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"Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi dan informasi, dalam beberapa dekade terakhir mulai bermunculan tanda baru yang digunakan sebagai merek yang disebut sebagai merek non-tradisional. Dalam pendaftaran merek non-tradisional terdapat ketentuan mengenai representasi grafis. Skripsi ini akan membahas mengenai ketentuan representasi grafis dalam pendaftaran merek di Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan jenis data sekunder yang diperoleh dari bahan pustaka. Penelitian hukum pada skripsi ini dilakukan dengan perbandingan hukum. Pembahasan dalam skripsi ini mencakup pembahasan mengenai ketentuan representasi grafis dalam pendaftaran merek non-tradisional berdasarkan UU No. 20 Tahun 2016, berdasarkan Lanham Act, dan perbandingan ketentuan representasi grafis dari kedua undang-undang tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat beberapa persamaan dan perbedaan ketentuan dalam UU No. 20 Tahun 2016 dan Lanham Act. Selain itu, juga diperlukan adanya perubahan ketentuan representasi grafis dari merek non-tradisional dalam UU No. 20 Tahun 2016.

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Along with the development of technology and information, in the last few decades a new sign has been used as a trademarks and known as non-traditional trademarks. In the registration of non-traditional trademarks there are provisions regarding graphical representation of the trademarks. This thesis will discuss the provisions of graphical representation in the registration of non-traditional trademarks in Indonesia and the United States. The research method used is juridical normative with secondary data types obtained from library materials. Legal research in this thesis is carried out with comparative laws. The discussion in this thesis includes discussion regarding the provisions of graphical representation in the registration of non-traditional trademarks based on the Law No. 20 of 2016, based on the Lanham Act, and a comparison of the graphical representation provisions of the two laws. The results showed that there are several similarities and differences in the provisions in the Law No. 20 of 2016 and the Lanham Act. In addition, it is also necessary to change the provisions for graphical representation of non-traditional trademarks in the Law no. 20 of 2016."

"Perkembangan perekonomian dunia, khususnya dalam bagian pemasaran suatu produk, menyebabkan adanya perluasan terhadap tanda-tanda yang diakui sebagai merek. Alasan ini juga yang menyebabkan Indonesia melalui perundang-undangan terbarunya, mengakui beberapa merek non-tradisional, termasuk pengakuan tanda suara sebagai merek. Pengakuan suara sebagai merek dalam definisi merek sesuai ketentuan Pasal 1 angka 1 UU No 20 Tahun 2016 tentang Merek dan Indikasi Geografis, menyebabkan Indonesia juga harus melalui pendaftaran terhadap merek suara sebagai salah satu bentuk perlindungan merek. Walaupun demikian, sistem pendaftaran merek suara di Indonesia saat ini yang mensyaratkan pemohon untuk melampirkan representasi grafis dalam label merek, dinilai dapat menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum dan mempersulit para pemohon dalam mendaftarkan merek suaranya. Padahal, jika dibandingkan dengan ketentuan yang di Uni Eropa dan Amerika Serikat, ketentuan representasi telah tidak lagi diberlakukan dengan alasan ketidakpastian hukum dan fleksibilitas pendaftaran merek. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dan studi perbandingan, penulis melalui tulisan ini menganalisis mengenai ketentuan label merek yang didalamnya memuat persyaratan representasi grafis terhadap proses pendaftaran merek suara di Indonesia. Tulisan ini membandingkan pengaturan representasi grafis dalam pendaftaran merek yang tertuang dalam Pasal 4 UU UU No 20 Tahun 2016 dan Pasal 3 Permenkumham No 67 Tahun 2016 dengan penghapusan pengaturan representasi grafis di Uni Eropa dan ketiadaan kewajiban representasi di Amerika Serikat. Dari perbandingan tersebut, rekomendasi yang dapat ditarik adalah bahwa Indonesia seharusnya menghapus pengaturan representasi grafis dan menggunakan representasi yang lebih praktis seperti hanya dengan rekaman suara.

