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"Serat Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) merupakan limbah hasil pertanian setelah pemanenan kelapa sawit, yang sedang mengalami perkembangan selama lima tahun terakhir. Dilakukan sebuah penelitian untuk mengetahui potensi penggunaan serat TKKS sebagai penguat polimer polipropilena. Distribusi dari serat alam pada polimer sering diteliti karena memiliki hubungan dengan aplikasi hasil komposit yang dihasilkan. Perlakuan kimia menjadi salah satu metode yang paling populer untuk mengubah hasil distribusi serat pada matriks komposit polimer. Namun, parameter compounding seperti temperatur atau kecepatan pencampuran masih belum diketahui pengaruhnya terhadap distribusi ataupun layak pakai dari hasil komposit. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mencari tahu pengaruh kedua parameter compounding tersebut; temperatur dan kecepatan pencampuran, terhadap hasil komposit yang terbentuk. Pada penelitian ini, serat TKKS dilakukan perlakuan kimia yang konstan pada setiap sampel, yaitu perlakuan pencucian dan pemutihan (bleaching) dengan menggunakan H2O2 untuk mengurangi kadar lignin dan pengotor lain pada serat yang digunakan. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi sifat hidrofilik antar serat dan meningkatkan interaksi antarmuka seratmatriks agar mendapatkan hasil komposit dengan kekuatan mekanik dan distribusi yang lebih baik. Dilanjutkan dengan dilakukannya proses compounding dengan memvariasikan temperatur dan kecepatan pencampurannya. Pengujian Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) dilakukan untuk melihat hasil morfologi serat pada hasil komposit dan dilakukan kuantifikasi data untuk mengukur tingkat distribusi serat. Tingkat distribusi dari serat telah diteliti dengan menggunakan metode Nearest Neighboring Distance (NND) dengan cara mengolah hasil gambar SEM menggunakan perangkat lunak Image-J untuk mendapatkan data kuantitatif berupa jumlah partikel, ukuran partikel, dan nilai Neighbor Distance (ND) tiap partikel. Data kuantitatif diolah kembali untuk menentukan nilai indeks sampel dan dibandingkan dengan sebuah dummy sebagai titik optimal distribusi serat. Dari nilai perbandingan indeks, didapatkan bahwa perubahan temperatur dan kecepatan pencampuran memiliki efek minimal, dengan titik optimal pada parameter temperatur 180 oC dan kecepatan pencampuran 100 RPM. Hasil ini juga didukung oleh pengamatan morfologi serat pada gambar SEM dan hasil pengujian menggunakan Melt Flow Index (MFI), dimana teramati bahwa nilai MFI sangat bergantung terhadap distribusi serat TKKS yang memiliki hubungan berbanding lurus.

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Oil Palm Fiber is classified as the byproduct of the harvest of palm oil. Due to the growth in the palm oil industry in Indonesia is experiencing an increase for the last 5 years, a research on the potential application of oil palm fiber in the automotive industry was performed. The research aimed to understand the feasibility of the usage of oil palm fiber as an additive to polypropylene. The distribution of oil palm fiber in the polymer matrix was often researched due to its effect to the composite’s mechanic strength, which relates to the application of the said composite. Chemical treatment seems to be one of the most used method to control the distribution of the fibers on the polymer matrix. However, the effect of its compounding parameter, which includes temperature and mixing speed, has yet to be researched in detail. This research was done for this reason, aiming to understand the effect of the two-compounding parameter, temperature and mixing speed, towards its final product. First, the oil palm fibers are exposed to pretreatment of washing and bleaching using H2O2 in hopes to reduce the percentage of lignin and other impurities inside the oil palm fibers. The goal for this process is to reduce its hydrophilic properties and promote the interaction between the fiber and the polymer matrix to obtain a composite with better distribution and mechanical properties. An observation using SEM was performed to observe the composite’s morphology and further used as a mean to quantify the observation into data and calculate its distribution level. The method used to achieve this is the Nearest Neighboring Distance (NND). Complimented by the software, Image-J, it is able to process the images to a calculatable data. The main use of this method is to compare the distribution level of the sample using its index number towards a dummy sample, created to have an optimal value of distribution level. The result of the analysis shows that both compounding parameter, temperature and mixing speed, has a minimal effect towards the distribution of oil palm fiber in the polypropylene polymer matrix, where the optimal distribution was observed during the temperatur of 180 oC and the mixing speed of 100 RPM. This result is further supported by the morphology observation of the fiber using the image from SEM and the result of the analysis using Melt Flow Index (MFI). In the study, a fluctuation of the average value of Melt Flow Rate (MFR) was observed, which is suspected to be the result of an agglomerated fiber. The observation shows that the effect of fiber distribution shows a parallel relationship to the result of the composite’s MFR value."

