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"Recent trends suggest that international economic law may be witnessing a renaissance of convergence – both parallel and intersectional. The adjudicative process also reveals signs of convergence. These diverse claims of convergence are of legal, empirical and normative interest. Yet, convergence discourse also warrants scepticism. This volume contributes to both the general debate on the fragmentation of international law and the narrower discourse concerning the interplay between international trade and investment, focusing on dispute settlement. It moves beyond broad observations or singular case studies to provide an informed and wide-reaching assessment by investigating multiple standards, processes, mechanisms and behaviours. Methodologically, a normative stance is largely eschewed in favour of a range of 'doctrinal,' quantitative and qualitative methods that are used to address the research questions. Furthermore, in determining the extent of convergence or divergence, it is important to recognize that there is no bright line or clear yardstick for determining its nature or degree."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis tentang bagaimana cara dalam melakukan optimalisasi hukum perdagangan internasional bagi produk kedelai Indonesia. Penelitian ini disusun dengan menggunakan metode penelitian Sociolegal Research. Optimalisasi hukum perdagangan internasional bagi produk kedelai Indonesia dapat dilakukan dengan cara: Pertama, mencapai optimalisasi dalam penggunaan aturan safeguard yang diberlakukan oleh WTO bagi produk kedelai Indonesia; Kedua, mencapai optimalisasi harga ideal produk kedelai di Indonesia. Sehingga Indonesia dapat menciptakan persaingan dagangan yang sehat dan adil bagi seluruh produsen yang mendagangkan produk kedelainya di Indonesia.

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This research analyzes how to optimize international trade law for Indonesian soy products. This research was prepared using the Sociolegal Research method. Optimization of international trade law for Indonesian soybean products can be done by: First, achieving optimization in the use of safeguards rules imposed by the WTO for Indonesian soybean products; Second, achieving optimization of the ideal price of soybean products in Indonesia. So that Indonesia can create healthy and fair-trade competition for all producers who trade their soy products in Indonesia."

"This book addresses a growing problem in international law: overlapping claims before national and international jurisdictions. Its contribution is, first, to revisit two pillars of investment arbitration, i.e., shareholders' standing to claim for harm to the company's assets and the contract/treaty claims distinction. These two ideas advance interrelated (and questionable) notions of independence: firstly, independence of shareholder treaty rights in respect of the local company's national law rights and, secondly, independence of treaty claims in respect of national law claims. By uncritically endorsing shareholder standing in indirect claims and the distinctiveness of treaty claims, investment tribunals have overlooked substantive overlaps between contract and treaty claims. The book also proposes specific admissibility criteria. As opposed to strictly jurisdictional approaches to claim overlap, the admissibility approach allows consideration of a broader range of legal reasons, such as risks of multiple recovery and prejudice to third parties."

"The World Trade Organization (WTO) recently celebrated twenty years of existence. The general wisdom is that its dispute settlement institutions work well and its negotiation machinery goes through a phase of prolonged crises. Assessing the World Trade Organization overcomes this myopic view and takes stock of the WTO's achievements whilst going beyond existing disciplinary narratives. With chapters written by scholars who have closely observed the development of the WTO in recent years, this book presents the state of the art in thinking about WTO performance. It also considers important issues such as the origins of the multilateral system, the accession process and the WTO's interaction with other international organisations. The contributions shed new light on untold stories, critically review and present existing scholarship, and sketch new research avenues for a future generation of trade scholars. This book will appeal to a wide audience that aims to better understand the drivers and obstacles of WTO performance."