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Developments in the world economy, especially in the marketing department of a product, have led to an expansion of signs that are recognized trademarks. This reason also causes Indonesia, through its latest legislation, to recognize several non-traditional trademarks, including the recognition of sound marks as trademarks. Recognition of sound marks according to the provisions of Article 1 point 1 of Law No. 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications, causes Indonesia to also go through the registration of sound marks as a form of trademark protection. However, the current system for registering sound marks in Indonesia, which requires applicants to attach a graphical representation on the label merek, is considered to be causing legal uncertainty and making it difficult for applicants to register their voice marks. In fact, when compared to the provisions in the European Union and the United States, the terms of graphical representation are no longer enforced for reasons of legal uncertainty and flexibility in trademark registration. By using normative juridical research methods and comparative studies, the author through this paper analyzes the provisions on label merek which contain graphical representation requirements for the process of registering sound marks in Indonesia. This paper compares the regulation of graphical representation in trademark registration that contained in Article 4 of Law No. 20 of 2016 and Article 3 of Permenkumham No. 67 of 2016 with the elimination of graphic representation arrangements in the European Union and the absence of representation obligations in the United States. From this comparison, the recommendation that can be drawn is that Indonesia should eliminate the arrangement of graphical representations and use more practical representations, such as the use of sound recordings alone."

"[ABSTRAKPenulisan tesis ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana perlindungan atasmerek non-tradisional apabila dimuat ke dalam kerangka hukum nasionalIndonesia. Permasalahan dalam tesis ini adalah bagaimana pengaturan mengenaipendaftaran merek dalam Singapore Treaty On The Law Of Trademarks,bagaimana penerapan atas perlindungan merek non-tradisional yang ada dalamSingapore Treaty On The Law Of Trademarks pada negara-negara yang telahmelaksanakannya dan bagaimana penerapan perlindungan atas merek nontradisionaltersebut apabila diterapkan di Indonesia. Penulisan tesis inimenggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan data sekunder sebagaisumber datanya.Pengaturan merek yang terdapat dalam Singapore Treaty On The Law OfTrademarks tidak jauh berbeda dengan pengaturan merek dalam Trademark LawTreaty, namun terdapat beberapa penambahan didalamnya yang bertujuan untukmenyempurnakan ketentuan pendaftaran di bidang merek. Salah satu hal yangbaru diatur dalam Singapore Treaty On The Law Of Trademarks adalah mengenaimerek non-tradisional. Merek non-tradisional ini telah diterapkan dibeberapanegara, baik negara anggota dari Singapore Treaty On The Law Of Trademarks,maupun yang tidak termasuk dalam anggotanya. Dalam penerapannya, diperlukanbeberapa persyaratan dalam mengajukan permohonan pendaftaran merek nontradisional.Dalam mendaftarkan merek non-tradisional, diperlukan persyaratan representasigrafis dan deskripsi tertulis untuk menggambarkan serta mendeskripsikan mereknon-tradisional tersebut. Indonesia sebagai negara berkembang, seharusnyamelakukan perluasan pengertian merek yang juga akan selalu berkembang,dengan mengatur mengenai perlindungan merek non-tradisional dalam PeraturanPerundang-Undangannya, hal ini akan memberikan dampak positif bagi parapelaku usaha di Indonesia, karena dengan demikian, para pelaku usaha dapat lebihkreatif dalam memilih merek untuk kegiatan usahanya, yang tidak lagi hanyadibatasi dengan tanda-tanda yang dapat dilihat (visible signs).

