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"Latar belakang: Penyebab stunting bersifat multifaktorial, salah satu faktor risikonya adalah malnutrisi kronis akibat kurangnya asupan protein. Kurangnya asupan protein dapat menyebabkan terjadi penurunan IGF-1, yaitu salah satu faktor pertumbuhan penting dalam pembangunan sel tubuh. IGF-1 juga memiliki peran dalam perkembangan kompleks dentoalveolar, terutama pada enamel, akar gigi, dentin, ligamen periodontal, dan jaringan pulpa gigi. Perlu dianalisis apakah gangguan perkembangan kompleks dentoalveolar akibat penuruan kadar IGF-1 pada anak stunting juga mempengaruhi waktu erupsi gigi. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan waktu erupsi gigi pada anak stunting. Metode: Pencarian literatur dilakukan dengan menggunakan pedoman alur Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) pada tiga electronic database, yaitu PubMed, EBSCO, dan Scopus. Penilaian kualitas literatur dilakukan dengan menggunakan QUADAS-2. Hasil: Terdapat 5 studi yang terpilih berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Hasil temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar IGF-1 lebih rendah pada anak stunting dibandingkan dengan kelompok anak normal. Hal ini disebabkan karena kadar IGF-1 dalam darah dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor, di antaranya yaitu nutrisi, status gizi, dan usia. IGF-1 yang rendah pada anak stunting berpotensi menyebabkan keterlambatan waktu erupsi gigi karena mengganggu mekanisme persinyalan molekul selama erupsi gigi, seperti BMP-2, Runx-2, dan TGF-. Kesimpulan: Terdapat korelasi positif antara kadar IGF-1 yang rendah dengan erupsi gigi pada anak stunting. Ekspresi IGF-1 yang rendah dapat menyebabkan terjadinya gangguan waktu erupsi gigi karena mengganggu proses maturasi gigi.

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Background: The causes of stunting are multifactorial, one of the risk factors causing stunting is chronic malnutrition due to lack of protein intake. Lack of protein intake can cause the decrease of IGF-1 level, which is one of the important growth factor supporting the growth and development of somatic cells. Furthermore, IGF-1 also has a role in the development of the dentoalveolar complex, especially enamel, tooth roots, dentin, periodontal ligament, and dental pulp tissues. It should be clarified whether the disturbances of dentoalveolar complex development due to decreased IGF-1 level in the stunted children would also affect the eruption time of the dentition. Objective: To analyze the relationship between IGF-1 level and the timing of tooth eruption in stunted children. Methods: Literature researches were done by using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines through three electronic databases, which were PubMed, EBSCO, and Scopus. Quality assessment of bias was examined using QUADAS-2 tool. Results: There were 5 selected studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the study showed that IGF-1 levels were lower in stunted children compared to normal children. The influencing factors of the level of IGF-1 in the blood, are nutritional status and age. Low level of IGF-1 in stunted children has the potential to cause delays in the timing of tooth eruption, by interrupting the activity of BMP-2, Runx-2, and TGF-β. Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between low IGF-1 level and the timing of tooth eruption in stunted children. Low IGF-1 expression can cause disturbances in the timing of tooth eruption because it interferes with the dental maturity process."

"Tooth eruption is a complex process that involves osteoclasts to form the eruption pathway. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial component that plays multifunctional roles in inflammatory reactions, and one of these roles is powerful stimulation of bone resoption. Osteopontin (OPN) is a phosphorylated glycoprotein the expression of which is associated with migration, attachment and signaling of osteoclast. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of LPS on rat alveolaris bone osteopontin during the period of tooth eruption. Fifty five Wistar male albino rats, five days of age were divided into three groups. The first group was not subjected to any treatment. The second group was inducted with LPS at five days of age. The third group was inducted with LPS at nine days of age. Expression of OPN was analyzed by immunohistochemical (IHC) approach. The results showed significant differences in OPN expression (p<0.05) within the treated subjects. It was concluded that LPS induction during tooth eruption increases the level of alveolar bone osteopontin."

