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"Latar Belakang : Syok sepsis merupakan kondisi mengancam nyawa dengan beban morbiditas dan mortalitas tinggi terutama di Asia Tenggara. Perencanaan resusitasi cairan yang optimal pada pasien sepsis membutuhkan panduan status hemodinamik tubuh, namun pengukuran Central Venous Pressure (CVP) yang saat ini paling umum digunakan merupakan tindakan invasif dengan segala kekurangannya. Sejumlah penelitian sebelumnya mengajukan pemeriksaan ultrasonografi vena cava inferior (USG IVC) sebagai metode alternatif estimasi status hemodinamik tubuh, namun dengan hasil yang bervariasi. Diskrepansi hasil penelitian sebelumnya dan kurangnya data penelitian pada populasi syok sepsis di Indonesia menunjukkan perlunya ada penelitian lebih lanjut. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara parameter USG IVC berupa diameter, Collapsibility Index (CI), dan velositas maksimal (maxV) terhadap nilai CVP. Metode : Desain penelitian merupakan studi korelasi dengan teknik potong lintang. Data primer didapatkan dari hasil pemeriksaan USG IVC dan CVP menggunakan manometer manual dari sampel pasien syok sepsis yang dirawat di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo dengan waktu penelitian Juli hingga Oktober 2020. Pengukuran diameter, CI, dan maxV dari IVC diambil di regio subxiphoid, dilakukan sendiri oleh peneliti dengan supervisi langsung dari spesialis radiologi konsultan abdomen. Hasil : Didapatkan 27 sampel USG IVC tanpa perbedaan proporsi yang bermakna antar subyek berdasarkan umur dan jenis kelaminnya. Didapatkan korelasi positif sedang antara diameter dengan nilai CVP (r = 0,459, p = 0,016), korelasi negatif sedang antara CI dengan nilai CVP (r = - 0,571, p = 0,002), dan tidak ada korelasi yang bermakna secara statistik antara maxV dengan nilai CVP (r = 0,074, p = 0,715). Kesimpulan : Korelasi bermakna antara diameter dan CI IVC terhadap nilai CVP menunjukkan bahwa pemeriksaan USG IVC dapat digunakan sebagai metode pemeriksaan alternatif non-invasif untuk estimasi nilai CVP dalam perencanaan penatalaksanaan pasien syok sepsis.

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Background : Septic shock is one of life-threatening condition with high morbidity and mortality rate, especially in the South East Asia. Optimal fluid resuscitation planning requires adequate portrayal of hemodynamic status, but the most often used indicator, Central Venous Pressure (CVP), is an invasive procedure with all its drawbacks. Several studies has been done worldwide to propose Inferior Vena Cava Ultrasonography (IVC USG) as an alternative method to estimate hemodynamic status, to varying degree of success. These discrepancies from previous studies, and the lack of data for septic shock population in Indonesia suggests the need for further study.

Objective : This study aims to determine the correlation strength between IVC USG parameters such as diameter, Collapsibility Index (CI), and maximum velocity (maxV) with CVP. Method : The study design is cross-sectional correlation study. Primary data was acquired from IVC USG examination results and CVP values was acquired by manual measurement from septic shock patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital (RSUPN CM) from July until October 2020. Measurements of diameter, CI, and maxV were done in the subxiphoid region under direct supervision from abdominal consultant radiologist. Result: In total, 27 samples of IVC USG were acquired without statistically significant difference of proportion across age and gender. Moderate positive correlation were found between diameter and CVP (r = 0,459, p = 0,016). Moderate negative correlation were found between CI and CVP (r = - 0,571, p = 0,002). No statistically significant correlation were found between maxV and CVP (r = 0,074, p = 0,715). Conclusion : Significant correlation between IVC diameter and CI with CVP values implies that IVC USG is an acceptable non-invasive alternative method to estimate CVP values in accordance to septic shock therapy planning."