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ABSTRAKThis thesis aims to determine how the protection of non-traditional trademarkswhen applied into Indonesian legal framework. The research problems in thisthesis are about the regulation under Singapore Treaty On The Law OfTrademarks in registering a trademark, the implementation of non-traditionaltrademark protection, conducted by The Singapore Treaty On The Law OfTrademarks contracting party and the implementation of that kind protectionwhen applied in Indonesia. This thesis uses the normative legal research method,and the secondary data is used as its source.The regulations in Singapore Treaty On The Law Of Trademarks do not havemany differences with the Trademark Law Treaty, but there are some additionswithin the aims to enhance the requirements in registering a trademark. One newthing that sets in the Singapore Treaty On The Law Of Trademarks is about thenon-traditional trademark. This non-traditional trademarks have been applied inseveral countries, both members and non-members of the Singapore Treaty OnThe Law Of Trademarks. In its implementation, it will take some requirementswith respect to the non-traditional trademarks registration.With respect to the non-traditional trademark registration, graphical representationand written descriptions are needed to illustrate and describe the non-traditionaltrademarks. Indonesia as a developing country, is supposed to expand the value ofa trademark, which will also always evolving, by regulating the protection of nontraditionaltrademarks in its legislation, this will give positive impacts forIndonesian entrepreneurs, for then, the entrepreneurs might be more creative inchoosing trademarks for its business activities, which are no longer onlyconstrained by visible signs.;This thesis aims to determine how the protection of non-traditional trademarkswhen applied into Indonesian legal framework. The research problems in thisthesis are about the regulation under Singapore Treaty On The Law OfTrademarks in registering a trademark, the implementation of non-traditionaltrademark protection, conducted by The Singapore Treaty On The Law OfTrademarks contracting party and the implementation of that kind protectionwhen applied in Indonesia. This thesis uses the normative legal research method,and the secondary data is used as its source.The regulations in Singapore Treaty On The Law Of Trademarks do not havemany differences with the Trademark Law Treaty, but there are some additionswithin the aims to enhance the requirements in registering a trademark. One newthing that sets in the Singapore Treaty On The Law Of Trademarks is about thenon-traditional trademark. This non-traditional trademarks have been applied inseveral countries, both members and non-members of the Singapore Treaty OnThe Law Of Trademarks. In its implementation, it will take some requirementswith respect to the non-traditional trademarks registration.With respect to the non-traditional trademark registration, graphical representationand written descriptions are needed to illustrate and describe the non-traditionaltrademarks. Indonesia as a developing country, is supposed to expand the value ofa trademark, which will also always evolving, by regulating the protection of nontraditionaltrademarks in its legislation, this will give positive impacts forIndonesian entrepreneurs, for then, the entrepreneurs might be more creative inchoosing trademarks for its business activities, which are no longer onlyconstrained by visible signs.;This thesis aims to determine how the protection of non-traditional trademarkswhen applied into Indonesian legal framework. The research problems in thisthesis are about the regulation under Singapore Treaty On The Law OfTrademarks in registering a trademark, the implementation of non-traditionaltrademark protection, conducted by The Singapore Treaty On The Law OfTrademarks contracting party and the implementation of that kind protectionwhen applied in Indonesia. This thesis uses the normative legal research method,and the secondary data is used as its source.The regulations in Singapore Treaty On The Law Of Trademarks do not havemany differences with the Trademark Law Treaty, but there are some additionswithin the aims to enhance the requirements in registering a trademark. One newthing that sets in the Singapore Treaty On The Law Of Trademarks is about thenon-traditional trademark. This non-traditional trademarks have been applied inseveral countries, both members and non-members of the Singapore Treaty OnThe Law Of Trademarks. In its implementation, it will take some requirementswith respect to the non-traditional trademarks registration.With respect to the non-traditional trademark registration, graphical representationand written descriptions are needed to illustrate and describe the non-traditionaltrademarks. Indonesia as a developing country, is supposed to expand the value ofa trademark, which will also always evolving, by regulating the protection of nontraditionaltrademarks in its legislation, this will give positive impacts forIndonesian entrepreneurs, for then, the entrepreneurs might be more creative inchoosing trademarks for its business activities, which are no longer onlyconstrained by visible signs., This thesis aims to determine how the protection of non-traditional trademarkswhen applied into Indonesian legal framework. The research problems in thisthesis are about the regulation under Singapore Treaty On The Law OfTrademarks in registering a trademark, the implementation of non-traditionaltrademark protection, conducted by The Singapore Treaty On The Law OfTrademarks contracting party and the implementation of that kind protectionwhen applied in Indonesia. This thesis uses the normative legal research method,and the secondary data is used as its source.The regulations in Singapore Treaty On The Law Of Trademarks do not havemany differences with the Trademark Law Treaty, but there are some additionswithin the aims to enhance the requirements in registering a trademark. One newthing that sets in the Singapore Treaty On The Law Of Trademarks is about thenon-traditional trademark. This non-traditional trademarks have been applied inseveral countries, both members and non-members of the Singapore Treaty OnThe Law Of Trademarks. In its implementation, it will take some requirementswith respect to the non-traditional trademarks registration.With respect to the non-traditional trademark registration, graphical representationand written descriptions are needed to illustrate and describe the non-traditionaltrademarks. Indonesia as a developing country, is supposed to expand the value ofa trademark, which will also always evolving, by regulating the protection of nontraditionaltrademarks in its legislation, this will give positive impacts forIndonesian entrepreneurs, for then, the entrepreneurs might be more creative inchoosing trademarks for its business activities, which are no longer onlyconstrained by visible signs.]"

