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"Kesehatan psikologis seorang ibu berdampak positif terhadap ikatan emosional ibu dan janin dalam mencapai peran transisi menjadi seorang ibu. Masalah kesehatan psikologis ibu serta kurangnya dukungan suami merupakan faktor utama terganggunya interaksi ibu dan janin. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan intervensi keperawatan untuk meningkatkan ikatan emosional orang tua dan janin berbasis mobile health yang berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan psikologis, keharmonisan suami istri serta jalinan kasih orang tua dan janin. Penelitian terdiri dari tiga tahap. Desain penelitian tahap pertama descriptive qualitative dengan 14 partisipan yang terdiri dari ibu hamil dan pasangannya. Tahap kedua, mengembangkan rancangan intervensi menjalin ikatan emosional dengan janin  berbasis mobile health berdasarkan analisis tahap satu dan konsultasi pakar. Tahap ketiga menggunakan desain quasi experiment pre-post test with control group. Sebanyak 82 pasang ibu hamil sebagai responden, terdiri dari kelompok berpasangan (26 pasang), kelompok mandiri (27 pasang) dan kelompok kontrol (29 pasang). Kelompok berpasangan: mendapatkan intervensi bersama pasangan, kelompok mandiri: mendapatkan intervensi sendiri tanpa pasangan, kelompok kontrol: melakukan kegiatan sesuai kebiasaan sehari-hari. Hasil penelitian kualitatif ditemukan 3 tema yaitu 1) Keterbatasan pengetahuan dan informasi dalam  menjalin ikatan emosional dengan janin, 2) Memperoleh dukungan internal dan eksternal dalam menjalin ikatan emosional dengan janin dan 3) Menjalin ikatan emosional dengan janin membutuhkan berbagai kebutuhan. Intervensi keperawatan untuk meningkatkan ikatan emosional orangtua dan janin berbasis mobile health berpengaruh menjadi lebih baik kesehatan psikologis ibu dan ayah, keharmonisan suami istri menurut ibu dan ayah, serta jalinan kasih orang tua dan janin dibanding kelompok kontrol. Nilai perbaikan kesehatan psikologis ibu kelompok berpasangan dan mandiri (β = -2.68, p < 0.001 ;I² = -3.03, p < 0.001), keharmonisan suami istri menurut ibu kelompok berpasangan dan mandiri (β = -7.46, p = 0.002 ; I² = -9.11, p = 0.001) dan jalinan kasih orang tua dan janin kelompok berpasangan dan mandiri (I² = 6.77, p = 0.013 ; I² = 9.73, p < 0.001). Nilai perbaikan kesehatan psikologis ayah kelompok berpasangan dan mandiri (I² = -5.80, p < 0.001 ; I² = -3.95, p < 0.001), keharmonisan hubungan suami istri menurut ayah kelompok berpasangan dan mandiri (I² = -7.04, p < 0.001 ; β = -3.74, p = 0.024). Disimpulkan bahwa ibu kelompok mandiri lebih besar nilai perbaikan variabelnya dibanding kelompok berpasangan, sebaliknya pada kelompok ayah. Merekomendasikan intervensi keperawatan MIESRA berbasis mobile health dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan kesehatan psikologis, keharmonisan suami istri serta jalinan kasih orang tua dan janin di tatanan layanan kesehatan