"Delayed eruption is one of the forms of dental eruption deviation characterized by delay of dental eruption. Delayed eruption can be caused by local factor such as impacted tooth. Treatment of the delayed eruption due to impacted tooth, which needs to be surgically exposed, bonded with a bracket and ligature or chain, and then orthodontically brought into the dental arch. We reported a case of a 12 years old girl who has non-erupted upper right permanent central incisor without the retention of upper right primary central incisor. Physical development was normal. 12, 21, 22, already erupted. Panoramic examination shows impacted 11 in the alveolar bone with the completion of apex formation. After the cephalometric and model analysis, we placed the fixed orthodontic appliances followed by surgical exposure to open the impacted area then place an orthodontic bracket with an attached chain to apply orthodontic forces on the tooth to aid in its movement into the line of occlusion. "

"Bencana geologi seperti erupsi gunung api yang masih belum bisa diprediksi menjadikan wilayah sekitar gunung api rawan akan ancaman tersebut. Gunung Marapi merupakan salah satu gunung api aktif di Indonesia, yang terletak di Kabupaten Tanah Datar sehingga wilayah tersebut rawan terhadap bencana erupsi Gunung Marapi. Kerentanan wilayah Tanah Datar dapat ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode skoring berdasarkan Peraturan BNPB Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 dengan variabel kondisi sosial berupa kepadatan penduduk dan kelompok usia rentan, kondisi ekonomi berupa lahan produktif dan penduduk petani, dan kondisi fisik berupa wilayah terbangun, fasilitas umum dan fasilitas kritis.Penelitian ini menghasilkan risiko erupsi Marapi berdasarkan kawasan rawan bahaya, kerentanan wilayah dan kapasitas yang dilihat dari sumber daya dan kemampuan mobilisasi menggunakan metode pembobotan yang menghasilkan tiga wilayah risiko. Wilayah risiko tertinggi berada di Desa Guguk di Kecamatan Pariangan dan wilayah risiko terendah berada di Desa Tigo Niniak di Kecamatan Limo Kaum, dimana kapasitas sangat berpengaruh dalam mengurangi tingkat risiko erupsi.

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Geological disasters such as volcanic eruptions that still cannot be predicted to make the area around the volcano vulnerable to the threat. Mount Marapi is one of the active volcanoes in Indonesia. Mount Marapi is located in Tanah Datar so that region is vulnerable to the eruption of Mount Marapi. Tanah Datar vulnerability can be determined using a scoring method based BNPB Regulation No. 2 of 2012 with variable social conditions such as overcrowding and vulnerable age groups and economic conditions in the form of productive land and the farming population, the physical conditions in the form of region awakened, public facilities and critical facilities.

This research resulted in the risk of eruption of Marapi based on Marapi eruption hazard, the vulnerability of the area and capacity as seen from the resources and the ability to mobilize using weighting method produces three regions of risk. The highest risk region is in the village Guguk in the district Pariangan and the lowest risk region is in th village Tigo Niniak in the district Limo Kaum where capacity is very influential in reducing the level of risk of eruption."

"Letusan Gunung Kelud yang terjadi pada malam hari tanggal 13 Februari hingga dini hari 14 Februari 2014 meninggalkan dampak pada daerah di sekitarnya. Kabupaten Kediri yang terletak di sebelah barat Gunung Kelud, merupakan salah satu kabupaten yang terdampak letusannya. Arah angin pada saat hari kejadian menjadikan Kabupaten Kediri wilayah yang paling parah terpapar oleh material hasil letusan Gunung Kelud. Di samping faktor angin, terdapat beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi Kabupaten Kediri termasuk ke dalam wilayah terdampak letusan Gunung Kelud 2014, diantaranya faktor morfologi, topografi dan kemiringan lereng, serta jaringan sungai daerah bersangkutan.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui sejauh mana dampak letusan Gunung Kelud serta bagaimana kerusakan yang ditimbulkan, khususnya di wilayah Kabupaten Kediri. Melalui analisis citra radar, spasial dan deskriptif dapat ditunjukkan bahwa seluruh wilayah Kabupaten Kediri terpapar oleh material letusan dan sejumlah desa di empat kecamatan mengalami kerusakan permukiman dengan kategori ringan hingga berat. Analisis kapasitas dan sensitivitas menunjukkan bahwa daerah yang terkena dampak letusan Gunung Kelud tidak serta merta mengalami kerusakan baik itu ringan, sedang maupun berat.

