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"Tuberkulosis paru adalah penyakit menular penyebab utama dari gangguan kesehatan yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis dan dapat disebarkan dari satu orang ke orang lain terutama melalui transmisi udara. Mycobacterium tuberculosis dapat tetap melayang di udara selama beberapa jam bergantung pada kondisi lingkungan. Berbagai faktor dapat mempengaruhi tingginya kasus tuberkulosis paru salah satunya adalah faktor lingkungan. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi ekologi yang bertujuan untuk mencari korelasi spasial antara ketinggian wilayah, kepadatan penduduk, dan cakupan rumah sehat dengan proporsi TB paru basil tahan asam (BTA) positif di Kota Semarang, Kota Ungaran dan Kota Magelang 2016-2018. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kota Semarang, Kota Ungaran dan Kota Magelang dengan menggunakan data sekunder dari Dinas Kesehatan, Badan Pusat Statistik dan Badan Informasi Geospasial dari tahun 2016-2018. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Mei-Juni 2021. Selanjutnya untuk analsis statistik data dilakukan uji korelasi Spearman untuk uji bivariat dan analisis spasial menggunakan teknik overlay. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korelasi antara variabel ketinggian wilayah dengan proporsi kasus TB paru BTA positif di Kota Semarang, Kota Ungaran dan Kota Magelang. Semakin rendah ketinggian wilayah semakin tinggi proporsi TB paru BTA positif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat korelasi kepadatan penduduk dengan proporsi TB paru BTA positif di Kota Semarang. Semakin tinggi kepadatan penduduk maka semakin tinggi proporsi TB paru BTA positif. Disarankan dengan dataran yang lebih rendah dapat lebih fokus dalam melakukan upaya preventif dan promotif TB paru kepada masyarakat melalui kegiatan penyuluhan atau media promosi kesehatan lainnya dan bagi pemerintah perlu berkomitmen serta kerja sama dengan pihak-pihak terkait dalam penanganan masalah kemiskinan dan kepadatan penduduk dalam rangka penanggulangan TB paru.

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Pulmonary tuberculosis is a major infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can be spread from one person to another mainly through air transmission. Mycobacterium tuberculosis can remain floating in the air for several hours depending on environmental conditions. Various factors can affect the high cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, one of which is environmental factors. This study uses an ecological study that aims to find spatial correlation between area height, population density, and healthy home coverage with a positive acid-fast bacillus pulmonary tuberculosis in Semarang, Ungaran and Magelang cities 2016-2018. This study was conducted in Semarang City, Ungaran City and Magelang City using secondary data from the Health Office, Central Statistics Agency and Geospatial Information Agency from 2016-2018. The results of this study showed that there is a correlation between the variable altitude and the positive acid-fast bacillus pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Semarang, Ungaran and Magelang. The lower the altitude the higher the positive acid-fast bacillus pulmonary tuberculosis. The results showed that there is a correlation of population density with the positive acid-fast bacillus pulmonary tuberculosis in Semarang City. The higher the population density, the higher the proportion of sputum smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis. It is recommended that the lower ground can focus more on preventing and promoting pulmonary tuberculosis to the community through counseling activities or other health promotion media and for the government needs to commit and cooperate with relevant parties in handling poverty and population density issues in order to combat pulmonary TB."