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The psychological health of a mother has a positive impact on the emotional bond of the pregnant mother and her baby in achieving the transitional role of being a mother. Psychological health problems of the mother and the lack of husband's support are the main factors that interfere with the interaction of the mother and baby. This study aimed to create nursing interventions to increase the emotional bond of parents and babies based on mobile health that could affect psychological health, the harmonious relationship of husbands and wives and the love relationship between parents and babies. The research consisted of three stages. The first phase of the research design was descriptive qualitative with 14 participants consisting of pregnant women and their partners. The second stage was to develop an intervention to build an emotional bond with the babies using mobile health application based on stage one analysis and expert consultation. The third stage used a quasi-experimental pre and post-test design with a control group. Eighty two pairs participated as respondents, consisting of the paired group (26 pairs), the independent group (27 pairs) and the control group (29 pairs). The paired group received intervention with their partner, the independent group received intervention alone without a partner, and the control group performed daily activities as usual. The results of the qualitative research found 3 themes, namely 1) Limited knowledge and information in establishing an emotional bond with the babies, 2) Obtaining internal and external support in establishing an emotional bond with the babies and 3) Establishing an emotional bond with the babies requires various needs. Interventions for establishing emotional bonds between parents and babies using mobile health application have an effect on better psychological health of mothers and fathers, harmonious relationship between husband and wife according to mothers and fathers, and the relationship between parents and babies compared to the control group. The value of psychological health improvement for paired and independent mothers (I² = -2.68, p < 0.001 ; = -3.03, p < 0.001), harmonious marital relationship according to paired and independent group mothers (I² = -7.46, p = 0.002 ; = -9.11, p = 0.001) and the relationship between parents and babies in paired and independent groups (I² = 6.77, p = 0.013 ; = 9.73, p < 0.001). The psychological health improvement value of fathers in the paired and independent group (I² = -5.80, p < 0.001 ; = -3.95, p < 0.001) and the harmonious marital relationships according to the fathers of the paired and independent group (I² = -7.04, p < 0.001 ; = -3.74, p = 0.024). It was concluded that the independent group mothers had a higher improvement value for the variable than the paired group, on the contrary in the father group. It is recommended that mobile health-based MIESRA nursing interventions can be used to improve psychological health, marital harmonious relationship and the love of parents and babies in health care settings."

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Bayi prematur memiliki masalah imaturitas dalam mengatur suhu tubuhnya sehingga membutuhkan energi untuk menjaga suhu tubuhnya tetap stabil. Kondisi ini menyebabkan kalori yang diperoleh bayi tidak terfokus pada pertumbuhannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Perawatan Metode Kanguru (PMK) durasi enam jam terhadap kenaikan berat badan bayi prematur dan ikatan emosional ibu dan bayi. Desain penelitian ini adalah pilot study randomized control trial dengan pendekatan crossover yang melibatkan 10 bayi prematur dan ibu. Randomisasi dilakukan dengan computer generated block randomization. Penelitian dilakukan sejak April sampai Juni 2024 di Rumah Sakit Universitas Indonesia dan Alia Hospital. Responden menerima intervensi PMK selama enam jam (kelompok intervensi) dan intervensi PMK selama satu jam (kelompok kontrol). Analisis hasil menggunakan uji Wilcoxon didapatkan rerata pertambahan berat badan bayi (gr/kg/hari) pada kelompok intervensi (H1 16,4, H2 13,3, p>0.05) dan pada kelompok kontrol (H1 9,1, H2 6,6, p>0.05), dengan pertambahan berat badan lebih banyak pada kelompok intervensi namun tidak signifikan. Sedangkan untuk rerata nilai ikatan emosional ibu dan bayi yang diukur sebelum dan sesudah PMK menggunakan Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ), analisis hasil menggunakan uji t berpasangan didapat penurunan nilai pada kelompok intervensi (14,4-9,2, p>0.05) dan pada kelompok kontrol (11,3-11,4, p>0.05). Penurunan nilai PBQ lebih banyak pada kelompok intervensi yang artinya ikatan emosional ibu dan bayi makin erat namun tidak signifikan. Intervensi PMK selama enam jam tidak memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap peningkatan berat badan bayi prematur dan penguatan ikatan emosional antara ibu dan bayi.

Kata Kunci: crossover, kenaikan berat badan per hari, perawatan metode kanguru, uji pilot.

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Premature infants have immaturity problems in regulating body temperature, requiring energy to keep their body temperature stable. This condition causes the calories obtained by the baby not to focus on growth. This study aims to determine the effect of six-hour Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) on weight gain in premature infants and mother-infant bonding. The design of this study is a pilot study randomized control trial with a crossover design involving 10 premature infants. The respondents received a six-hour KMC intervention (intervention group) and a one-hour KCM intervention (control group). The results of the study identified the average weight gain of infants in the intervention group (16.4, 13.3, p>0.05) and in the control group (9.1, 6.6, p>0.05), with more weight gain in the intervention group but not significantly. Meanwhile, for the average mother-infant bonding scores measured before and after KMC, in the intervention group (14.4, 9.2, p>0.05) and in the control group (11.3, 11.4, p>0.05). The six-hour PMK intervention does not have a significant effect on increasing weight gain in premature babies and on strengthening the emotional bond between mother and baby.