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Kelud Eruption that had happened in 2014 from February 13 night till February 14 night, was exposed its surrounding area. Kediri Regency which located in the west of Mount Kelud, is one of regencies that exposed by the eruption. Even Kediri Regency became the most exposed by all material things from the eruption. Furthermore, there's some other factors that impact Kediri Regency as an exposed area of Kelud Eruption. Those factors such as morphology, topography, slope, and river network in that area.

So, the purposes of this research are observing how far impact of the eruption and the damage that's been caused in Kediri Regency. By using radar imagery interpretation, spatial analysis, and descriptive analysis, readers will know how far Kediri Regency exposed and many houses in some villages in 4 districts were damaged, those kind of damage can be categorized as light and heavy damage. In addition, capacity and sensitivity analysis will show area that is not damaged by eruption, neither light, moderate nor heavy damage."

"Latar Belakang: Prakiraan usia merupakan pemeriksaan forensik untuk identifikasi individu. Tujuan: menganalisis resorpsi akar, kalsifikasi, dan erupsi gigi secara radiografis untuk membuat atlas pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi populasi Indonesia usia 5 ? 23 tahun. Metode: Desain potong lintang pada 304 subjek radiograf panoramik. Modus tahap dari resorpsi akar, kalsifikasi, dan erupsi setiap kategori usia dijadikan dasar pembuatan atlas. Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Atlas pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi populasi Indonesia usia 5 - 23 tahun dikonstruksi sesuai dengan usia kronologis populasi Indonesia. Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi antara laki-laki dan perempuan serta antara regio kanan dan kiri (p>0.05.

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Background: Age estimation is useful for forensic examination.

Aim: To analyze tooth root resorption, calcification, and eruption to develop an atlas of tooth growth and development for Indonesian population age 5-23 years.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of 304 panoramic radiographs. Modus stage of tooth root resorption, calcification, and eruption was used to construct the atlas.

Results and Summary: Atlas of tooth growth and development for age 5-23 years was constructed to estimate chronological age in Indonesian population. There was no significant difference of tooth growth and development between female and male and between right and left region (p>0.05)."

"Saat terjadi erupsi Gunung Merapi, Pemerintah Kabupaten Magelang harus mengungsikan penduduk yang berada pada jarak 5 km dari puncak Merapi, hal ini membutuhkan penanganan yang khusus karena pada setiap fase erupsi Gunung Merapi, warga diungsikan selama 7 sampai dengan 11 bulan. Pengungsian tersebut terjadi secara berkala setiap 4-5 tahun sekali. Adapun selama masa pengungsian tersebut Pemerintah Kabupaten telah menyediakan huntara, namun huntara yang disediakan belum optimal dalam memberikan kenyamanan sehingga pada tahun 2020 saat terjadi pengungsian erupsi Gunung Merapi, terdapat pengungsi yang memutuskan untuk meninggalkan huntara menuju ke rumahnya dan ada pula yang tetap tinggal di huntara namun membentuk pola perilaku dan adaptasi sebagai upaya mereka dalam mengatasi ketidaknyamanan tersebut. Ketidaknyamanan bangunan baik secara fisik maupun termal mengakibatkan perubahan perilaku dan pembentukan pola adaptasi pengungsi. Ada beberapa hal yang perlu dirubah pada ruang huntara agar dalam pengungsian erupsi Gunung Merapi selanjutnya para pengungsi dapat menjalani pengungsian dengan lebih nyaman."

