil 2-hidroksibenzoat 59, R -4 rsquo;- 2,3-dihidroksipropil -2 rsquo;-metoksifenil 2-hidroksibenzoat 60, 4 rsquo;-alil-2 rsquo;-metoksifenil 4-amino-2-hidroksibenzoat 71, 4 rsquo;-alil-2 rsquo;-hidroksifenil 4-amino-2-hidroksibenzoat 181, 4 rsquo;-alil-2 rsquo;-metoksifenil 3,4,5-trihidroksibenzoat 86 dan 4 rsquo;-alil-2 rsquo;-metoksifenil 3,5-diihidroksi-4-metoksibenzoat 91 dengan energi ikatan lebih negatif dari standar. Delapan senyawa hasil skrining disintesis melalui reaksi esterifikasi, adisi halogen, hidroksilasi dan demetilasi. Hasil sintesis diuji aktivitas penghambatannya secara in vitro terhadap sel HT29 kanker kolon. Aktivitas penghambatan terhadap sel HT29 menunjukkan nilai IC50 antara 82.98 g/mL - 8.455 g/mL. Nilai IC50 tersebut lebih negatif dibandingkan senyawa penuntun eugenol. Hubungan Kuantitatif Struktur Aktivitas terhadap sel line HT29 menghasilkan persamaan Log 1/IC50 = -0.865-0.210 LogP 2 1.264 logP -0.994CMR n=10; r=0.706; SE:0.21; F=0.497, sig=7.86 . Persamaan menunjukkan variabel log P dan CMR berpengaruh terhadap IC50. Sifat hidrofobisitas log P lebih berperan dibandingkan dengan sifat sterik CMR . Hasil uji in vivo terhadap mencit Mus musculus menunjukkan senyawa turunan 59 memiliki nilai HE dan IHK mendekati kontrol positif. Peningkatan dosis pemberian menyebabkan peningkatan degradasi Bcl-2 pada jaringan mendekati kontrol normal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawa baru turunan eugenol 59 yang diperoleh dapat menghambat kanker kolorektal secara in vitro dan in vivo.

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Compounds derived from eugenol are thought to inhibit Bcl 2 in HT29 colorectal cancer cells. The aim of this study was to obtain new compounds of eugenol derivatives that could inhibit in HT29 cell invitro test and decrease of Bcl 2 expression in mice pre clammed on colon with invivo test. This research begins by designing in silico derivative compounds. The result of the hit compound is synthesized in the laboratory. In vitro tests, apoptotic test and in vivo test were performed successively on the result of the synthesis compound. In silico yield, from a complete randomized pharmacophore screening using 220 design compounds. Based on the pharmacophore features with cut off 5 features produced 23 compounds. The results of pharmacophore screening conducted docking which yielded eight compounds of compound 4 rsquo 2 chloro 3 hydroxypropyl 2 rsquo metohoxyphenyl 2 hydroxybenzoat 57, 4 rsquo 2 chloro 3 hidroxy propyl 2 rsquo hydroxyphenyl 2 hydroxybenzoat 167, S 4 rsquo 2,3 dihydroxypropyl 2 rsquo methoxyphenyl 2 hydroxybenzoat 59, R 4 rsquo 2,3 dihydroxypropyl 2 rsquo methoxyphenyl 2 hydroxybenzoat 60, 4 rsquo allyl 2 rsquo methoxyphenyl 4 amino 2 hydroxybenzoat 71, 4 rsquo allyl 2 rsquo hydroxyphenyl 4 amino 2 hydroxybenzoat 181, 4 rsquo allyl 2 rsquo methoxyphenyl 3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoat 86 dan 4 rsquo allyl 2 rsquo methoxyphenyl 3,5 dihydroxy 4 methoxybenzoat 91 with energy binding more negative than standard. The eight compounds of the screening are synthesized by esterification reaction, addition with halogen, hydroxylation. And demetylation The synthesis results were tested in vitro inhibitory activity against HT29 colon cancer cells. The inhibitory activity against HT29 cells shows an IC50 value between 82.98 g mL 8,455 g mL. The value of IC50 is better than the eugenol guiding compound. Quantitative Relation of Structure Activity against cell line HT29 with equation Log 1 IC50 0.865 0.210 LogP 2 1.264 logP 0.994CMR n 10 r 0.706 SE 0.21 F 0.497, sig 7.86 . This equation showed that log P and CMR have effect with IC50. Hydrophobicity log P more of effect compared than steric parameters CMR . In vivo test of Mus musculus that showed compound derivative 59 based on HE and IHK values approaching positive control. Increased dosage of administration leads to an increase in Bcl 2 degradation in tissues near normal control. The results showed that the new compound derived eugenol 59 obtained can inhibit colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo."