Keywords: crossover, kangaroo care method, kangaroo mother care, mother-infant bonding, premature infants"

"Latar belakang: Keterampilan minum oral merupakan proses yang kompleks dalam perawatan bayi prematur di ruang perawatan intensif neonatus. Peningkatan keterampilan minum oral melibatkan peran serta ibu melalui pembentukan dyadic interaction untuk mengoptimalkan nutrisi bayi prematur Tujuan: Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh Model Intervensi Keperawatan Berfokus Nutrisi terhadap keterampilan minum oral, grafik pertumbuhan bayi prematur, dyadic interaction, dan pengetahuan ibu. Metode: Penelitian mixed methods dengan pendekatan sekuensial eksploratori. Tahap I merupakan studi deskriptif kualitatif eksploratif pada 12 perawat neonatus. Tahap II adalah penyusunan model melalui analisis dan sintesis hasil penelitian tahap I dengan melibatkan tiga pakar. Tahap III adalah validasi model melalui penelitian kuasi eksperimen. Hasil: Teridentifikasi tujuh tema pada penelitian tahap I, yang selanjutnya dijadikan dasar menyusun tiga konsep model pada penelitian tahap II. Tiga konsep model tersebut meliputi: (1) Menciptakan lingkungan terapeutik untuk stimulasi keterampilan minum oral; (2) Membentuk interaksi ibu dengan bayi prematur untuk mengoptimalkan pemberian nutrisi; dan (3) Melibatkan peran serta ibu dan keluarga dalam persiapan perawatan bayi prematur dengan ketidakmampuan minum oral di rumah. Perangkat model yang dihasilkan adalah modul, buku kerja, dan selebaran. Analisis GLM Repeated Measure menunjukkan perbedaan keterampilan minum oral (p value < 0,001), berat badan (p value 0,64), panjang badan (p value 0,72), lingkar kepala (p value 0,28), dyadic interaction (p value < 0,001), pengetahuan ibu (p value < 0,001). Simpulan: Model Intervensi Keperawatan Berfokus Nutrisi efektif meningkatkan keterampilan minum oral, dyadic interaction, pengetahuan ibu, namun belum bermakna terhadap grafik pertumbuhan. Saran: Model Intervensi Keperawatan Berfokus Nutrisi dapat diimplementasikan di ruang perawatan intensif neonatus.

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Background: Oral feeding skills are a complex process in the care of premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Improving oral feeding skills involves maternal participation through the formation of dyadic interaction to optimize optimize premature infant nutrition. Objective: The study aimed to analyse the impact of the Nutrition-Focused Nursing Intervention Model on oral feeding skills, growth charts of premature infants, dyadic interaction, and maternal knowledge. Method: This mixed-methods study used a sequential exploratory approach. Stage I was an exploratory descriptive qualitative study involving 12 neonatal nurses. Stage II involved developing a model through analysis and synthesis of the results from Stage I, with input from three experts. Stage III was a model validation through quasi-experimental research. Result: Seven themes were identified in Stage I, which became the basis for developing three model concepts in Stage II. The three model concepts included: (1) Creating a therapeutic environment for stimulating oral feeding skills; (2) Forming interactions between mothers and premature infants to optimize the nutrition; and (3) Involving mothers and families in preparing for the care of premature infants with oral feeding disabilities at home. The resulting model tools included a module, workbook, and leaflet. GLM Repeated Measures analysis showed differences in oral feeding skills (p-value < 0.001), body weight (p-value 0.64), body length (p-value 0.72), head circumference (p-value 0.28), dyadic interaction (p-value < 0.001), and maternal knowledge (p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: The Nutrition-Focused Nursing Intervention Model effectively improved oral feeding skills, dyadic interaction, and maternal knowledge, but did not significantly affect growth charts. Suggestion: The Nutrition-Focused Nursing Intervention Model can be implemented in neonatal intensive care units."

