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"Latar Belakang: Dalam talaksana kasus kedokteran gigi, seringkali dibutuhkan interpretasi gambaran radiograf dengan keakuratan yang tinggi. Meskipun gambaran radiograf diyakini sudah terinterpretasi dengan kualitas mutu yang baik, namun terdapat berbagai faktor yang menyebabkan tetap ada selisih ukuran objek pada gambaran radiograf dengan ukuran sebenarnya. Selisih ukuran ini dapat terjadi dalam arah vertikal, berupa distorsi vertikal. Distorsi vertikal penting untuk diperhatikan oleh klinisi untuk mencegah pengulangan pengambilan foto radiograf dan menghindari paparan radiasi berlebih pada pasien. Tujuan: Mengetahui nilai rata-rata distorsi vertikal pada radiograf periapikal gigi geligi maksila dan mandibula berdasarkan pengukuran selisih panjang gigi klinis dan radiografis. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan 120 sampel rekam medis klinis beserta dengan radiograf periapikal pasien endodontik di RSKGM FKG UI yang dikelompokkan menjadi 60 sampel gigi geligi maksila dan 60 sampel mandibula. Pengukuran estimasi panjang gigi klinis menggunakan rasio ukuran panjang kerja pada data rekam medis dan pengukuran panjang gigi radiograf diukur dari foto radiograf periapikal awal pasien. Ukuran distorsi vertikal didapat dari pengukuran selisih antara panjang gigi radiograf dengan estimasi panjang gigi klinis. Uji reliabilitas intraobserver dan interobserver dilakukan dengan uji ICC dan dilakukan analisa komparatif menggunakan uji mann whitney. Hasil: Hasil analisa menunjukkan nilai rerata distorsi vertikal pada kelompok gigi geligi maksila sebesar 1,58 mm, dengan maksimum 5,53 mm. Nilai rerata distorsi vertikal pada kelompok gigi geligi mandibula sebesar 1,48 mm, dengan nilai maksimum 3,96 mm. Sebanyak 52 (43.33%) sampel mengalami pemanjangan, sebanyak 55 (45.83%) mengalami pemendekan, dan 13 (10.83%) data tidak terdistorsi. Kesimpulan: Rerata pengukuran estimasi panjang gigi klinis dan panjang gigi pada gambaran radiograf tidak berbeda bermakna (p 0,451). Rerata distorsi vertikal pada gigi geligi maksila dan mandibula tidak berbeda bermakna (p 0,975).

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Background: In the management of dental cases, it is often necessary to interpret radiographs with high accuracy. Although it is believed that the radiographic image has been interpreted with good quality, there are various factors that cause the difference in the size of the object on the radiographic image to the actual size. The size of this distortion can occur in the vertical direction, in the form of vertical distortion. Vertical distortion is important for clinicians to pay attention to prevent retaking the radiographs and avoid overexposure of radiation on the patient. Objective: To determine the mean value of vertical distortion on periapical radiographs of maxillary and mandibular teeth based on the measurement of the difference in radiographic and actual size of the tooth length. Methods: The study or research is carried out on 120 samples of medical records along with periapical radiographs of endodontic patients at RSKGM FKG UI, divided into 60 samples of maxillary teeth and 60 samples of mandibular teeth. Measurement of estimated clinical tooth length obtained by using the ratio of working length recorded in the medical record, and the measurement of the radiographic tooth length obtained by using the patient's initial periapical radiograph. The measurement of vertical distortion was obtained by measuring the difference between the radiographic and the estimated clinical tooth length. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability tests were performed using the ICC test and comparative analysis was performed using the Mann Whitney test. Results: The results of the analysis showed that the mean of the vertical distortion in the maxillary teeth was 1.58 mm, with a maximum value of 5.53 mm. The mean value of vertical distortion in the mandibular teeth was 1.48 mm, with a maximum value of 3.96 mm. A total of 52 (43.33%) samples were elongated, 55 (45.83%) samples were shortened, and 13 (10.83%) samples were not distorted. Conclusion: The mean measurement of estimated clinical tooth length and tooth length on radiographs was not significantly different (p 0.451). The mean vertical distortion of the maxillary and mandibular teeth was not significantly different (p 0.975)."

"Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan hasil interpretasi superimposisi maksila dan mandibula antara tiga metode superimposisi pada kelompok usia non-growing ≥ 20 tahun. Metode superimposisi maksila yang diteliti adalah pada area best fit, Björk dan Skieller, serta Springate. Sementara metode superimposisi mandibula yang diteliti adalah pada tepi bawah mandibula, Björk dan Skieller, serta Springate. Metode: Tracing dilakukan pada foto sebelum perawatan (T0) dengan membuat garis panduan sella-nasion (SN) dan garis N yang tegak lurus terhadap SN serta struktur anatomis pada regio maksila atau mandibula. Sedangkan pada foto setelah perawatan (T1), tracing dilakukan hanya pada struktur anatomis pada regio maksila dan mandibula saja. Kemudian hasil tracing setelah perawatan (T1) disuperimposisikan di atas hasiltracing sebelum perawatan (T0) berdasarkan berbagai metode superimposisi maksila atau mandibula. Setelah itu garis SN dan N pada tracing sebelum perawatan dipindahkan ke atas hasil tracing setelah perawatan. Terakhir, posisi titik referensi pada maksila (titik ANS, A, dan U1) atau mandibula (titik Pog, B, dan L1) diukur jarak koordinatnya secara vertikal dan horizontal ke garis SN dan N yang berperan sebagai sumbu x dan y. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan, baik dalam dimensi vertikal maupun horizontal, mengenai hasil interpretasi superimposisi maksila dan mandibula dengan tiga metode superimposisi yang diujikan pada kelompok usia non-growing ≥ 20 tahun. Kesimpulan: Evaluasi perawatan ortodontik pada pasien usia non-growing ≥ 20 tahun menggunakan berbagai metode superimposisi maksila dan mandibula menghasilkan hasil interpretasi yang sama, baik diukur dalam dimensi vertikal maupun horizontal. Sehingga pemilihan metode superimposisi maksila dan mandibula apapun pada pasiennon-growing tidak akan mempengaruhi hasil interpretasi evaluasi perawatan, selama metode superimposisi yang digunakan tetap memperhatikan struktur anatomis yang ada.

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Objectives: To compare the interpretation of maxillary and mandibular superimposition between three methods on ≥ 20-year-old non-growing patients. Three maxillary superimposition methods used during the study were best fit, Björk-Skieller, and Springate. Meanwhile for mandibular superimposition, the methods used during the study were inferior border of mandible, Björk-Skieller, and Springate. Method: Tracing was executed on pre-treatment cephalogram (T0) to construct sella-nasion (SN) line and N line which was perpendicular to SN, and also to construct anatomical structures on maxilla or mandible. Tracing at post-treatment cephalogram (T1) was executed on maxillary or mandibular anatomical structures only. Then cephalogram tracing at T1 was superimposed on T0 based on three different superimposition methods on maxilla or mandible. SN line and N line at T0 were then transferred into T1 tracing as a reference line of x and y axis. Hence, the position of maxillary reference points (ANS, A, and U1) or mandibular reference points (Pog, B, and L1) could be accounted vertically and horizontally to the x and y axis. Results: No statistical difference in vertical or horizontal dimention, regarding the interpretation of maxillary and mandibular superimposition between three methods on ≥20-year-old non-growing patients. Conclusion: Post orthodontic treatment evaluation on ≥ 20-year-old non-growing patients using varied maxillary and mandibular superimposition methods may result the same interpretation in vertical or horizontal dimention. Any maxillary or mandibular superimposition methods could be used on non-growing patients and may not affect interpretation on post treatment evaluation, as long as the used methods account any existing anatomical structures."