"ABSTRAKPenggunaan serat alam Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) sebagai penguat dalam komposit polimer terus digalakkan sebagai alternatif bahan baku yang murah dan berlimpah. Namun, sifat hidrofilik yang dimiliki oleh serat alam TKKS akibat kandungan lignin dan hemiselulosa menyebabkan TKKS memiliki kompabilitas yang rendah dengan matriks polimer yang digunakan. Proses bleaching merupakan metode modifikasi permukaan yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan sifat hidrofobisitas dari serat TKKS. Potensi penggunaan Hidrogen Peroksida (H2O2­) sebagai bleaching agent dalam larutan alkali menunjukan kemampuan untuk menghilangkan kandungan lignin, hemiselulosa, dan impuritas yang berada pada permukaan serat alam TKKS. Perubahan sifat permukaan TKKS kemudian diteliti menggunakan pengujian sudut kontak dengan metode sessile drop test, SEM, dan FTIR. Tegangan permukaan dari TKKS tanpa perlakuan menunjukan angka 35.18 dynes/cm dan meningkat menjadi 32.33 dynes/cm setelah dilakukan bleaching mengindikasikan adanya peningkatan sifat hidrofobik dari serat TKKS. Selain itu, analisis kuantitatif nilai dispersi menggunakan metode perhitungan statistik skewness ratio dan coefficient of variation menunjukan adanya kecenderungan peningkatan distribusi ukuran serat dari TKKS hasil bleaching. Nilai koefisien variasi yang menurun dari 1.40 menjadi 1.20 setelah perlakuan bleaching menunjukan kondisi distribusi serat TKKS yang lebih seragam. Selain itu, nilai skewness ratio serat TKKS hasil bleaching menunjukan peningkatan nilai dari 1.98 menjadi 2.13 mengindikasikan bahwa serat yang mengalami aglomerasi semakin sedikit. Sedangkan, pada perhitungan Nearest Neighbor Index (NNI), adanya penurunan nilai NNI dari 0.42 pada serat TKKS tanpa perlakuan menjadi 0.32 pada serat hasil perlakuan mengindikasikan meningkatnya kecenderungan serat TKKS untuk mengalami clustering.

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ABSTRACT

The use of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) fibers as reinforcement in polymer composites continues to be promoted as an alternative to man-made fiber because of its inexpensive and abundant quantity. However, the hydrophilic nature of natural OPEFB fibers due to lignin and hemicellulose content causes OPEFB to have low compatibility with the common polymer matrix like polypropylene. Bleaching as a surface modification method is used to improve the of OPEFB fibers. The potential use of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) as a bleaching agent in an alkaline solution shows the ability to eliminate lignin, hemicellulose, and impurities that are present on the surface of the natural OPEFB fibers. Changes in the surface properties of OPEFB are then examined using contact angle testing using sessile drop method, SEM, and FTIR analysis. The surface tension of the OPEFB without treatment shows the number as high as 35.18 dynes/cm and decreases to 32.33 dynes/cm after bleaching treatment, indicates an increase in the nature of the OPEFB fibers. In addition, quantitative analysis of dispersion values ​​using the statistical calculation method of skewness ratio and coefficient of variation showed tendency of increasing uniformity of size distribution on OPEFB fiber after bleaching treatment. The coefficient of variation decreased from 1.40 to 1.20 after the bleaching treatment showed a more uniform condition of the OPEFB fiber size distribution relative to its average size. In addition, the skewness ratio of post-bleaching OPEFB fibers shows an increase in value from 1.98 to 2.13 indicating that the agglomeration of fiber is getting sparse. Whereas, in the calculation of Nearest Neighbor Index (NNI), a decrease in the value of NNI from 0.42 on untreated OPEFB fibers to 0.32 on treated fibers indicates an increase in the tendency of OPEFB fibers to experience clustering.