"Data UNICEF menunjukan bahwa prevalensi Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah (BBLR) di Indonesia belum mengalami penurunan yang signifikan selama satu setengah dekade [2000 (11,2%) – 2015 (10%)]. Indonesia berada diurutan ke sembilan di dunia dengan kejadian BBLR terbanyak. Kemudian, bayi yang lahir dengan berat <2500 gram (BBLR) berisiko lebih tinggi mengalami kematian usia dini, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang terhambat, IQ rendah, dan penyakit tidak menular. Salah satu penyebab BBLR adalah anemia yang mana diketahui kekurangan zat besi menjadi salah satu faktor resikonya. Kekurangan zat besi pada ibu hamil dapat dicegah dengan mengonsumsi tablet tambah darah (TTD) selama kehamilan sesuai anjuran (≥90 tablet). Namun, ibu hamil di Indonesia yang mengonsumsi TTD sesuai anjuran masih tergolong rendah (38%). Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan konsumsi TTD pada ibu selama kehamilan terhadap BBLR. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah cross-sectional dengan menganalisis data Riset Kesehatan Dasar tahun 2018. Analisis chi square untuk mengetahui hubungan antara exposure (konsumsi TTD) dan outcome (BBLR) serta variabel lain yang diikutkan dalam penelitian ini. Konsumsi TTD sebagai determinan, dan variabel independen lainnya adalah komplikasi kehamilan, usia gestasi, paritas, riwayat hipertensi, keinginan memiliki anak, usia kehamilan saat K1, frekuensi ANC, umur ibu saat kehamilan, tingkat pendidikan, status pekerjaan, wilayah tempat tinggal, dan kebiasaan merokok. Ada hubungan signifikan antara konsumsi TTD ibu selama kehamilan dengan kejadian BBLR. Ibu yang tidak mengonsumi TTD minimal ≥90 tablet berisiko 1,12 kali lebih besar untuk melahirkan BBLR (95% CI: 1,02-1,2). Faktor lain yang berhubungan secara signifikan dengan BBLR adalah komplikasi kehamilan, usia gestasi, paritas, riwayat hipertensi, keinginan memiliki anak, frekuensi antenatal care, umur ibu, tingkat pendidikan ibu, status pekerjaan, wilayah tempat tinggal, dan kebiasaan merokok. Diharapkan selama kehamilan ibu rutin mengonsumsi TTD 1 tablet setiap hari minimal 90 tablet, dan rutin melakukan pemeriksaaan kehamilan untuk memantau pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bayi sehingga mencegah kejadian BBLR.

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UNICEF data shows that the prevalence of Low Birth Weight (LBW) in Indonesia has not decreased significantly for a decade and a half [2000 (11.2%) – 2015 (10%)]. Indonesia is ranked ninth in the world with the highest incidence of LBW. Then, babies born weighing <2500 grams (LBW) are at higher risk of premature death, stunted growth and development, low IQ, and non-communicable diseases. One of the causes of LBW is anemia where iron deficiency is known to be a risk factor. Iron deficiency in pregnant women can be avoided by taking blood-added tablets (TTD) as long as recommended (≥90 tablets). However, pregnant women in Indonesia who consume iron tablets as recommended are still low (38%). Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between maternal consumption of iron tablets during pregnancy and low birth weight. The study design used was cross-sectional by analyzing the 2018 Basic Health Research data. Chi-square analysis was used to determine the relationship between exposure (TTD consumption) and outcome (LBW) as well as other variables included in this study. TTD consumption as a determinant and other independent variables are pregnancy complications, gestational age, parity, history of hypertension, desire to have children, gestational age at K1, frequency of ANC, maternal age at pregnancy, education level, employment status, area of residence, and smoking habits. There is a significant relationship between maternal TTD consumption during pregnancy and the incidence of LBW. Mothers who did not take TTD at least 90 tablets had a 1.12 times greater risk of giving birth to LBW (95% CI: 1.02-1.2). Other factors that were significantly associated with LBW were pregnancy complications, gestational age, parity, history of hypertension, desire to have children, frequency of antenatal care, maternal age, maternal education level, employment status, area of residence, and smoking habits. It is expected that during pregnancy the mother routinely consumes 1 tablet of TTD every day at least 90 tablets, and routinely conducts pregnancy checks to unite the growth and development of the baby to prevent the incidence of LBW."