"Tuberkulosis paru (TB paru) adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Penyakit ini menular dari satu orang ke orang lain melalui droplet yang ditransmisikan melalui udara. Tingginya angka kasus penyakit TB dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, salah satunya adalah faktor lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor kepadatan penduduk, cakupan rumah sehat, serta iklim (suhu udara, kelembaban udara, dan curah hujan) terhadap angka proporsi kasus TB paru BTA Positif di Kota Surabaya pada tahun 2015-2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari Badan Pusat Statistika dan Dinas Kesehatan Kota Surabaya dengan metode studi ekologi time trend dan analisis spasial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan signifikan antara variabel kepadatan penduduk (p = 0,000; r = 0,308), cakupan rumah sehat (p = 0,000; r = -0,363), serta kelembaban udara pada lag time 1 tahun (p = 0,014; r = 0,949) dengan proporsi TB paru BTA positif. Sementara untuk faktor suhu udara serta curah hujan menunjukkan hubungan yang tidak signfikan dengan proporsi TB paru BTA Positif. Berdasarkan peta analisis spasial, didapatkan pola yang jelas bahwa angka proporsi yang tinggi terdapat pada wilayah kecamatan yang memiliki cakupan rumah sehat yang rendah, namun pada faktor kepadatan penduduk tidak terlihat pola yang jelas. Oleh karena itu, disarankan untuk dilakukan upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit TB paru terutama pada wilayah kecamatan yang memiliki kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi dan juga melalui upaya pengembangan rumah sehat yang optimal.

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Pulmonary tuberculosis or pulmonary TB is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease is transmitted from one person to another through droplets that are transmitted through the air. The high number of TB cases can be caused by various factors, one of which is environmental factors. This study aims to determine the relationship between population density, healthy housing coverage, and climate factors (air temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall) to the proportion smear-positive pulmonary TB cases in Surabaya city in 2015-2019. This study uses secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Surabaya City Health Office with time trend ecological study methods and spatial analysis. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between population density (p = 0.000; r = 0.308), healthy house coverage (p = 0.000; r = -0.363), and humidity at a 1 year lag time (p = 0.014; r = 0.949) with the proportion of smear-positive pulmonary TB. Meanwhile, the air temperature and rainfall factors showed a non-significant relationship with the proportion of smear-positive pulmonary TB. Based on the spatial analysis map, a clear pattern is found that the high proportion is found in sub-districts that have low coverage of healthy homes, but on the population density factor there is no clear pattern. Therefore, it is recommended to prevent and control pulmonary TB disease, especially in sub-districts that have a high population density and also through efforts to develop optimal healthy homes."

"Angka penemuan kasus tuberculosis paru tahun 2012 di Kelurahan Kotabaru masih sangat rendah yaitu 45,2% sehingga resiko penularan masih tinggi. Lingkungan fisik rumah merupakan salah satu faktor resikonya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui gambaran penyebaran penyakit. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan Geographical epidemiologi dengan analisa spasial. Sampelnya adalah total populasi penderita tuberculosis paru BTA positif sebanyak 62 orang. Hasil penelitian menggambarkan penyebaran penderita berdasarkan semua faktor lingkungan fisik rumah di wilayah RW dengan kriteria keparahan dari terberat hingga terendah adalah RW 22, 12, 11, 10, 1, 8, 15, 4, 6, 13, 5, dan 17. RW 22, 12, 11, 10, 1, 8, dan 15 merupakan wilayah perkampungan sementara RW 4, 6, 13, 5 dan 17 adalah wilayah perumahan.

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Case detection rate of pulmonary tuberculosis at 2012 in Kotabaru stil low 45,2%, makes risk ot transmission is high. Physical environment in house is one of the risk factors. The aim of this study is to know description of dispersal patterns of the case. This research method is Geographical epidemiologi with spatial analysis. Sample is all population of case that 62 people. The results of the study illustrated the spread of the patient based on all factors in the physical environment in the neighborhoods area. Neighborhoods criteria from the heaviest to the lowest severity is 22, 12, 11, 10, 1, 8, 15, 4, 6, 13, 5, and 17. The neighborhoods of 22 , 12, 11, 10, 1, 8, and 15 are the area of the township the neighborhoods of 4, 6, 13, 5 and 17 are residential areas. "

