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"This book focuses on fractional calculus, presenting novel advances in both the theory and applications of non-integer order systems. At the end of the twentieth century it was predicted that it would be the calculus of the twenty-first century, and that prophecy is confirmed year after year. Now this mathematical tool is successfully used in a variety of research areas, like engineering (e.g. electrical, mechanical, chemical), dynamical systems modeling, analysis and synthesis (e.g technical, biological, economical) as well as in multidisciplinary areas (e.g. biochemistry, electrochemistry).As well as the mathematical foundations the book concentrates on the technical applications of continuous-time and discrete-time fractional calculus, investigating the identification, analysis and control of electrical circuits and dynamical systems. It also presents the latest results.Although some scientific centers and scientists are skeptical and actively criticize the applicability of fractional calculus, it is worth breaking through the scientific and technological walls. Because the “fractional community” is growing rapidly there is a pressing need for the exchange of scientific results. The book includes papers presented at the 9th International Conference on Non-integer Order Calculus and Its Applications and is divided into three parts:Mathematical foundationsFractional systems analysis and synthesisSystem modelingSeven papers discuss the mathematical foundations, twelve papers address fractional order analysis and synthesis and three focus on dynamical system modeling by the fractional order differential and difference equations. It is a useful resource for fractional calculus scientific community."

"​The Variable-Order Fractional Calculus of Variations is devoted to the study of fractional operators with variable order and, in particular, variational problems involving variable-order operators. This brief presents a new numerical tool for the solution of differential equations involving Caputo derivatives of fractional variable order. Three Caputo-type fractional operators are considered, and for each one, an approximation formula is obtained in terms of standard (integer-order) derivatives only. Estimations for the error of the approximations are also provided. The contributors consider variational problems that may be subject to one or more constraints, where the functional depends on a combined Caputo derivative of variable fractional order. In particular, they establish necessary optimality conditions of Euler–Lagrange type. As the terminal point in the cost integral is free, as is the terminal state, transversality conditions are also obtained.The Variable-Order Fractional Calculus of Variations is a valuable source of information for researchers in mathematics, physics, engineering, control and optimization; it provides both analytical and numerical methods to deal with variational problems. It is also of interest to academics and postgraduates in these fields, as it solves multiple variational problems subject to one or more constraints in a single brief."