"Latar Belakang : Stunting merupakan salah satu manifestasi dari malnutrisi kronis yang ditandai dengan tinggi badan yang lebih rendah dari standar tinggi badan untuk usia individu tersebut. Salah satu faktor penyebab stunting adalah kurangnya asupan nutrisi. Kurangnya asupan nutrisi dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya kadar Hb dan IGF-1. Berkurangnya asupan nutrisi juga dapat mengganggu proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi yang dapat mempengaruhi watu erupsi gigi. Perlu dilakukan analisis untuk melihat hubungan antara stunting dengan kadar Hb, IGF-1, dan erupsi gigi. Tujuan : Menganalisis hubungan antara kadar Hb, IGF-1, dan erupsi gigi dengan kondisi stunting. Metode : Penelusuran literatur dilakukan dengan menggunakan pedoman Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) pada tiga electronic database, yaitu : PubMed, EBSCO, dan SCOPUS. Kualitas dari literatur dinilai menggunakan QUADAS-2 tool. Hasil : Terdapat 27 artikel yang terpilih berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditetapkan. 19 artikel menyatakan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara kadar Hb dengan stunting, dimana anak dengan kondisi stunting lebih memungkinkan untuk memiliki kadar Hb yang rendah (anemia). 4 artikel menyatakan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan stunting, dimana anak dengan kondisi stunting memiliki kadar IGF-1 yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan anak non-stunting. 3 artikel menyatakan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara stunting dengan erupsi gigi, dimana anak dengan kondisi stunting mengalami keterlambatan erupsi gigi. 1 artikel menyatakan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara stunting dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi. Kesimpulan : Terdapat korelasi positif antara stunting dengan kadar Hb dan IGF-1. Korelasi antara stunting dengan erupsi gigi belum dapat ditentukan dengan pasti

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Background : Stunting is a manifestation of chronic malnutrition which is characterized by a lower height than the individual's age standard. One of the primary cause of stunting is the lack of nutritional intake. Lack of nutritional intake can cause reduced Hb and IGF-1 levels. Lack of nutritional intake can also interfere with the process of growth and development of the teeth which can affect the timing of tooth eruption. An analysis is needed to see the relationship between stunting and levels of Hb, IGF-1, and the timing of tooth eruption. Objective : To analyze the relationship between Hb levels, IGF-1 levels, and the timing of tooth eruption with stunting. Method : Literature research was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines on three electronic databases, namely: PubMed, EBSCO, and SCOPUS. The quality of the literature was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Results : There are 27 articles that were selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. 19 articles state that there is a relationship between Hb levels and stunting, where stunted children are more likely to have low Hb levels (anemia). 4 article states that there is a relationship between IGF-1 levels and stunting, where stunted children have lower IGF-1 levels compared to non-stunted children. 3 The article states that there is a relationship between stunting and tooth eruption, where stunted children experience delays in tooth eruption. 1 article states that there is no relationship between stunting and dental growth and development Conclusion : There is a positive correlation between stunting and Hb and IGF-1 levels. The correlation between stunting and tooth eruption cannot be determined with certainty."

"Injeksi PGE2 pada mukosa bukal bersamaan dengan tekanan ortodonti dapat mempercepat pergerakan gigi. Namun metode ini mempunyai kekurangan yaitu resorpsi tulang alveolar dan akar gigi yang besar serta rasa sakit. Gel digunakan sebagai media penghantar, menggantikan bentuk injeksi. Stabilitas PGE2 dalam gel, efek aplikasi gel PGE2 pada pergerakan gigi, konsentrasi RANKL pada GCF dan serum serta resorpsi tulang alveolar dan resorpsi akar gigi belum pernah diketahui. Penelitian ini eksperimental laboratorium in vitro untuk uji stabilitas gel PGE2 lyophillized dan in vivo pada Macaca fascicularis. Mukosa bukal kaninus kanan dioleskan gel PGE2, sedangkan kaninus kiri dioleskan gel tanpa PGE2, keduanya disertai tekanan ortodonti, pada awal, jam kedua dan keempat, selama dua menit. Pengolesan gel, pengukuran pergerakan gigi, pengambilan darah dan GCF, dilakukan setiap minggu. Macaca dieuthanasia, dinekropsi lalu dibuat sediaan histologi dan dievaluasi dengan TRAP. Gel PGE2 lyophillized tidak stabil, sehingga dibuat resenter paratus. Gel PGE2 dapat mempercepat pergerakan gigi 1,8 kali, RANKL dan resorpsi tulang alveolar lebih besar dari kontrol, serta resorpsi akar sama dengan kontrol. Gel PGE2 mempunyai prospek sebagai medikasi topikal untuk mempercepat pergerakan gigi ortodontik.