"ABSTRAKTuberkulosis adalah penyakit yang menjadi salah satu perhatian global. Berbagai faktor dapat meningkatkan kejadian TB dan mempermudah penularan, salah satunya adalah faktor lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara ketinggian wilayah, kepadatan penduduk, dan rumah sehat dengan proporsi TB paru BTA positif di Kota Pariaman, Bukittinggi, dan Dumai tahun 2010-2016. Penelitian ini merupakan studi ekologi. Data kasus TB Paru BTA positif yang tercatat di Dinas Kesehatan Kota Pariaman, Bukittinggi, dan Dumai diolah secara agregat pada setiap kecamatan di wilayah Kota Pariaman, Bukittinggi, dan Dumai tahun 2010 sampai 2016. Sumber data pada penelitian ini adalah data sekunder yang diperoleh dari Dinas Kesehatan Kota; Badan Pusat Statistik; serta Badan Informasi Geospasial. Data dianalisis dengan uji statistik dan analisis spasial. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korelasi antara ketinggian wilayah dengan proporsi TB paru BTA positif di Kota Bukittinggi dengan kekuatan hubungan yang kuat dan berpola negatif. Terdapat korelasi antara ketinggian wilayah dengan proporsi kasus TB paru BTA positif di Kota Pariaman, Bukittinggi dan Dumai ketika di analisis secara bersamaan. Tidak terdapat korelasi antara kepadatan penduduk dan rumah sehat dengan proporsi TB paru BTA positif di Kota Pariaman, Bukittinggi, dan Dumai tahun 2010-2016. Perlu adanya penyesuaian prioritas program yang ada sesuai dengan kondisi wilayah kota masing-masing berdasarkan ketinggian.

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ABSTRACTTuberculosis is a disease that has become one of the global concerns. Various factors can increase the incidence of TB and facilitate transmission, one of which is environmental factors. This study aimed to determine the correlation between altitude, population density, and healthy homes with the proportion of smear positive pulmonary TB in Pariaman, Bukittinggi and Dumai in 2010 2016. This study is an ecological study. The data of smear positive pulmonary TB cases recorded in Public Health Office were processed in aggregate at each sub district in Pariaman, Bukittinggi and Dumai areas in 2010 until 2016. Data source in this research is secondary data obtained from Public Health Office Central Bureau of Statistics as well as the Geospatial Information Agency. Data were analyzed by statistical test and spatial analysis. The results of this study indicate that there is a correlation between altitude with the proportion of smear positive pulmonary TB in Bukittinggi with the strength of a strong relationship and a negative pattern. There is a correlation between altitude with the proportion of smear positive pulmonary TB in Pariaman, Bukittinggi and Dumai. There is no correlation between population density and healthy homes with proportion of smear positive pulmonary TB in Pariaman, Bukittinggi and Dumai in 2010 2016. It is necessary to adjust the priority of existing programs in accordance with the conditions of each city areabased on altitude."

"Skripsi ini membahas terjadinya peningkatan kejadian kasus Tuberkulosis paru BTA (+) di Kota Sukabumi dan belum diketahuinya pola penyebaran penyakit Tuberkulosis paru BTA (+) dengan analisis spasial berdasarkan faktor kependudukan dan pelayanan kesehatan, bertujuan untuk mengetahui analisis spasial kejadian Tuberkulosis paru BTA (+) di Kota Sukabumi tahun 2010-2012. Penelitian menggunakan desain studi ekologi jenis multiple group dengan time trend menggunakan pendekatan analisis spasial. Hasil penelitian bahwa kasus baru dan insiden Tuberkulosis paru BTA (+) di Kota Sukabumi tahun 2010-2012 meningkat dan cenderung mengikuti pola persebaran kepadatan penduduk, jumlah fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan dan jumlah tenaga kesehatan. Dari hasil penelitian ini menyarankan agar program pemberantasan dan pengendalian penyakit Tuberkulosis paru BTA (+) sebaiknya diprioritaskan pada wilayah dengan kepadatan penduduk tinggi.

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This essay discusses the increased incidence of pulmonary Tuberculosis cases of Acid-Resistant Bacteria (+) in Sukabumi and not knowing the pattern of spread of disease pulmonary Tuberculosis Acid-Resistant Bacteria (+) with a spatial analysis based on demographic factors and health services, spatial analysis aimed to determine the incidence of pulmonary Tuberculosis Acid–Resistant Bacteria (+) Sukabumi in 2010-2012. Research design using multiple types of ecological study group with a time trend using spatial analysis approach.