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"Plastik merupakan material yang mengalami perkembangan pesat 30 tahun terakhir ini. Namun sifatnya yang kurang kuat untuk aplikasi tertentu mengharuskan plastik dibuat menjadi komposit. Berbagai penguat sintetis tersedia seperti serat kaca namun harga serat kaca yang mahal dan sifatnya yang tidak ramah lingkungan membuat penggunaan material yang lebih murah dan ramah lingkungan sangat digencarkan. Komposit matriks polimer dengan penguat serat alam atau natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFRPC), sering hanya disebut natural fiber composites (NFC) menjadi solusinya.

Dalam penelitian ini digunakan serat alam sorgum yang berasal dari dalam negeri dan bagian yang digunakan merupakan produk sampingan dari tanaman sorgum. Proses preparasi serat sorgum diperlukan untuk meningkatkan kompatibilitasnya dengan matriks polipropilen (PP). Alkalinisasi-termal menjadi metode yang dipakai dalam melakukan preparasi serat dan hasilnya setelah dilakukan proses ini serat memiliki mekanisme mechanical bonding (interlocking) dengan PP. Kemudian pengaruh temperatur pencampuran PP dan sorgum dengan variasi 160°C, 170°C, 180°C, serta komposisi serat dengan variasi 5%, 10%, dan 15% dipelajari perilaku mekanis dan morfologinya. Hasil yang didapatkan variasi yang optimum yaitu pada temperatur pencampuran 170°C dan komposisi serat 15% memiliki kekuatan tarik mencapai 20,2 MPa dan modulus elastis 547 MPa serta temperatur pencampuran 170°C dan komposisi serat 5% memiliki elongasi 36,4 MPa.

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Plastic is a material that has experienced rapid development in the last 30 years. But its nature is less strong for certain applications, requiring plastic to be made into composites. Various synthetic reinforcements are available such as glass fiber but the expensive price of glass fiber and its environmentally unfriendly nature making the usage of cheaper and environmentally friendly materials highly intensified. Polymer matrix composites with natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFRPC), often just called natural fiber composites (NFC), are the solution.

In this study, natural sorghum fibers originating from within the country were used and the used parts were by-products of sorghum plants. The preparation process of sorghum fibers is needed to improve its compatibility with the polypropylene (PP) matrix. Thermal-alkalinization is the method used in conducting fiber preparation and the results after this process the fibers have mechanical bonding (interlocking) mechanism with PP. Then the effect of PP and sorghum mixing temperature with variations of 160°C, 170°C, 180°C, and fiber composition with variations of 5%, 10%, and 15% on mechanical and morphological behavior were studied. The optimum result is obtained at mixing temperature of 170°C and 15% fiber composition that have tensile strength reaching 20,2 MPa and elastic modulus of 547 MPa also at mixing temperature of 170°C and 5% fiber composition have elongation of 36,4%."

"Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) mengandung serat selulosa yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan penyusun komposit. Penambahan carbon nanotube pada komposit diketahui melalui banyak penelitian dapat meningkatkan sifat mekanik. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan penambahan carbon nanotube pada komposit serat TKKS dengan matriks epoksi. Bentuk serat divariasikan menjadi chopped strand, chopped strand mat, dan woven rovings. Untuk meningkatkan kompabilitas, fungsionalisasi dan perlakuan carbon nanotube dilakukan dengan metode mild acid oxidation dengan menggunakan asam nitrat yang dilanjutkan dengan hidrogen peroksida. Silane coupling agent digunakan untuk meningkatkan ikatan antar komponen dalam material komposit. Hasil yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini adalah peningkatan modulus Young material komposit sesuai dengan penambahan 0,5% (%massa) CNT dan modifikasi serat strand, fiber mat, woven rovings sebesar 10,98%, 38,90%, dan 62,29% relatif terhadap komposit tanpa penambahan CNT. Komposit 0,5% CNT dan 40% serat TKKS woven rovings yang dihasilkan memiliki peluang untuk dikembangkan menjadi bumper mobil dengan nilai modulus Young sebesar 6,80 GPa.

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Empty palm oil fruit bunch is the side product of palm oil cultivation which contains cellulose fiber. Cellulose fiber is usually used as the composite reinforcement. The addition of carbon nanotube in composite has been known that increase mechanical properties from many researches. In this research, carbon nanotube is added to the composite material which has epoxy as its resin and empty palm oil fruit bunch fiber as the reinforcement. The fiber form is variated to chopped strand, chopped strand mat, and woven rovings. To increase the compability, a functionalization of carbon nanotube in mild acid oxidation method with nitric acid and continued by hydrogen peroxide is performed. Silane coupling agent is used to strengthen the bond of composite components. The result obtained from this research is the increasing of composite materials? Young modulus as the addition of 0.5% (%mass) CNT and woven rovings fiber modification which equals 10.98%, 38.90%, 62.29% relative to the composite without CNT addition. The composite with 0.5% CNT and 40% woven rovings fibber has a chance to be developed into car bumper with 6,80 GPa Young modulus."

"Limbah kemasan plastik menjadi salah satu penyumbang sampah plastik terbesar di dunia. Salah satu jenis kemasan plastik yang sulit di daur ulang adalah multi lapis polipropilena yang berasal dari kemasan mi instan, sulit nya di daur ulang jenis plastik ini dikarenakan plastik ini terdiri dari lapisan-lapisan plastik yang berbeda-beda. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan upaya daur ulang limbah plastik multi lapis polipropilena dengan mencampurkan nya ke bitumen PEN 60/70 dan dari bitumen tersebut dibuat menjadi aspal AC-WC. Plastik mula-mula diberikan perlakuan plasma dan oksidasi termal dan dicampurkan ke bitumen dengan kadar plastik 1, 3, dan 5 wt.% dengan suhu pencampuran 210°C selama 30 menit sehingga menjadi PMB. Selanjutnya PMB dicampurkan dengan agregat sehingga menjadi aspal AC-WC. Hasil pengujian menunjukan dengan memberikan perlakuan plasma dan oksidasi termal maka tegangan permukaan plastik berkurang 15,2º, peningkatan gugus hidroksil dan terjadi degradasi. PMB yang diberikan plastik dengan perlakuan plasma dan oksidasi termal membuat penetrasi dan daktilitas menurun serta memiliki morfologi ukuran plastik yang lebih besar seiring bertambahnya kadar plastik. AC-WC yang dibuat dengan PMB tersebut seiring dengan kenaikan kadar plastik memiliki kenaikan stabilitas sebesar 47,8%, penurunan penetrasi sebesar 7,5% dan memiliki VMA yang lebih kecil dengan komposisi VMA diisi oleh bitumen lebih banyak dibandingkan udara seiring

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Plastic packaging waste is the largest contributor to plastic pollution in the world. One type of plastic that is difficult to recycle is multilayer polypropylene, which comes from instant noodle packaging. The difficulty in recycling this plastic is due to its multiple layers of different plastics. This study aimed to cycle multilayer polypropylene from plastic waste by mixing it with bitumen PEN 60/70 and using the PMB to make an asphalt concrete- wearing course (AC-WC). The plastic was first treated with plasma and thermal oxidation and mixed with bitumen at 1, 3 and 5 wt.% at 210°C for 30 minutes to make PMB. The PMB is then mixed with aggregate to produce AC-WC. The test results showed that by treating the plastic with plasma and thermal oxidation, the surface tension of the plastic decrease 15,2 º, and the hydroxyl group increases, and degradation occurs. The PMB with plasma and thermal oxidation plastic had reduced penetration and ductility and had a larger plastic particle size as the plastic content increased. The AC-WC made from PMB had increased stability with increasing plastic content by 47,8% and decreased penetration by 7,5%. It also had a smaller VMA with bitumen to air ratio greater than that of air, as the plastic content increased."