"Kelebihan beban cairan pascaresusitasi dihubungkan dengan luaran buruk sehingga diperlukan deresusitasi. Tekanan vena sentral (TVS) rendah penting untuk menjamin aliran balik darah, meningkatkan curah jantung dan memperbaiki perfusi jaringan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai efektivitas deresusitasi dengan target TVS 0–4 mmHg pada pasien pascaresusitasi renjatan sepsis di ICU. Penelitian menggunakan desain randomized controlled trial dan dilakukan di RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan September 2019–Oktober 2020. Subjek berusia 18–60 tahun dengan renjatan sepsis pascaresusitasi. Kriteria eksklusi adalah gangguan jantung primer, gagal jantung kanan, penyakit jantung bawaan, penyakit paru obstruksi menahun berat, efusi pleura berat, batu atau tumor ginjal dan gagal ginjal kronik. Subjek penelitian dibagi menjadi dua kelompok dengan target TVS 0–4 mmHg dan 8–10 mmHg dan dilakukan dideresusitasi. Target TVS dicapai dengan furosemid drip dan loading kristaloid. Parameter luaran adalah perbedaan hasil PVD, stadium AKI, indeks curah jantung, lama penggunaan ventilator, dan lama hari perawatan di ICU. Data dianalisis program SPSS versi 20.0 meliputi analisis deskriptif dan inferensial memakai uji yang sesuai. Dari 44 subjek, 1 subjek dikeluarkan karena menjalani hemodialisis karena gagal ginjal kronik pada kelompok dengan target TVS 8–10 mmHg. Karakteristik dasar pasien berupa stadium AKI, ureum, kreatinin dan nilai TVS inisial berbeda bermakna pada kedua kelompok. Deresusitasi dengan target TVS 0–4 mmHg tidak berbeda bermakna pada nilai PVD, perbaikan AKI, CI, lama penggunaan ventilator, dan perawatan ICU (p>0,05). Tiga subjek meninggal sebelum selesai follow up pada kelompok dengan target TVS 0–4 mmHg dan 6 subjek meninggal sebelum selesai follow up, pada kelompok dengan target TVS 8–10 mmHg. Simpulan: Tidak didapatkan perbedaan efektivitas antara target deresusitasi TVS 0‒4 mmHg dengan target TVS 8‒10 mmHg terhadap nilai PVD sublingual, perubahan stadium AKI KDIGO, indeks curah jantung, lama penggunaan ventilator, lama perawatan ICU

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Post-resuscitation fluid overload is associated with a poor outcome in critically patient and thus requires deresuscitation (aggressive fluid removal). Low central venous pressure (CVP) is important to ensure the venous return, increase cardiac output and improve tissue perfusion. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of deresuscitation with a CVP target of 0–4 mmHg in post-septic shock resuscitation patients in the emergency department and ICU. This study used a randomized controlled trial design at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo in September 2019–October 2020. The study sample was patients 18–60 years old with septic shock in the post-resuscitation ICU. Exclusion criteria were patients with primary heart failure, right heart failure, congenital heart disease, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, severe pleural effusion, kidney stones or tumors, and chronic renal failure. The study subjects were deresuscited and divided into two CVP target groups (0–4 mmHg and 8–10 mmHg). Furosemide drip and cristaloid were given to reach target of CVP. Outcome parameters were differences in PVD, AKI stage, cardiac index (CI), ventilator duration, and length of stay in ICU. Statistical analysis includes descriptive and inferential analysis testing the appropriate test. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS version 20.0 statistical program. Results: There were 44 subjects, 1 subject were excluded due to hemodialysis in CVP target of 8–10 mmHg. Baseline characteristics have significant difference in ureum, creatinine, AKI stage and initial CVP value between two groups. Deresuscitation with a CVP target of 0–4 mmHg did not have a significant difference in the value of PVD, improvement in AKI, CI, ventilator duration, and length of ICU stay (p > 0.05). Three subjects died before 7 days of follow up in CVP target of 0–4 mmHg and 3 subjects died before 7 days of follow up in CVP target of 8–10 mmHg."

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Syok pada anak masih menjadi masalah utama karena mortalitas yang tinggi. Penilaian respons terhadap resusitasi cairan dapat menggunakan parameter klinis dan parameter hemodinamik invasif maupun non-invasif. Modalitas ultrasound cardiac output monitor (USCOM) pada populasi anak dengan syok memiliki korelasi yang baik dengan baku emas parameter hemodinamik invasif, tetapi memiliki beberapa keterbatasan. Modalitas lain yang semakin berkembang yaitu menggunakan point of care ultrasound (POCUS), dengan salah satu penilaian yang dapat dilakukan adalah pemeriksaan indeks kolapsibilitas vena jugularis interna (IKVJI). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan antara stroke volume dengan IKVJI dalam menilai respons resusitasi cairan pada anak syok. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain observasional analitik, dilakukan di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan Maret hingga Juni 2024. Subyek penelitian adalah anak usia 1 bulan hingga 18 tahun yang mengalami syok yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Parameter klinis, penilaian stroke volume dengan USCOM dan IKVJI dinilai sebelum dan sesudah resusitasi cairan. Berdasarkan analisis studi didapatkan 47 subyek sampel penelitian, 27 orang perempuan (57,4%), dengan median usia 82,9 (4,0–212,0) bulan. Status gizi, terbanyak adalah gizi baik (42,6%). Diagnosis terbanyak adalah syok hipovolemik (74,5%) diikuti syok sepsis (25,5%). Sebanyak 2 pasien meninggal dalam 24 jam pertama.  Pemantuan post-resusitasi cairan menunjukkan perbaikan laju nadi, tekanan darah, dan mean arterial pressure (p<0,0001), peningkatan nilai stroke volume (p<0,0001), dan perubahan nilai IKVJI (p<0,0001). Korelasi delta stroke volume dan delta IKVJI adalah negatif lemah (r=-0,309, p=0,035). Korelasi MAP dan IKVJI juga negatif lemah  (r=-0,359, p=0,013).