The results of that study and the incidence of new cases of pulmonary Tuberculosis Acid–Resistant Bacteria (+) in Sukabumi in 2010-2012 increased and tend to follow the pattern of distribution of population density, the number of health care facilities and health workers. From the results of this study suggest that eradication programs and disease control pulmonary Tuberculosis Acid–Resistant Bacteria (+) should be prioritized in areas with high population density."

"Ketidakefektifan pengendalian penyakit TB paru di kota Administrasi Jakarta Selatan ditinjau dari angka kesembuhan yang kurang dari target nasional yaitu <85% serta adanya peningkatan kasus TB paru di kota Administrasi Jakarta Selatan terjadi terus-menerus dari tahun 2015-2017. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor risiko yaitu cakupan rumah sehat dan kepadatan penduduk dengan proporsi kasus TB paru BTA positif di kota Administrasi Jakarta Selatan. Penelitian menggunakan studi ekologi melalui pendekatan spasial. Data penelitian bersumber dari data sekunder. Data diolah secara statistik menggunakan uji korelasi pearson product moment dan analisis spasial menggunakan teknik overlay. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan tidak adanya korelasi antara variabel cakupan rumah sehat dan kepadatan penduduk dengan proporsi kasus TB paru BTA positif di kota Administrasi Jakarta Selatan tahun 2015-2017 (p value >0,05). Secara spasial adanya pengaruh antara variabel cakupan rumah sehat dengan proporsi kasus TB Paru BTA positif dilihat dari pola spasial hanya terdapat di kecamatan kecamatan Kebayoran Baru dan Pasar Minggu serta variabel kepadatan penduduk dengan proporsi kasus TB Paru BTA positif dilihat dari pola spasial hanya terdapat di kecamatan Kebayoran Lama. Ini menunjukkan bahwa ada peluang terdapatnya korelasi pada faktor risiko lain yang tidak termasuk ke dalam penelitian ini. Sehingga, peneliti lain dapat meneliti lebih lanjut dengan faktor risiko yang tidak termasuk ke dalam penelitian ini.

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The ineffectiveness of pulmonary TB disease control in South Jakarta that was reviewed from the recovery rate less than the national target of <85% and an increase in pulmonary TB cases in the South Jakarta occurred continuously from 2015-2017. This study aims to analyze risk factors of healthy home coverage and population density with the proportion of smear-positive pulmonary TB cases in South Jakarta.  This study used ecological studies through a spatial approach. The data was sourced from secondary data. The data were processed statistically using Pearson product moment correlation test and spatial analysis using overlay technique. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was no correlation between the variable coverage of healthy homes and population density with the proportion of positive smear pulmonary TB cases in South Jakarta in 2015-2017 (p value >0.05). Spatially there is an effect between the variable of healthy homes coverage with the proportion of positive smear pulmonary TB cases viewed from the spatial pattern only found in the sub-districts of Kebayoran Baru and Pasar Minggu and the population density variable with the proportion of positive smear pulmonary TB cases viewed from the spatial pattern only found in Kebayoran Lama sub-district. This indicates that there is a chance of other risk factors correlation that were not included in this study. Thus, other researchers can further research the risk factors that are not included in this study."