"Penelitian mengenai deteksi mikroplastik secara efisien masih berada pada tahap awal pengembangan. Salah satu pendekatan inovatif yang digunakan adalah memanfaatkan sifat fluoresensi dari nanopartikel karbon, seperti carbon quantum dots (CQDs). Meskipun CQDs telah banyak digunakan dalam proses pencitraan, penggunaannya untuk mendeteksi mikroplastik khususnya polistirena dan polipropilena yang paling umum diidentifikasi di lingkungan masih terbatas. Metode sederhana dan ramah lingkungan untuk menghasilkan CQDs dilakukan melalui proses hidrotermal. Kandungan karbon sebesar 44% menunjukkan potensi TKKS sebagai sumber karbon dalam produksi CQDs untuk diubah menjadi biochar melalui pirolisis. Analisis CQDs dilakukan dengan beberapa instrumen seperti High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HR-TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-Visible Spectrofotometer, dan Photoluminescence Spectrometer untuk menguji efek variasi suhu dalam metode hidrotermal terhadap sifat optik dan fisik CQDs, serta interaksi CQDs dengan mikroplastik seperti polistirena dan polipropilena. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa rentang diameter rata-rata dari CQDs yang diperoleh adalah 4,29±0,85 − 10,68±2,04 nm dengan energi bandgap rata-rata sebesar 3,42 eV, dan fluoresensi biru muda yang terdeteksi pada panjang gelombang 365 nm di bawah cahaya UV. Penggunaan asam borat sebagai agen doping dieksplorasi untuk melihat pengaruhnya pada sifat optik dan fisik CQDs. Penambahan asam borat menyebabkan fenomena quenching yang menurunkan intensitas fluoresensi hingga 59%. Diperlukan penelitian mendalam terkait strategi fungsionalisasi untuk memodifikasi permukaan CQDs dengan fungsi pengikatan spesifik terhadap berbagai jenis mikroplastik.

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Research on efficient microplastic detection is still in its early stages. One innovative approach is leveraging the fluorescence properties of carbon nanoparticles, such as carbon quantum dots (CQDs). Despite their widespread use in imaging applications, the application of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) for detecting microplastics, particularly polystyrene and polypropylene, which are the most commonly identified types in the environment, remains limited. A simple and environmentally friendly method to produce CQDs is through a hydrothermal process. The carbon content of 44% demonstrates the potential of oil palm empty fruit bunches (TKKS) as a carbon source for CQDs production, which can be converted into biochar through pyrolysis. CQDs were analyzed using various instruments, including High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, and Photoluminescence Spectrometer, to investigate the effects of temperature variation in the hydrothermal method on the optical and physical properties of CQDs, as well as their interactions with microplastics such as polystyrene and polypropylene. The analysis showed that the average diameter range of the obtained CQDs was 4.29±0.85 to 10.68±2.04 nm with an average energy bandgap of 3.42 eV, and light blue fluorescence was detected at a wavelength of 365 nm under UV light. The use of boric acid as a doping agent was explored to see its effect on the optical and physical properties of CQDs. The addition of boric acid caused a quenching phenomenon, reducing the fluorescence intensity by up to 59%. In-depth research is needed to explore functionalization strategies to modify the surface of CQDs with specific binding functionalities towards different microplastic types, enabling more targeted and selective detection."