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The injection of PGE2 on buccal mucosa along with orthodontic force could accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. Nevertheless, this method also has adverse effects such as pain, over resorption of the alveolar bone and root structure. PGE2 gel to substitute the necessity of injection. Hence, the effect of PGE2 gel on the rate of tooth movement and RANKL concentration in GCF and blood serum also alveolar bone and root resorption is yet to be determined.

This study was an experimental laboratory in vitro to know the stability of PGE2 gel lyophillized and in vivo in Macaca fascicularis. PGE2 gel was applied on buccal mucosa of right canine along with orthodontic force and non- PGE2 gel on left canine on beginning, second, and fourth hour each for two minutes. Gel application, tooth movement measurement, blood sample, and GCF were done every week. Macaca euthanized, and made histology ​​ and evaluated by TRAP. PGE2 gel was made resenter paratus due to instability.

Results showed that PGE2 gel enhanced tooth movement 1.8 times, RANKL and alveolar bone resorption were greater than control and root resorption was similar to control. PGE2 gel had a good prospect as topical medication to enhance tooth movement in orthodontics."

"Latar Belakang: Stunting merupakan kondisi malnutrisi yang terjadi pada 1000 hari pertama sejak kosepsi, dengan gejala klinis spesifik berupa tinggi tubuh lebih rendah dari normal. Tidak hanya menyebabkan gangguan pertumbuhan fisik, dampak stunting juga dapat meliputi penurunan fungsi kognitif, motorik, serta hambatan perkembangan bahasa penderita. Prevalensi stunting di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia tergolong tinggi. Telah dilaporkan adanya penurunan kadar IGF-1 dan perkembangan kognitif pada anak stunting. Salah satu peran IGF-1 adalah dalam neurogenesis dan synaptogenesis. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi secara sistematis berbagai literatur bagaimana hubungan antara kadar/ekspresi IGF-1 dengan perkembangan kognitif anak stunting. Metode: Pencarian literatur dilakukan dengan menggunakan pedoman alur Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) pada tiga electronic database. Penilaian kualitas literatur dilakukan dengan menggunakan QUADAS-2. Hasil: Delapan jurnal memenuhi syarat tahap seleksi artikel sesuai metode PRISMA. Jurnal-jurnal tersebut diterbitkan pada tahun 2012-2020. Di antara kedelapan jurnal tersebut, terdapat tiga jurnal yang membahas tentang hubungan IGF-1 dengan stunting, dua jurnal yang membahas hubungan IGF-1 dengan perkembangan kognitif, sementara tiga jurnal lainnya membahas hubungan stunting dengan kognitif. Kesimpulan: Ekspresi IGF-1 yang rendah berkaitan dengan kejadian stunting. Kondisi stunting dan IGF-1 juga berkaitan erat dengan penurunan kapasitas kognitif. Namun untuk diagnosis hambatan kognitif pada anak stunting berdasarkan konsentrasi IGF-1 perlu penelaahan lebih lanjut. 

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Background: Stunting is a condition of malnutrition which occurs during the first 1000 days since conception and has specific clinical sign as a significantly reduced height. Not only it results in disturbed physical growth, stunting could also lead to a decrease in cognitive function, motor function, and language development. The prevalence of stunting in developing countries such as Indonesia is high. It had been reported that there were decreased IGF-1 level and cognitive capacity in stunted children. IGF-1 is known to have role in synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. 

Objectives: To systematically evaluate the various literatures for analyzing the relationship between the level of IGF-1 and the inhibited cognitive capacity in stunted children. 

Methods: Literature researches using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines through three electronic databases, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Quality assessment of bias was examined using QUADAS-2 tool. 

Results: A literature search identified eight eligible journals which were published in 2012-2020. The three journals discuss the relationship of IGF-1 with stunting, two journals discuss the relationship of IGF-1 with cognitive while the other three journals discuss the relationship of stunting with cognitive.

Conclusion: Low IGF-1 expression is associated with stunting. Stunting conditions and IGF-1 are also closely related to cognitive impairment in children. However, whether the cognitive impairment in stunted children were solely due to the IGF-1 decline, needs to be re-confirmed."