"Penyakit Tuberkulosis paru (TB Paru) masih menjadi penyebab tingginya angka kesakitan dan kematian di dunia, termasuk Indonesia. Angka penemuan kasus TB paru di Kota Sukabumi berada di urutan ke-3 tertinggi yang ada di Provinsi Jawa Barat, yaitu mencapai 75,83%. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi kejadian TB paru di Kota Sukabumi. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah kasus kontrol. Kriteria kasus yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penderita baru TB Paru yang berusia minimal 15 tahun dan dinyatakan positif berdasarkan konfirmasi laboratorium Puskesmas, sudah diobati dengan OAT selama sekitar 4 minggu serta bertempat tinggal di Kota Sukabumi, sedangkan kriteria kontrolnya adalah tetangga terdekat dari rumah kasus yang tidak menderita TB paru, tidak memiliki gejala klinis mirip TB paru berdasarkan konfirmasi dari petugas puskesmas, berusia minimal 15 tahun dan bertempat tinggal di Kota Sukabumi. Jumlah sampel kasus adalah 58 responden, dan kontrol 58 responden. Hasil dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor risiko yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian TB paru di Kota Sukabumi adalah jenis kelamin (OR 7,28; 95% CI 3,161-16,782), kepadatan hunian (OR 3,24; 95% CI 1,401-7,477), pencahayaan (OR 4,06; 95% CI 1,850-8,916), keberadaan sinar matahari di dalam ruangan (OR 3,05; 95% CI 1,206-7,687), dan kebiasaan merokok (OR 7,53; 95% CI 3,227-17,564). Hasil analisis multivariat dengan menggunakaan pemodelan regresi logistik menunjukkan bahwa jenis kelamin laki-laki, dan pencahayaan rumah kurang dari 60 lux berhubungan dengan terjadinya TB paru. Faktor risiko yang paling dominan mempengaruhi kejadian TB paru di Kota Sukabumi berdasarkan analisis multivariat adalah jenis kelamin laki-laki (OR 5,85; 95% CI 2,384-13,821).

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Pulmonary Tuberculosis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, including Indonesia. Case Detection Rate (CDR) of pulmonary tuberculosis in Sukabumi is the 3rd highest among the cities in West Java Province, as the value reaches 75.83%. The aim of this study is to analyze the risk factor that affected pulmonary tuberculosis incident in Sukabumi in 2014.

This study used a case control design, as the criteria of the case used were new pulmonary TB patients with at least 15 years old age, are sputum smear positive confirmed by the health care laboratory, has been treated with Anti-Tuberculosis Medications for about 4 weeks, and live in Sukabumi City, whereas the control criteria were nearest neighbors of the cases that neither did suffer from pulmonary tuberculosis nor have clinical symptoms similar to pulmonary tuberculosis based on the confirmation of the clinic staff, with at least 15 years old age, and live in Sukabumi City. The number of case samples and control samples were 58 respondents, respectively.

The results of this study showed that the risk factors affecting the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Sukabumi were gender (OR 7.28; 95% CI 3.161-16.782), housing density (OR 3.24; 95% CI 1.401-7.477), lighting (OR 4.06; 95% CI 1.850-8.916), sunlight existence inside the house (OR 3.05; 95% CI 1.206-7.687), and smoking habit (OR 7.53; 95% CI 3.227-17.564). Multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression model indicated that the male gender and the house lighting less than 60 lux were associated with the occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis. The most dominant risk factor affecting the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Sukabumi was male gender (OR 5.85; 95% CI 2.384-13.821)."