"Toleransi perubahan sudut vertikal merupakan aspek penting dalam upaya meminimalisir distorsi vertikal pada radiograf gigi molar rahang bawah. Tujuan: Menganalisis toleransi perubahan sudut vertikal pada radiograf periapikal gigi molar rahang bawah. Metode: 30 gigi molar rahang bawah (15 gigi molar pertama dan 15 gigi molar kedua) dilakukan pengukuran panjang klinis lalu ditanam dalam model dan dilakukan pemeriksaan radiografik dengan teknik radiografi periapikal masing-masing sebanyak 7 kali dengan sudut vertikal 00, +50, +100, +150, -50, -100 dan -150 kemudian dilakukan pengukuran panjang gigi dan perbedaan tinggi cusp bukal lingual pada radiograf. Hasil: Panjang gigi radiograf pada sudut vertikal +15° telah bertambah sebesar 0,81 dari rerata panjang klinis dengan simpangan baku ±0.39. Kesimpulan: Toleransi perubahan sudut vertikal positif pada radiograf periapikal gigi molar rahang bawah untuk melihat panjang gigi adalah 15°.

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Tolerance of vertical angle alteration is an important aspect in an effort to minimize vertical distortion on lower molars radiograph.

Objective: To analyze the tolerance of vertical angle alteration on lower molars periapical radiograph.

Methods: 30 lower molars (15 first molars and 15 second molars) were performed measurement of clinical tooth length then were planted in model and were performed radiographic examinations by using periapical radiography technique 7 times for each tooth with vertical angle 00, +50, +100, +150, -50, -100 and -150 then tooth length and buccal and lingual cusp height difference on radiograph were measured.

Results: Tooth length on radiograph at vertical angle +15° has increased 0,81 mm from clinical tooth length mean with standar deviation ±0.39 mm.

Conclusion: Tolerance of positive vertical angle alteration on lower molars periapical radiograph to looking at the tooth length is 15°."

"Tingkat distorsi vertikal yang cukup besar pada radiograf periapikal gigi anterior rahang atas serta penggunaan lebar singulum sebagai acuan evaluasi distorsi vertikal radiograf gigi anterior. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui perubahan sudut vertikal yang masih dapat ditoleransi pada radiograf periapikal gigi insisif rahang atas. Metode: Pada 30 gigi insisif rahang atas, dilakukan pembuatan radiograf periapikal sudut vertikal 0° sebagai acuan standar, selanjutnya dilakukan perubahan sudut vertikal -10°, +10°, -15°, +15°, -20°, dan +20°. Sumbu panjang gigi diatur posisinya sejajar film pada saat dilakukan paparan sinar-X. Kemudian panjang gigi dan lebar singulum pada radiograf dengan perubahan sudut vertikal diukur dan dibandingkan dengan kondisi sebenarnya. Seluruh hasil pengukuran diuji secara statistik dengan T test. Hasil: Perbedaan antara panjang gigi klinis dengan panjang gigi radiografik pada seluruh perubahan sudut vertikal terbukti tidak signifikan (p>0.05), sedangkan perubahan lebar singulum signifikan pada sudut +15° dan -10° (p<0.05). Kesimpulan: Panjang gigi pada radiograf periapikal gigi insisif rahang atas yang diposisikan sejajar dengan film radiograf masih dapat ditoleransi sampai dengan perubahan sudut vertikal sebesar 20º. Lebar singulum menyempit secara signifikan pada radiograf yang mengalami perubahan sudut +15º dan melebar secara signifikan pada radiograf yang mengalami perubahan sudut -10º.

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The prevalence of vertical distortion in the periapical radiograph of anterior maxillary teeth is quite significant and cingulum is commonly used as the reference of vertical distortion in anterior radiograph.

Objective: To evaluate the limit of vertical angulation error that still can be tolerated.

Method: Periapical radiograph with vertical angle 0° was obtained from 30 maxillary incisors as reference, then the vertical angulation was changed into -10°, +10°, -15°, +15°, -20°, and +20°. Long axis of the teeth was adjusted parallel to the film. Tooth length and cingulum width with vertical angulation alteration was measured and compared to the actual length. All of the measurement was tested using T test.

Result: There were no significant difference between all the measurements of tooth length with the alteration in vertical angulation (p>0.05), whereas cingulum width had a significant difference at +15° and -10°, (p>0.05).

Conclusion: Tooth length in periapical radiograph of maxillary incisor with parallel position is still tolerable until 20º vertical angle errors. Cingulum width on radiograph with +15º vertical angle alteration is significantly narrowed and on radiograph with -10° vertical angle alteration is significantly widened."