"Praktik dumping dalam perdagangan internasional merupakan bentuk perdagangan yang tidak adil (unfair trade) dan akan merugikan banyak pihak di luar kedua pihak yang bertransaksi, salah satunya adalah pihak kompetitor dari negara lain. Praktik dumping juga dapat merusak pasar dan kestabilan harga yang seharusnya menjadi acuan perdagangan internasional, di mana harga tersebut akan dijadikan sebagai patokan awal dalam menjaga kestabilan pasar dan perdagangan secara luas. Adapun alasan mengapa praktik dumping dilarang, yaitu karena tindakan menjual barang dengan harga lebih rendah atau di bawah ongkos produksi pasar luar negeri dibandingkan dengan harga yang ditetapkan pasar dalam negeri sendiri sehingga dampak yang akan terjadi dalam perdagangan internasional di mana negara yang menjadi tujuan ekspor rentan terhadap kerugian dalam jumlah yang besar. Produk lokal sejenis tidak akan mampu bersaing harga dengan produk impor hasil dumping yang tentu saja dihargai lebih murah. Dalam menangani permasalahan anti-dumping dibuatlah ketentuan Pasal VI GATT 1994 yang mengatur secara jelas bagi produk yang dikategorikan sebagai produk dumping. Pasal VI GATT 1994 mengatur dasar bagi pemerintah suatu negara anggota yang dirugikan oleh praktik dumping dengan cara mengenakan Bea Masuk Anti-dumping (BMAD). Salah satu sengketa anti-dumping terjadi pada produk lemak alkohol (fatty alcohol) Indonesia (DS442) yang merupakan turunan dari lemak alam diperoleh dari minyak kelapa sawit (crude palm oil). Isu yang dipermasalahkan dalam DS442 ini salah satunya adalah mengenai Single Economic Entity (SEE), di mana penjualan produk lemak alkohol Musim Mas dilakukan oleh Inter-Continental Oils & Fats Pte. Ltd. (ICOFs) yang merupakan Marketing Arm berdomisili di Singapura.

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The practice of dumping in international trade is an unfair form of trade and will effect many parties outside the two parties to the transaction, one of which is the competitor of another country. The practice of dumping can also damage the market and price stability which should be a reference for international trade, where the price will be used as a preliminary benchmark in maintaining market stability and broad trade. The reason why dumping practices are prohibited, because the action of selling goods at lower prices or below the cost of producing foreign markets compared to prices set by the domestic market itself so that the impact will occur in international trade where countries that are export destinations are vulnerable to loss in large numbers. Similar local products will not be able to compete with imported products from dumping products which are of course cheaper. In dealing with these problems, the provisions of Article VI GATT 1994 are made which clearly regulate products categorized as dumping products. Article VI GATT 1994 regulates the basis for the government of a member country which is disadvantaged by the practice of dumping by Imposing Anti-dumping Import Duty. One of the anti-dumping disputes occurred in Indonesian fatty alcohol (DS442) fat products, which are derived from natural fats obtained from crude palm oil. One of the issues at issue in DS442 is the Single Economic Entity (SEE), in which the sale of Musim Mas alcohol fat products is carried out by Inter-Continental Oils & Fats Pte. Ltd. (ICOFs) which is a Marketing Arm domiciled in Singapore."

"Sebagai negara berkembang, Indonesia sangat membutuhkan bantuan investor asing untuk dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyatnya. Ketentuan perdagangan diatur oleh World Trade Organization (WTO) dengan tujuan mengurangi segala hambatan atau barrier dalam perdagangan dunia. Seiring dengan masuknya berbagai produk dan investasi asing, pada umumnya negara berkembang juga akan memberlakukan ketentuan local content requirements yang di Indonesia dikenal dengan sebutan Tingkat Komponen Dalam Negeri (TKDN). Dalam bidang pembangunan infrastruktur ketenagalistrikan, khususnya Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS), Pemerintah Indonesia mengatur tentang kadar minimal TKDN dalam pembangunan pembangkit listrik. Ketentuan TKDN tersebut secara normatif bertentangan dengan prinsip WTO yaitu National Treatment karena terdapat diskriminasi terhadap produk impor. Dalam tesis ini, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, dimana penelitian dilakukan dengan mengkaji regulasi TKDN Indonesia terkait pembangunan pembangkit listrik tenaga surya terhadap perjanjian WTO serta penerapan regulasi di beberapa negara untuk dilakukan analisis secara lebih mendalam. Penulis ingin mengkaji apakah ketentuan TKDN yang dibuat oleh Pemerintah Indonesia selaras dengan kebijakan WTO. Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa kebijakan TKDN Indonesia dapat melanggar ketentuan WTO karena tidak dimiliki dan dioperasikan secara langsung oleh negara.