"lsolasi, Elusidasi Struktur dan Uji Aktivitas Biologi Senyawa Kimia yang Terkandung dalam Tanaman Usnea articulata L. Hoffm. Telah diisolasi senyawa (+)asam usnat berupa kristal kuning dari ekstraks n-heksana talus Usnea articulata L. Hoffm. yang dikumpulkan dari Taman Nasional Cibodas, Gunung Gde Pangrango, Jawa Barat. ( + )Asam usnat menunjukkan aktivitas positif pada uji larvasida terhadap larva nyamuk Aedes aegypti instar 3 dengan nilai LC50 = 0,653 ppm. Disamping itu, aktivitas antibakteri (+)asam usnat terhadap Salmonella thyposa and Bacillus subtillis sudah banyak dikenal. Sementara itu, dari ekstraks aseton berhasil diisolasi senyawa kimia berupa kristal putih. Dari elusidasi struktur dengan menggunakan data spektra (IR, UV/Vis, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 20-NMR and MS) diketahui bahwa senyawa tersebut tersusun dari 2 buah cincin aromatik yang dihubungkan dengan gugus karboksil, 4 gugus metil, l gugus metoksi, 2 gugus hidroksi fenol, l gugus karboksilat dan 2 buah proton aromatik. Struktur molekul senyawa tersebut adalah C19H2001. Struktur tersebut menyerupai struktur molekul asam barbatat, tetapi berbeda pada posisi l proton aromatik dan l gugus hidruKsi fenol. Oleh karena itu, diusulkan untuk diberi nama asam isobarbatat, sebagai senyawa baru dalam kelompok para-depsida. Senyawa tersebut menunjukkan aktivitas sebagai antibakteri terhadap Salmonella thyposa and Bacillus subtillis, tetapi aktivitas larvasida terhadap larva nyamuk Aedes aegipty instar 3 tidak nampak hingga konsentrasi 55 ppm.

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Isolation, Structure Elucidation and Biological Activity Test Lead Compounds that Content in Usnea articu/ata L. Hoff m. From the n-hexane extract of thallus of the l /.mea articulata L. Hoffm. collected from the Cibodas National Botanical Garden-Mount Gde Pangrango, West Java has been isolated known (+)-usnic acid as yellow crystal. From larvacidal activity test against 3rd phase of Aedes aegypti larvae, (+)-usnic acid possesed positive result with LC50 = 0,653 ppm. Besides, the antibacterial activity of (+)-usnic acid against Salmonella thyposa and Bacillus suhtillis is well known. Whereas from the acetone extract has been isolated the white crystal. From the structure elucidation by mean of spectral data (IR, UVNis, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 20-NMR and MS) can be know, that the compound has been constructed from 2 aromatic rings jointed with carboxyl group, 4 methyl group, I metoxy group, 2 hydroxy phenols, I carboxylic group and 2 aromatic protons. It has molecule formulae = C19H200 7 . The structure of the molecule closed to the structure of barbatic acid, but different in the location of the one aromatic proton and one hydroxy phenol. Therefore we suggested that the compound called isobarbatic acid, as the novel compound in the group of para-depside. The compound has antibacterial activity to Salmonella thyposa and Bacillus suhtillis, but unfortunately no larvacidal activity against 3rd Aedes aegipty larvae until 55 ppm."