"ABSTRAKPertumbuhan tulang maksila dan mandibula merupakan suatu hal penting untuk diketahui dokter gigi karena dapat dijadikan sebagai panduan dalam menegakkan diagnosis dan menentukan rencana perawatan yang tepat. Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran dan perbedaan panjang maksila dan mandibula pasien pria dan wanita pada maloklusi skeletal kelas I, kelas II, dan kelas III. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan 42 rekam medik dan sefalogram pasien berusia ge; 18 tahun. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan analisis McNamara. Hasil: Rerata panjang maksila dan mandibula untuk semua kelas maloklusi skeletal menunjukan pria lebih besar daripada wanita. Hasil uji T tidak berpasangan.

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ABSTRAKBackground The growth of maxillary and mandibular bone is an important thing to know the dentist because it can serve as a guide in establishing the diagnosis and determine the proper treatment plan. Objective to know description and differences between maxillary and mandibular length of male and female patients at skeletal malocclusion class I, class II and class III Methods This study used medical records and sefalogram 42 patients aged ge 18. Measurement performed with McNamara rsquo s Analysis. Results The mean length of the maxillary and mandibular for all classes of skeletal malocclusion showed greater men than women. Results unpaired t test."

"Alveolar osteitis (AO) continues to be a significant postoperative problem associated with the surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars. This study aims to investigate the prevalence differences of AO between female and male patients with postoperative surgical removal of these teeth. An ex post facto approach was used, with a total of 60 cases of removed impacted third molars recorded from 24 female and 38 male patients. an incidence of AO was defined to imply a painful condition that occurs after the surgical removal of teeth, usually beginning 3 to 5 days after surgery. Also, on examination the tooth socket appears to be empty with a partially or completely lost blood clot, and the bone surfaces of the socket are exposed. The results were analyzed using Chi-square test and showed significant differences in the prevalence of AO between male and female patients (a < 0.05). The prevalence of AO was 41.7% in female and 16.7% in male patients. In conclusion, female patients show a significantly higher prevalence of AO than male patients."

"The removal of impacted mandibular molar by surgery (odontectomi) is a common procedure done by the dentist in daily practice. A well and proper operation technique is required to avoid unexpected complication after odontectomy. A 48 years old women is reported with pathological sinistra mandible angle fracture after odontectomy of mandibular third molar done by Yordania Oral Surgeon two month ago. Patient was refered to Departemen of Oral Surgery RSCM. Reposition and fragmen fixation using plate-srew and arch bar. In this paper, writer try to discuss about the posible cause of complication. Hopefully,dentists will be more careful in doing odontectomy procedure, to avoid unexpected complications."

"Latar Belakang: Tulang mandibula merupakan tulang terkuat pada tengkorak yang mengalami perubahan sesuai usia. Pengukuran mandibula banyak dijadikan parameter terkait tumbuh kembang yang bermanfaat untuk berbagai bidang ilmu kedokteran gigi termasuk ortodonsi dan forensik. Tujuan: Mengetahui nilai pengukuran parameter mandibula pada radiograf panoramik sebagai data dasar untuk estimasi usia rentang 14-35 tahun dan 50-70 tahun. Metode: Pengukuran parameter mandibula pada 200 sampel radiograf panoramik digital usia 14-35 tahun dan 50-70 tahun. Hasil: Pengukuran parameter mandibula terhadap usia tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik, namun cenderung mengalami peningkatan atau penurunan sesuai perubahan usia. Kesimpulan: Pengukuran parameter mandibula pada radiograf panoramik usia 14-35 tahun dan 50-70 belum dapat digunakan sebagai data dasar untuk estimasi usia.

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Background: Mandible is the strongest bone in skull and experience change with age. Mandibular parameters measurements are often used in relation with growth and development that are useful in dentistry including in orthodontics and forensic dentistry.

Objective: To obtain the mandibular parameters value through panoramic radiograph as basic data in age estimation of 14 35 and 50 70 years old subjects.

Method: Measurement of mandibular parameters on digital panoramic radiograph of 200 subjects at age 14 35 years and 50 70 years old.

Results: The measurement of mandibular parameters are not statistically significant but tend to change according to age.