"[ABSTRAKPM2,5 merupakan salah satu indikator adanya pencemaran udara dalamruang (indoor air pollution). Indonesia termasuk peringkat kelima jumlah kasus TBterbesar di dunia, dan Kota Cirebon merupakan kota dengan angka penemuan kasusTB paru tertinggi di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untukmenganalisis hubungan PM2,5 di udara ruang dalam rumah dengan kejadian TBparu BTA positif di Kota Cirebon.Disain penelitian ini adalah kasus kontrol. Kriteria kasus adalah penderitabaru TB Paru yang berusia minimal 15 tahun dan hasil pemeriksaan sputum positifberdasarkan konfirmasi laboratorium Puskesmas periode November 2014 s/d April2015 serta bertempat tinggal di Kota Cirebon. Kriteria kontrol adalah tetanggaterdekat kasus yang tidak menderita TB paru, tidak memiliki gejala klinis mirip TBparu berdasarkan konfirmasi dari petugas puskesmas setempat, berusia minimal 15tahun dan bertempat tinggal di Kota Cirebon. Total jumlah sampel adalah 168responden dengan jumlah kasus adalah 84 responden, dan kontrol 84 responden.Konsentrasi PM2,5 di udara ruang dalam rumah berpengaruh terhadapkejadian TB paru BTA positif di Kota Cirebon (OR 7,034; 95% CI 3,570 ? 13,860).Variabel lainnya yang signifikan adalah jenis kelamin (OR 3,947; 95% CI 2,026-7,692), lama berada di rumah (OR 2,682; 95% CI 1,430 ? 5,028), jenis bahan bakarmemasak (OR 3,260; 95% CI 1,116-9,523), status merokok (OR 3,034; 95% CI1,446 ? 6,365), jenis atap rumah (OR 3,713; 95% CI 1,945 ? 7,089), dan lajuventilasi kamar (OR 2,493; 95% CI 1,264 ? 4,918). Hasil analisis multivariatdengan regresi logistik menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi PM2,5 dalam rumahberhubungan dengan kejadian TB paru BTA positif (OR adjusted 6,14; 95% CI2,904-12,975) dikontrol oleh variabel jenis kelamin, jenis atap rumah, dan lajuventilasi kamar. Masih banyak rumah yang belum dilengkapi jendela atauventilasinya kurang, atap rumah tidak dilengkapi oleh langit-langit, sehingga masihbanyak rumah yang tidak memenuhi kriteria rumah sehat. Diperlukan upayapeningkatan pengetahuan dan kesadaran masyarakat tentang kriteria rumah sehat,dan masyarakat agar menjaga pola perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat, termasuk tidakmerokok.

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ABSTRACTPM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largestnumber of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highestrate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of thisstudy was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and theincidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon.The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patientswith TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed withpublic health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived inCirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and hadno clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centreofficials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number ofsamples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84control respondents.PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositivepulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860).Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstayperiod (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260;95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), typesof roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room(OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logisticregression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor airassociated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14;95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type ofthe house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are notequipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is notcompleted by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteriafor a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness aboutthe criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthylifestyle, including not smoking.;PM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largestnumber of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highestrate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of thisstudy was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and theincidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon.The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patientswith TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed withpublic health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived inCirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and hadno clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centreofficials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number ofsamples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84control respondents.PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositivepulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860).Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstayperiod (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260;95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), typesof roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room(OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logisticregression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor airassociated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14;95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type ofthe house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are notequipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is notcompleted by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteriafor a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness aboutthe criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthylifestyle, including not smoking., PM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largestnumber of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highestrate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of thisstudy was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and theincidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon.The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patientswith TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed withpublic health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived inCirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and hadno clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centreofficials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number ofsamples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84control respondents.PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositivepulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860).Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstayperiod (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260;95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), typesof roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room(OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logisticregression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor airassociated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14;95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type ofthe house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are notequipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is notcompleted by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteriafor a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness aboutthe criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthylifestyle, including not smoking.]"

"MPHTB merupakan masalah darurat global karena menyebabkan lebih banyak kematian dibandingkan penyakit menular lainnya. Berdasarkan WHO Global Tuberculosis 2016 menyatakan bahwa Indonesia dengan jumlah penduduk 254.831.222, menempati posisi kedua dengan beban TB tertinggi didunia.Timbulnya penyakit tuberculosis TBC di masyarakat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor resiko determinan, salah satunya kurangnya sinar matahari masuk kedalam rumah. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan antara pencahayaan alami dalam rumah dengan kejadian TB paru BTA positif pada usia ge;15 tahun keatas di Kota Solok Sumatera Barat pada tahun 2017. Desain Penelitian ini adalah case control dengan melakukan wawancara, obeservasi dan pengukuran terhadap pencahayaan dan kelembaban. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan April s/d Mei 2018. Hasil Peneilitian ini Pencahayaan yang dalam rumahyang < 60 lux beresiko terkena TB Parur 3,732 kali 95 CI 1,584-8,793 setelah di kontrol oleh variabel Kepadatan Hunian dan Status Gizi.