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As a developing country, Indonesia really needs the help of foreign investors to be able to improve the welfare of its people. Trade provisions are regulated by the World Trade Organization (WTO) with the aim of reducing all barriers or barriers in world trade. Along with the entry of various foreign products and investments, in general, developing countries will also apply local content requirements, which in Indonesia are known as Tingkat Komponen Dalam Negeri (TKDN). In the field of electricity infrastructure development, especially Solar Power Plants (PLTS), the Government of Indonesia regulates the minimum level of TKDN in the construction of power plants. The provisions on TKDN normatively conflict with the WTO principle, namely National Treatment, because there is discrimination against imported products. In this thesis, the author uses a normative juridical research method, in which research is conducted by examining Indonesian TKDN regulations related to the construction of solar power plants against WTO agreements and the application of regulations in several countries for a more in- depth analysis. The author wants to examine whether the TKDN provisions made by the Government of Indonesia are in line with WTO policies. The author concludes that Indonesia's TKDN policy may violate WTO provisions because it is not owned and operated directly by the state."

"ABSTRAKBerdasarkan permasalahan yang terjadi Pemerintah melalui Menteri Keuangantelah menetapkan pengenaan Bea Masuk Anti Dumping (BMAD) atas impor produkPolyester Staple Fiber sesuai Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 196/PMK.011/2010tentang Pengenaan Bea Masuk Anti Dumping Terhadap Impor Polyester Staple Fiber dariNegara India, Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, dan Taiwan dan berlaku sampai dengan tanggal22 November 2015. Kemudian dengan diberlakukan perpanjangan BMAD, banyak paraindustri khususnya industri hilir menyatakan penolakan karena akan merugikan industribenang atau spinners dan hilir tekstil dalam negeri.Penelitian tesis penulis merupakan penelitian normative yang bersifat kualitatifdengan menggunakan teori Keadilan (justice), penulis melakukan pembahasan terhadappokok-pokok permasalahan guna menghasilkan suatu kesimpulan dan saran-saran atas hasilpenelitian.

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ABSTRACTBased on the problems that occurred the Government through the Ministry ofFinance has set the imposition of Anti Dumping Import Duty (BMAD) on imports ofPolyester Staple Fiber according Minister of Finance Regulation No. 196 / PMK.011 / 2010concerning Imposition of Anti-Dumping Duty on the Import of Polyester Staple Fiber fromIndia , Republic of China, and Taiwan and valid until November 22, 2015. Then with theimposition of the extension of BMAD, many industries, especially downstream industriesdeclared rejection because it would harm the industry of yarn or spinners and downstreamof domestic textiles.The author's thesis research is a qualitative normative research using the theory ofJustice, the authors do the study of the main issues to obtain a conclusion and suggestionson the results of research."

"Dumping merupakan praktik perdagangan tidak sehat yang dilakukan dalam konteksperdagangan lintas batas Negara atau perdagangan internasional yang melibatkanpara pelaku usaha antar Negara. Praktik dumping biasanya dilakukan dalam rangkamenguasai pasar suatu Negara dengan cara menjual produk dengan nilai dibawahkewajaran sehingga merugikan industry dalam negeri suatu Negara hingga akhirnyatidak dapat berkembang. Antidumping merupakan suatu hukum yang bertujuanmencegah terjadinya praktik dumping dengan memberlakukan berbagai cara yangbiasanya dikenal sebagai hambatan guna menciptakan persaingan harga yangseimbang. Penyelesaian sengketa dumping merupakan instrumen antidumpingnasional dan internasional yang diajukan oleh pelaku usaha maupun oleh pemerintahsuatu Negara kepada Organisasi Perdagangan Internasional (WTO) denganmembawa kepentingan industry nasionalnya.Penelitian tesis penulis merupakan penelitian normative yang bersifat kualitatifdengan menggunakan teori Critical Legal Studies penulis melakukan pembahasanterhadap pokok-pokok permasalahan guna menghasilkan suatu kesimpulan dansaran-saran atas hasil penelitian