Conclusion: Measurement of mandibular parameters in panoramic radiograph cannot be used as basic data for age estimation in 14 35 years old and 50 70 years old."

"Radiografi panoramik merupakan alat diagnostik yang sangat penting dalam kedokteran gigi namun memiliki kekurangan seperti distorsi geometris, sehingga hasil gambaran cenderung tidak sesuai dengan ukuran struktur anatomi yang sesungguhnya pada pasien. Tujuan : Mengetahui perbedaan hasil pengukuran horizontal dan vertikal pada cranium dibandingkan dengan pengukuran pada radiograf panoramik, serta untuk mengetahui seberapa besar distorsi pengukuran horizontal dan vertikal pada radiograf panoramik. Metode : Sampel penelitian berupa 7 cranium yang diberi marker gutta percha dengan panjang 2 mm kemudian dilakukan pembuatan radiograf panoramik sebanyak 4 kali. Pengukuran pada radiograf panoramik menggunakan software Digora for Windows 2.5 R1 Tuusula Finland. Hasil : Pada pengukuran horizontal bukal/labial HB terdapat perbedaan bermakna.

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Panoramic radiography is a very important diagnostic tool in dentistry but the panoramic radiograph also has some disadvantages related to its geometric distortion, the images of anatomical structures on panoramic radiograph are not according to their actual dimension in the patients.

Objective: To determine the amount of horizontal and vertical distortion of panoramic radiograph, by comparing the horizontal and vertical measurements on panoramic radiographs with those on the real object, which was the cranium.

Methods: The samples of this study were 7 cranium with a length of 2 mm gutta percha as markers, panoramic radiograph was taken from each sample 4 times. Measurements on a panoramic radiograph using Digora for Windows 2.1 R1 Tuusula Finland software.

Results: The horizontal buccal labial HB measurements shows that there were significant differences p "

"Latar Belakang : Distribusi frekuensi impaksi gigi molar tiga maksila berdasarkan klasifikasi Pell-Gregory, Winter, dan hubungan dengan sinus maksila dapat menunjukan variasi yang dapat berperan penting dalam mengantisipasi kesulitan pada saat odontektomi. Tujuan : Mengetahui frekuensi kasus impaksi molar tiga maksila pada radiograf panoramik berdasarkan klasifikasi Pell-Gregory dan Winter serta hubungan dengan sinus maksila di RSKGM FKG UI. Metode : Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif kategorik menggunakan data sekunder berupa rekam medik pasien di RSKGM FKG UI. Hasil : Penelitian yang dilakukan pada 102 kasus impaksi molar tiga maksila menunjukkan kasus impaksi molar tiga maksila paling banyak pada wanita dengan persentase 62.7%, namun hasil uji statistik menunjukan tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara perbedaan gender dengan masing-masing klasifikasi impaksi. Frekuensi tertinggi dari masing-masing klasifikasi adalah Kelas C sebesar 46.08% pada klasifikasi Pell-Gregory, impaksi distoangular sebesar 35.3% pada klasifikasi Winter, dan impaksi tipe 4 sebesar 60.78% pada klasifikasi berdasarkan hubungan dengan sinus maksila. Kesimpulan : Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil distribusi frekuensi impaksi molar tiga maksila yang dapat menjadi acuan dalam menentukan tingkat kesulitan perawatan odontektomi.

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Background : A method of classification of third molar impaction is needed because the anatomical position of impacted third molars can show variations that will play an important role in anticipating difficulties during extraction. Objective : To determine the impaction frequency of maxillary third molar impaction cases, as seen on panoramic radiographs and classified based on Pell-Gregory and Winter classification and also the relationship with maxillary sinus in RSKGM FKG UI. Methods : The type of research conducted is categorical descriptive research, using secondary data in the form of patient medical records at RSKGM FKG UI. Results : From 102 cases of maxillary third molar impaction, it was found that maxillary third molar impaction was most common in women with a percentage of 60%, but the results of statistical tests show no significant relationship between gender differences with each classification. The highest frequency of each classification is Class C of 46.08%, distoangular impaction of 35.3%, and impaction of type 4 by 60.78%. Conclusion : Classification of maxillary third molar impact can be a reference in determining the difficulty level of odontectomy treatment."