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MPH Tuberculosis is a global emergency issue because it causes more deaths than other infectious diseases. According to WHO Global Tuberculosis 2016 states that Indonesia with a population of 254,831,222, occupies the second position with the highest burden of TB in the world. The incidence of tuberculosis TB in the community is influenced by several determinant risk factors, one of which is the lack of sunlight into the house. The purpose of this research is to know the relationship between natural light in the house with the incidence of positive smear pulmonary tuberculosis at age ge 15 years and above in Solok city of West Sumatera in 2017. Design This research is case control by conducting interview, obeservasi and measurement to lighting and humidity. This study was conducted from April to May 2018. The results of this study The in house lightings "

"Kota Semarang merupakan kota metropolitan terbesar kelima di Indonesia. Berbagai permasalahan lingkungan sering timbul sebagai dampak dari banyaknya konversi lahan di wilayah pesisir maupun perbukitan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur perubahan lanskap dan penutup lahan di Kota Semarang periode tahun 1996-2016. Pengolahan Citra Landsat tahun 1996, 2003, dan 2016 dilakukan untuk memperoleh klasifikasi penutup lahan. Penggunaan Indeks Lanskap seperti PD, PLAND, LPI, LSI, MNN, IJI, SHDI, dan SHEI dilakukan untuk menganalisis struktur dan pola lanskap. Regresi Logistik Biner digunakan untuk membuat model perubahan lanskap dan penutup lahan serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perubahan tersebut. Faktor fisik, sosial ekonomi, dan lingkungan digunakan sebagai variabel prediktor dari model tersebut. Pada periode tahun 1996-2016, lahan yang ada semakin terfragmentasi dengan tingkat percampuran dan pola persebaran antar penutup lahan yang tinggi. Pada tahun 1996-2003, hal tersebut dominan terjadi di wilayah ketinggian 25-100 mdpl, sedangkan pada periode tahun 2003-2016, hal tersebut terjadi di wilayah ketinggian 100-500 mdpl. Model perubahan lanskap dan penutup lahan Kota Semarang paling baik diterapkan pada wilayah ketinggian 100-500 mdpl. Berdasarkan model tersebut, probabilitas perubahan lanskap dan penutup lahan paling tinggi adalah ketika berada di wilayah yang tinggi dan datar, kerapatan sungai dan jalan yang relatif tinggi, kepadatan penduduk tinggi, status tanah berupa Hak Pakai dan Hak Guna Bangunan, nilai tanah yang rendah, dan jarak yang relatif jauh dari pusat kota.

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Semarang City is one of the largest city in Indonesia. Tidal flooding, flash floods, sea water intrusion at the coast and landslide at the hills, are the issues the city currently dealt with as a side effect of land conversion. The study on spatial pattern and its change of landscape land cover is important for a better understanding in environmental management at this city. Landsat images from 1996, 2003 and 2016 and eight landscape indices PD, PLAND, LPI, LSI, MNN, IJI, SHDI, dan SHEI were used to analyze landscape land cover pattern and its change. Binary Logistic Regression and geography information system were used to build a mathematical and spatial modelling of landscape land cover change using driving factors such as elevation, slope, land subsidence, population density, land ownership, land price, street density, drainage density, and distance from city center. Landscape indices shows that the highest land utilization higher PD, LSI, MNN, IJI, SHDI, SHEI and lower LPI mostly occurred at elevation 25 100 meter in 1996 and 2003 and in 2016, it occurred at elevation 100 500 meter. In the period of 1996 2003, land fragmentation with high mixing and diversity occurred at elevation 25 100 meter, while in the period 2003 2016, it occurred at elevation 100 500 meter. Spatial modeling of landscape land cover at Semarang City is best applied at elevation 100 500 meter. The probability of landscape land cover change is high when located at the high and flat areas, high drainage and street density, highest population density, and lowest land price. "