"[Pada penelitian ini, serat ijuk dihancurkan dan diayak ukuran 40 # setelah itu serat ijuk diberi perlakuan kimia dengan NaOH 2 % selama 1 jam, KMnO4 0,1 N selama 15 menit, dan NaClO 5 % selama 5 jam dengan tujuan mendapatkan selulosa kristalin. Setelah itu dilakukan proses pencampuran kering (hotmelt mixing) antara polipropilen dengan serat ijuk hasil perlakuan kimia dengan 7,5 % volum serat ijuk terhadap polipropilen dengan variabel temperatur 160°C, 165°C, dan 170°C dan variabel waktu pencampuran 15 menit dan 20 menit. Setelah itu dilakukan pengujian uji FTIR buat serat, sedangan buat komposit adalah uji tarik, uji STA, uji XRD, dan uji FE-SEM hal ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan sifat kristalinitas dan mekanik dari komposit polipropilen ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serat ijuk hasil perlakuaan lebih kristalin dari pada serat ijuk tanpa perlakukan, polipropilen dengan serat ijuk hasil perlakuaan kimia cukup kompatibel terhadap polipropilen, dari penelitian didapatkan sifat kristalinitas terbaik pada variabel 165°C selama 20 menit. Dan yang memiliki sifat kekuatan tarik paling baik adalah variabel 170°C selama 20 menit, sedangkan yang memiliki % elongasi paling baik adalah dengan variabel 160°C 20 menit.

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In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes., In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.]"

"Ko-pirolisis polipropilena dan minyak kelapa sawit memberikan cara pemanfaatan limbah plastik polipropilena. Penelitian ini akan meneliti reaksi ko-pirolisis di dalam reaktor tangki berpengaduk menggunakan katalis ceramic foam ZrO2/Al2O3-TiO2 untuk mengakomodasi ukuran molekul reaktan yang besar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan pengaruh laju pemanasan dan komposisi rasio umpan plastik polipropilena dari 0, 25, 50, 75, dan 100 % berat umpan terhadap hasil produk ko-pirolisis dan komposisi bio-oil. Produk dari ko-pirolisis akan dianalisis menggunakan metode Karl- Fischer, FTIR, GC-MS, C-NMR, dan DEPT 135 untuk menentukan kemungkinan jalur reaksi, komposisi senyawa, dan ikatan kimia yang ada di dalam bio-oil dan wax. Terdapat pengaruh laju pemanasan dan rasio umpan polipropilena terhadap jumlah produk dan senyawa kimia di dalam bio-oil. Penggunaan katalis ceramic foam ZrO2/Al2O3-TiO2 mampu meningkatkan kualitas dan yield produk akhir. Sistem pirolisis katalitik laju pemanasan tinggi tidak menunjukkan efek sinergis antara PP dan CPO dalam yield dan komponen non-oksigenat karena fraksi non-oksigenat yang rendah di bio-oil dan yield bio-oil yang rendah. Sistem pirolisis termal menunjukkan efek sinergis yang lebih tinggi antara PP dan CPO terhadap yield bio-oil yang lebih tinggi. Sistem pirolisis katalitik laju pemanasan rendah menunjukkan efek sinergis tertinggi antara PP dan CPO dalam hal jumlah fraksi non-oksigenat dan yield dari bio-oil. Analisis C-NMR dan DEPT-135 dari bio-oil menunjukkan bahwa sistem katalitik dan termal dengan laju pemanasan tinggi memiliki jumlah karbon yang terikat pada oksigen lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan sistem katalitik laju pemanasan rendah yang menunjukkan efisiensi deoksigenasi yang lebih tinggi.