"Air Susu Ibu (ASI) merupakan sumber energi utama yang mencukupi untuk bayi sampai usia 6 bulan. Berbagai kendala dapat timbul dalam upaya memberikan ASI eksklusif, salah satunya adalah ibu merasa ASI tidak cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bayi sehingga pertumbuhan bayi tidak optimal. Setiap ibu harus mengetahui pola menyusui bayi ASI secara optimal untuk mendukung keputusan menyusui dan menghindari pemberian asupan yang tidak sesuai. Energi ASI sebanyak 50% berasal dari lemak. Lemak merupakan komponen ASI yang sangat bervariasi dan dapat berubah tergantung asupan ibu, irama sirkardian, tingkat laktasi, antar payudara, paritas, umur, dan antar individu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui korelasi antara kadar lemak dalam ASI dan pola menyusui dengan pertumbuhan bayi ASI eksklusif usia satu bulan. Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di RSIA Budi Kemuliaan pada bulan September– November 2014. Sampling dilakukan secara consecutive. Kriteria inklusi adalah bayi aterm, berat lahir 2500 -4000 g, sehat. Lemak ASI diperiksa dengan pemeriksaan creamatocrit. Terdapat 50 ibu dan bayi yang masuk dalam penelitian. Bayi usia satu bulan memiliki pertumbuhan yang baik dengan indikator pertumbuhan untuk Z-scores BB/PB, BB/U PB/U dan LK/U sebagian besar berada pada kategori ≥-2 SD s/d ≤2 SD. Pola menyusui subjek tergolong baik dengan frekuensi menyusui 12 kali per hari (84%) dan durasi menyusui <20 menit (58%). Pada pemeriksaan creamatocit didapatkan rerata kadar lemak dalam ASI termasuk kategori tinggi (6,6±1,9 gram/dl). Korelasi lemak ASI dengan BB/U, PB/U, BB/TB adalah berkisar antara 0,03–0,013. BB/U, PB/U, BB/PB, LK/U mempunyai korelasi <0,2 dengan frekuensi dan durasi menyusui. Pertambahan BB, PB, LK per hari mempunyai korelasi <0,25 dengan frekuensi menyusui dan durasi menyusui. Penelitian ini menunjukkan tidak terdapat korelasi antara kadar lemak dalam ASI dan pola menyusui dengan pertumbuhan bayi usia satu bulan.

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Breast milk is the main source of energy that is sufficient for infant up to 6 months old. Various breastfeeding problems can come in providing exclusive breastfeeding, one of the problem is mother perceived of her ability to meet the infant’s needs for optimal growth. Every mother should know about the pattern of optimal breastfeeding infant to support breastfeeding decisions and avoid improper feeding. Lipid is providing 50% of total breastmilk energy. Lipid is a component of breast milk that highly variable, depending on maternal intake, circadian rhythm, level of lactation, between breasts, parity, age, and between individuals.

The purpose of this study is to correlate between the levels of lipid in breastmilk and breastfeeding pattern with growth of one month old infants. The study used a cross-sectional study design at RSIA Budi Kemuliaan from September to November 2014. Sampling was taken with consecutive. Inclusion criteria were full-term infant, birth weight 2500–4000 g, healthy. Breast milk lipid was estimated with creamatocrit procedure. There were 50 mothers and infants who entered the study.

This study showed that subjects one month old infants have normal growth. The majority result of growth indicators for WHZ, WAZ, HAZ and HCAZ are between ≥-2 SD until ≤2 SD. Breastfeeding patterns have good result with frequency 12 times per day (84%) and duration <20 minutes (58%). Creamatocit examination showed average levels of lipid in the breastmilk is high (6.6±1.9 g/dl). Correlation of breastmilk lipid with WHZ, WAZ, HAZ is ranged from 0.03–0.013. WHZ, WAZ, HAZ and HCAZ has a correlation <0.2 with the frequency and duration of breastfeeding. Weight, height and head circumference increment per day correlated <0.25 with breastfeeding frequency and duration of breastfeeding.This study conclude that there was no correlation between breastmilk lipid and breastfeeding patterns with growth of one month old infants."