"Skripsi ini membahas perbandingan antara prosedur serta persyaratan pendaftaran kepemilikan dan pengoperasian pesawat udara sipil di Indonesia dengan Amerika Serikat. Prosedur pendaftaran dan pengoperasian pesawat udara di setiap negara memiliki persamaan dan perbedaan menurut hukum positif negara masing-masing. Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi penerbangan, pengaturan mengenai hukum penerbangan juga turut berkembang untuk menyesuaikan kebutuhan masyarakat dalam lalu-lintas transportasi udara. Departemen Perhubungan baik di Indonesia (Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara) maupun Amerika Serikat (Departemen Transportasi dan Federal Aviation Administration) berperan dalam melakukan pengawasan kegiatan operasi pesawat udara dalam hal perekonomian dan keselamatan penerbangan. Masing-masing Lembaga memiliki pendekatan yang berbeda dalam menjaga kelancaran kegiatan angkutan udara di negaranya.

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This paper discusses comparisons between the procedure and requirements for registration of ownership and operation of civil aircraft in Indonesia and the United States. The registration and operation of aircraft procedure in each country have similarities and differences according to the positive law of each country. Along with the development of aviation technology, the provision of aviation law also evolving to fit the needs of people in traffic air transport. Department of Transportation both in Indonesia (Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara) and the United States (Department of Transportation and Federal Aviation Administration) play a role in overseeing the operations of aircraft in terms of economy and safety of the flight. Each Institute has a different approach in maintaining the operation of air transport within the country."

"Dengan berkembangnya penerapan Hukum Kekayaan Intelektual dalam pasar, serta meningkatnya perdagangan internasional, muncul dua konsep hukum dalam rezim HKI, yaitu Exhaustion yang merupakan hilangnya hak distribusi barang terkait HKI, serta Impor Paralel, yang merupakan tindakan mengimpor barang terkait HKI masuk ke dalam sebuah negara yang mana HKI barang tersebut telah terdaftar. Terdapat dua bentuk prinsip Exhaustion; National Exhaustion dimana hak distribusi barang hanya hilang di dalam negeri, yang mana jika dilakukan penjualan dari luar negeri maka hak distribusi masih ada dan impor paralel dapat dilarang, dan International Exhaustion dimana hak distribusi barang dimanapun barang dijual dan Impor Paralel diperbolehkan. Dalam Penelitian ini Penulis akan mengkaji prinsip Exhaustion dan Impor Paralel yang dianut oleh rezim Hak Cipta, Hak Merek, dan Hak Paten di Indonesia, hasil penelitian yang ditemukan adalah terdapat kekosongan hukum prinsip Exhaustion serta pengaturan Impor Paralel dalam rezim Hak Cipta melalui UU 28/2014 dan Hak Merek melalui UU 20 2016. Dalam konteks UU Hak Paten secara eksplisit melarang Impor Paralel melalui ketentuan Pasal 160 ayat (1) dengan pengecualian obat-obatan, tetapi masih terdapat ambiguitas prinsip Exhaustion yang dianut apa dalam rezim Paten. Atas berbagai kekosongan hukum tersebut Penulis membandingkan ketentuan Hukum Indonesia dengan Hukum Amerika Serikat dalam ranah Intellectual Property bagi Hak Merek, Hak Paten, dan Hak Cipta untuk menemukan metode terbaik untuk mengisi kekosongan hukum tersebut. Hasil perbandingan dan analisa penulis adalah diperlukanya ketentuan Exhaustion dan Impor Paralel yang tegas dalam Hak Cipta Serta Hak Merek melalui penjelasan yang spesifik kapan terpicunya Exhaustion, dalam konteks Hak Merek juga dapat dicontoh ketentuan Lever Rule AS, bagi UU Hak Paten perlu kejelasan mengenai doktrin Exhaustion untuk memberi kejelasan mengenai kebolehan Post-sale Restriction atau perjanjian pengendalian distribusi setelah penjualan.