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Co-pyrolysis of polypropylene and crude palm oil gives the benefit of utilizing plastic waste of polypropylene. In the present research, co-pyrolysis reaction in a stirred tank reactor will be investigated using ZrO2/Al2O3-TiO2 ceramic foam catalyst to accommodate the large molecular size of reactants. The objectives are to obtain effects of heating rate and feed composition of polypropylene plastic from 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 wt.% of total feed weight on yields of co-pyrolysis products and composition of bio-oil. The products were analyzed using Karl-Fischer, FTIR, GC-MS, C-NMR, and DEPT 135 to determine the possible reaction pathway, compound compositions, and chemical bonds in the bio-oil and wax. There is an effect of heating rate and feed composition on the yield and chemical compound of the product. The use of ZrO2/Al2O3-TiO2 ceramic foam catalyst improve the quality and yield of the final product. Catalytic high heating rate pyrolysis showed no synergetic effects between PP and CPO on bio-oil yield and non- oxygenates components due to low non-oxygenates fractions in bio-oil and low bio-oil yield. Thermal pyrolysis showed synergetic effects between PP and CPO on bio-oil yield. Catalytic low heating rate pyrolysis showed high synergetic effects between PP and CPO in terms of the quantity of non-oxygenates fractions in bio-oil and the bio-oil yield. C- NMR and DEPT-135 of bio-oil suggested that catalytic and thermal high heating rate system contained higher amount of carbon bound to oxygen compared to the catalytic low heating rate system which indicated higher deoxygenation efficiency."

"ABSTRAKDengan perkembangan yang pesat dalam dunia industri, penggunaan komposit yang berbasis polipropilen semakin banyak digunakan. Namun, penggunaan komposit berbasis polimer menyebabkan peningkatan jumlah polusi dikarenakan waktu penguraian polipropilen yang lama. Serat alam, salah satunya serat sorgum mulai dilirik untuk dijadikan penguat dalam komposit berbasis polipropilen untuk menciptakan suatu komposit yang ramah lingkungan. Masalah utama dalam proses ini adalah, perbedaan sifat kelarutan yang tinggi antara serat sorgum dan Polipropilen. Metode alkalinasi-termal dipilih dalam proses preparasi serat untuk menciptakan serat yang aman bagi lingkungan dan memiliki kompatibilitas tinggi dengan polipropilen. Dalam penelitian ini akan dilihat pengaruh dari waktu pencampuran dan temperatur dalam proses pencampuran Polipropilen dengan serat sorgum. Pada penelitian ini akan dikaji sifat mekanik dan morfologi dari komposit yang terbentuk dan mencari waktu dan temperatur pencampuran yang optimum. Variasi waktu pencampuran dalam penilitian ini adalah 5 menit, 7,5 menit dan 10 menit. Sedangkan variasi temperatur proses adalah 160°C, 170°C dan 180°C. Pada penelitian didapatkan Waktu dan temperatur pencampuran yang optimum adalah 170°C selama 10 menit dengan nilai kekuatan tarik 22,77 MPa. Dimana bentuk morfologi pada produk komposit tersebut juga lebih bagus dibandingkan variabel lainnya karena sedikitnya fenomena fiber pull-out dan void yang terjadi pada produk komposit tersebut dibandingkan variabel lainnya.

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ABSTRACTWith the rapid development in the industrial world, the use of polypropylene-based composites is increasingly being used. However, the use of polymer-based composites causes an increase in the amount of pollution due to the long decomposition time of polypropylene. Natural fibers, one of which is sorghum fiber, is starting to be used as an amplifier in polypropylene-based composites to create an environmentally friendly composite. The main problem in this process is the difference in the high solubility between sorghum and polypropylene fibers. The thermal-alkalination method was chosen in the fiber preparation process to create fibers that are environmentally safe and have high compatibility with polypropylene. In this study, the effect of mixing time and temperature on the mixing process of Polypropylene with sorghum fiber will be seen. In this study the mechanical and morphological properties of the composites will be examined and find the optimum mixing time and temperature. The variation of mixing time in this study is 5 minutes, 7.5 minutes and 10 minutes. While the process temperature variations are 160°C, 170°C and 180°C. In this study, the optimum mixing time and temperature was 170°C for 10 minutes with a tensile strength of 22.77 MPa. Where the morphology of composite products is also better than other variables due to the small number of fiber pull-out phenomena and voids that occur in these composite products compared to other variables."