" Aim: A current study aimed to describe recent discharge planning activities of low birth weight (LBW) infants in one referral hospital in Jakarta.Method: A qualitative approach was used, using data triangulation: focus group discussions with five nurses and eight parents of hospitalised infants; direct observation; and documentation analysis.Findings: Findings from nurses data highlighted four critical variables in discharge planning activities: limited human resources;mothers' concerns; infants rehospitalisation; and inconsistent health education. Parents identified three issues: lack of structured educational programmes; difficulties In getting information; and topics needed by parents. Direct observation and document analysis demonstrated that discharge planning activities were mostly conducted on the discharge day. .sl Conclusion: Discharge planning at this hospital was presently inadequate from the nurses and parents of hospitalised LBW infants perspectives. This phenomenon could be a general description of other Indonesian hospitals since the setting was a referral hospital. Changes are really needed to improve the situation.Implications for clinical practice: Inadequate discharge planning programmes may influence the health status of LBW infants discharged from the hospital who require appropriate care from their parent at home. A structured discharge planning programme urgently needed in the hospital."

"Kebahagiaan atau subjective well-being umumnya dikaitkan dengan emosi positif dan pandangan diri positif dalam kultur individualistik. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan di Amerika Serikat, tingkat kebahagiaan berdampak pada pengorganisasian konsep emosional positif dan negatif hanya dalam tugas penilaian kondisi diri. Namun, efek kebahagiaan tidak ditemukan pada tugas menilai kondisi sahabat. Sejauh mana temuan ini akan ditemukan dalam masyarakat kolektivistik masih menjadi pertanyaan. Untuk itu, penelitian ini menguji perbedaan pengorganisasian konsep emosional terkait diri dan non-diri di antara orang Indonesia dengan tingkat kebahagiaan dan pandangan diri kultural yang berbeda. Dua studi affective priming (N = 134) dalam bentuk sequential judgment task (SJT) dilakukan untuk mengukur waktu reaksi ketika peserta menilai kondisi psikologis mereka sendiri (Studi 1) atau kondisi psikologis sahabat (Studi 2) selama dua tahun terakhir. Studi 1 menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kebahagiaan dan pandangan diri kultural secara signifikan mempengaruhi organisasi konsep emosional. Namun, kedua aspek diri ini tidak secara bersamaan memengaruhi pengorganisasian konsep emosional. Studi 2 menunjukkan bahwa baik tingkat kebahagiaan atau pandangan diri kultural tidak memengaruhi pengorganisasian konsep emosional tentang sahabat. Temuan ini menunjukkan universalitas diri-individual (the individual-self), yang unik dan dibentuk oleh self-knowledge, terlepas dari pandangan diri kultural individu. Implikasi teoretis dari temuan penelitian ini akan dibahas dengan menyoroti peran organisasi konsep emosional sebagai strategi adaptif dan perbedaan makna kebahagiaan dan pengalaman emosional negatif dalam masyarakat individualistik dan kolektivistik.

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Happiness or subjective well-being is generally associated with positive emotions and a positive self-view in individualistic cultures. A previous study conducted in the United States showed that the effects of happiness on the organization of positive and negative emotional concepts were found only when participants assessed their own conditions. However, the effect of happiness was not found when participants assessed the condition of friends. To what extent these findings would be found in collectivistic societies remains a question. Thus, this thesis examined differences in organization of the representations of self-related and non-self-related emotional concepts among Indonesians with different levels of happiness and cultural self-views.

Two affective priming studies (N = 134) in the form of sequential judgment task (SJT) were conducted to measure reaction times when participants assessed their own psychological condition (Study 1) or the psychological condition of best friends (Study 2) over the past two years.

Study 1 showed that happiness levels and cultural self-views significantly affect the organization of emotional concepts. However, these two aspects of self did not simultaneously affect the organization of emotional concepts.

Study 2 showed that neither happiness level or cultural self-views influence the organization of emotional concepts regarding best friends.

The findings suggest the universality of the individual-self, which is unique and shaped by self-knowledge, regardless of the individual's cultural self-view. The theoretical implications of the findings of this study will be discussed by highlighting the role of emotional concept organization as an adaptive strategy and the differences of the meanings of happiness and negative experiences in individualistic and collectivistic societies."