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With the development of the application of Intellectual Property Law in the global market, as well as the increase in international trade, two legal concepts have emerged in the IPR regime, namely Exhaustion, which is the loss of distribution rights of IPR-related goods, and Parallel Importation, which is the act of importing IPR-related goods into a country where the IPR of the goods has been registered. There are two forms of the Exhaustion principle; National Exhaustion where the right to distribution of goods is only lost in the country of origin, which if sales are made from abroad then the distribution rights still exist and parallel imports can be prohibited, and International Exhaustion where the right to distribution of goods wherever the goods are sold and Parallel Imports are allowed. In this study, the author will examine how the principle of Exhaustion and Parallel Imports adopted by the Copyright, Trademark Rights, and Patent Rights regimes in Indonesia, the results of the research found are that there is a legal vacuum of the Exhaustion principle and Parallel Import arrangements in the Copyright regime through Law No. 28 of 2014 and Trademark Rights through Law No. 20 of 2016. In the context of the Patent Law, it explicitly prohibits Parallel Imports through the provisions of Article 160 paragraph (1) with the exception of medicines, but there is still ambiguity as to what Exhaustion principle is adopted in the Patent regime. For the various legal lacunae, the author compares the provisions of Indonesian Law with United States Law in the realm of Intellectual Property for Trademark Rights, Patent Rights, and Copyright to find the best method to fill the legal lacunae. The results of the comparison and the author's analysis are the need for strict Exhaustion and Parallel Import provisions in Copyright and Trademark Rights through a specific explanation of when Exhaustion is triggered, in the context of Trademark Rights can also be emulated by the provisions of the US Lever Rule, for the Patent Rights Act it is necessary to clarify the doctrine of Exhaustion to provide clarity on the permissibility of Post-sale Restriction or distribution control agreements after sales. "

"Seiring dengan meningkatnya arus perdagangan barang dan jasa di era perdagangan bebas dewasa ini, pilihan berbagai macam produk baik barang dan jasa semakin bervariasi dan beragam. Keluasan pilihan bagi konsumen dalam menentukan pilihan produk tersebut menjadikan merek dagang menjadi sangat relevan dan penting, karena kualitas dan reputasi suatu produk tercermin dari pilihan merek yang tersedia. Persaingan yang ketat dalam upaya meraih kesuksesan pasar atas suatu produk yang diluncurkan pasaran sedikit banyak tergantung dari beberapa hal diantaranya : persepsi konsumen atas kualitas merek, bentukdesain merek, packaging, sistem distribusi, ketersediaan di pasar dan faktor-faktor penunjang lainnya. Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 15 tahun 2001 pasal 1 ayat 1, merek didefinisikan sebagai sebuah tanda yang terdiri dari : gambar, nama, kata, huruf-huruf, angka-angka, susunan warna, atau kombinasi dari unsur-unsur tersebut yang mempunyai daya pembeda dan digunakan dalam kegiatan perdagangan barang atau jasa. Sedangkan di Amerika, kemasan tiga dimensi / trade dress dalam merek diatur dalam Lanham Act. Guna mendapatkan perlindungan merek sesuai dengan Lanham Act di U.S, maka bentuk tampilan tersebut setidaknya harus memenuhi 2 syarat : adanya unsur nonfunctionality dari bentuk tampilan, dan unsur distinctive atau daya pembeda. Nonfunctionality artinya bentuk tampilan suatu produk harus tidak bersifat fungsional, artinya tidak bisa didaftarkan apabila bentuk tampilan produk tersebut merupakan syarat agar produk tersebut berfungsi (atau dengan kata lain produk tersebut tidak bisa berfungsi apabila tidak ditampilkan sedemikian rupa). Syarat yang kedua adalah daya pembeda ; artinya bentuk atau tampilan suatu produk tersebut harus berbeda dengan produk yang lain, dan tentunya mempunyai kekhasan tersendiri sehingga bisa dibedakan dengan bentuk produk pesaingnya. Fungsi pembeda diantara merek lebih jauh tidak hanya terbatas pada bebedanya kata, huruf, warna tetapi juga berkembang ke arah bentuk tampilan luar produk, packaging, aroma, suara dan juga kesan atas produk tersebut. Bentuk tampilan luar (trade dress) dalam UU Merek No.15 tahun 2001, belum merupakan unsur yang termasuk dalam merek, sehingga tidak bisa mendapatkan perlindungan apabila ternyata ada bentuk tampilan produk yang mirip/ tidak berbeda meskipun berbeda kata, huruf warna yang digunakan satu sama lain, sehingga perlu diupayakan pengaturan lebih lanjut pada UU Merek yang akan datang. Tampilan luar yang berupa 3 dimensi juga diatur dalam desain industri, meskipun demikian ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara tampilan luar yang bisa dilindungi di bawah UU Merek dengan UU Desain Industri karena persyaratan tampilan luar berbeda satu sama lain.