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ABSTRACTDumping is an unfair trade practice which is done in the context of cross-bordertrade or international trade involving inter-State businesses. Dumping practices areusually done in order to dominate the market of a State by selling products with anundervalue prices beyond the fairness to the detriment of the domestic industry of acountry until it cannot evolve. Anti-dumping is a law that aims to prevent thepractice of dumping by imposing a variety of ways which is usually known as thebarriers to entry to create a fair price competition. Dumping dispute resolution is anational and international anti-dumping instrument filed by businesses and by thegovernment of a State to an International Trade Organization (WTO) to bring theinterests of national industry.This thesis is normative qualitative research using the theory of Critical LegalStudies the writers study the thesis problems in order to produce a conclusion andsuggestions on the research results."

"The stalling of the Doha Development Round trade negotiations has resulted in bilateral and regional free trade agreements (BRTAs) becoming an important alternative. These agreements have proliferated in recent years, and now all of the major trading countries are engaging in serious bilateral trade negotiations with multiple trading partners. This second edition provides updated and comprehensive analysis of the contents and trends of recent BRTAs. It is unique in that it situates these agreements in their economic, international law and international relations contexts. It also comprehensively reviews the recent agreements in relation to each substantive topic covered (e.g. intellectual property, investment, services and social policy) so as to provide an overview of the law being created in these areas."

"Dalam upaya menjaga lingkungan, Uni Eropa memberlakukan peraturan Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001 (RED II). Gagasan perubahan penggunaan lahan tidak langsung (ILUC), yang membatasi perdagangan minyak sawit mentah (CPO) sementara barang domestik setara lainnya bebas dari pengurangan tersebut, akan menjadi area utama di mana penulis menilai bagaimana RED II diskriminatif terhadap perdagangan Indonesia. dari CPO. Indonesia meminta WTO untuk menyelidiki apakah RED II sesuai dengan komitmen internasional yang digariskan dalam WTO setelah kebijakan ini diumumkan. Penulis akan mengkaji non-diskriminasi berdasarkan hukum WTO, terutama berdasarkan persyaratan Pasal 2.1, 2.2 Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) serta Pasal I:1 dan III:4 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994 bersama dengan kasus hukum WTO terkait. Dengan menggunakan data sekunder dan sumber pustaka, dalam penelitian ini digunakan teknik yuridis-normatif. Kesimpulan dari analisis ini menunjukkan bahwa RED II melanggar kewajiban non-diskriminasi berdasarkan GATT dan TBT karena memperlakukan item yang sebanding secara berbeda, yang menghasilkan perlakuan yang kurang menguntungkan dan kemungkinan persaingan yang tidak merata untuk CPO.

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In an effort to safeguard the environment, the European Union enacted the Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001 (RED II) regulation. The idea of indirect land use change (ILUC), which restricts trade toward crude palm oil (CPO) while other domestically equivalent goods are free from such reduction, will be the main area in which the authors assess how RED II is discriminatory toward Indonesian trade of CPO. Indonesia asked the WTO to investigate whether RED II complies with the international commitments outlined in the WTO after this policy was announced. The author will examine non-discrimination under WTO law, especially based on the requirements of Articles 2.1, 2.2, of the Technical Barriers to Trade as well as Articles I: 1 and III:4 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994, along with pertinent WTO case law. Using secondary data and library resources, the juridical-normative technique is being used for this research. The conclusion of this analysis demonstrates that RED II does break the non-discrimination duties based on GATT and TBT since it treats comparable items differently, which results in less favorable treatment and uneven possibilities for competition for CPO."