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As increased trade flows of goods and services in the era of free trade this adult choice various kinds of products both goods and services more varied and diverse. Sweep choice for consumers in determining product choice makes trademark be very relevant and essential because quality and reputation a product of choice brand reflected available. Intense competition in an attempt to grab the market success of a product that launched the market more or less depending on several things including: the consumer's perception of the quality of the brand, brand design, packaging, distribution systems, availability in the marketplace and other ancillary factors. According to Act No. 15 of 2001 article 1 paragraph 1, brand is defined as a token consisting of: pictures, names, words, letters, numbers, colors, composition or a combination of these elements that have power and is used in the activity of the criterion of trade goods or services. While in america, packaging three-dimensional / trade dress in brand arranged in lanham act. To shelter brand lanham act in accordance with the u.s., and the display at least to meet the requirements of two conditions: nonfunctionality element of view, form and the distinctive or power of distinguishing. Nonfunctionality means the appearance of a product should not be functional, meaning cannot registered if the view that product is a requirement to product functioning ( or in other words those products cannot function if not shown such ). The second requirement is a distinguishing; it means form or appearance of a product should be different with other products and certainly have particularity vidual so as to be distinguishable in the product competition. The function of distinguishing between brand further not only limited to bebedanya word, letters, color but also evolve toward the form of a display outside products, packaging, the scent of; sound and also an impression upon the products. The form of a display outside ( trade ) in the act of dress brand Act No. 15 of 2001, was no of an element whose brands, including in so that cannot be shelter if it turns out that there is a form resembling that of a display of products / is no different in spite of different word, letters color that is used to one another, so that should be channeled further arrangement on the act of brands to come. The appearance of three-dimensions are also provided for in the design industry owever there is a significant difference between a display beyond which can be protected under the law on brands with law industrial design because beyond the requirements of a display different from one another."

" ABSTRAK Skripsi ini membahas mengenai perbandingan konstruksi hukum pengabdian pekarangan di Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat. Konstruksi hukum pengabdian pekarangan di Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat sedikit berbeda karena pengabdian pekarangan servitude yang dikenal di Amerika Serikat dibagi menjadi 4 empat tipe dimana pembagian ini tidak dikenal di dalam konstruksi hukum pengabdian pekarangan yang ada di Indonesia. Permasalahan ini ditinjau dari perbandingan hukum dengan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dan penulisan bersifat deskriptif. Data dalam penulisan ini diperoleh dari studi dokumen sebagai data utama dari penulisan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa baik Indonesia maupun Amerika Serikat memiliki ciri khas dalam masing-masing konstruksi hukumnya dan terdapat persamaan maupun perbedaan dalam konstruksi hukum pengabdian pekarangan.

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ABSTRACT This thesis discusses the comparison in the construction law of servitudes in Indonesia and the United States of America. There are differences between Indonesia and the United States of America rsquo s construction law of servitudes which are servitudes known in the United States consist of 4 four types which are different from servitudes known in Indonesia. With normative legal research methods and descriptive writing, the data in this study were obtained from documents study as the main data of qualitative writing. The result showed that both Indonesia and the United States of America have their own distinctive characteristic and there are differences and similarities in the law construction of servitudes. "