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Shock in children is still a major problem due to high mortality. Assessment of the response to fluid resuscitation can be done using clinical and hemodynamic parameters through invasive and non-invasive tools. The ultrasound cardiac output monitor (USCOM) among children with shock has a good correlation with the gold standard of invasive hemodynamic parameters but has some limitations. Another commonly used modality is point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), with one of the assessments being the examination of the internal jugular vein collapsibility index (IJV-CI). The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between stroke volume and IJV-CI changes in order to assess fluid responsiveness in children with shock. Between March and June 2024, an analytical observational study was undertaken in the emergency department and pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary referral hospital. The study subjects were children aged 1 month to 18 years who experienced shock and met the inclusion criteria. A thorough history taking, physical examination, and stroke volume assessment using the Ultrasonic Cardiac Output Monitor, and IJV-CI utilizing ultrasound before and after fluid resuscitation were conducted. This study included 47 subjects, of which there were 27 females (57.4%), with a median age of 82.9 (4.0–212.0) months. For nutritional status, most were normal (42.6%). The most common diagnosis was hypovolemic shock (74.5%) followed by septic shock (25.5%). Mortality in the first 24 hours was 2 patients. After fluid resuscitation, there was an improvement in pulse rate, blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure (p<0.0001), as well as increased stroke volume post fluid resuscitation (p<0.0001) and changes in IJV-CI post fluid resuscitation (p<0.0001). The correlation between stroke volume delta and IJV-CI delta was negative and weak (r=-0.309, p=0.035). The correlation between IJV-CI and MAP was also negative and weak (r=-0.359, p=0.013).

 

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"ABSTRAK Latar belakang. Status volume intravaskular hipovolemia atau hipervolemia dapat meningkatkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas. Baku emas penilaian status volume intravaskular adalah pemeriksaan immunoassay, sifatnya invasif, sulit dan lama sehingga para klinisi mencari teknik yang tidak invasif, mudah dan singkat. Pemeriksaan diameter vena kava inferior IVC dan vascular pedicle width VPW merupakan teknik noninvasif yang mulai dipakai untuk menilai status volume intravaskular. Keuntungan VPW adalah dapat dilakukan pada rumah sakit yang tidak memiliki USG. Uji kesesuaian IVC dan VPW dalam menilai status volume intravaskular hanya pernah dilakukan pada pasien dengan ventilasi mekanik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesesuaian hasil penilaian status volume intravaskular antara teknik ultrasonografi diameter IVC dengan teknik radiografi dada VPW pada pasien napas spontan. Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis observasional analitik potong lintang untuk mengetahui kesesuaian hasil penilaian status volume intravaskular pasien di ruang resusitasi IGD antara IVC dengan VPW pada bulan Mei 2018. Didapatkan 40 subjek yang memenuhi kritera penerimaan dan bersedia menandatangani informed consent penelitian. 40 subjek diukur VPW-nya dari hasil radiografi dada oleh sejawat Radiologi di IGD lalu dinilai diameter IVC maksimal, minimal dan reratanya serta collapsibility index-nya oleh peserta PPDS Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif. Terdapat 1 subjek yang dikelurkan karena nilai VPW tidak dapat diukur. Analisis data menggunakan analisis Kappa. Hasil. Nilai median diameter IVC 1,1 cm dengan nilai minimum 0,46 cm dan maksimum 3 cm. Nilai median collapsibility index 33 dengan nilai minimum 10,2 dan maksimum 100 . Nilai median VPW 5,7 cm dengan nilai minimum 3,5 cm dan maksimum 10,8 cm. Didapatkan hasil tidak adanya kesesuaian antara diameter rerata IVC dengan VPW koefisien Kappa -0,085 . Tidak terdapat kesesuaian antara diameter maksimal IVC dengan VPW koefisien Kappa -0,123 . Tidak terdapat kesesuaian juga antara collapsibility index dengan VPW koefisien Kappa 0,069 Simpulan. Penilaian status volume intravaskular teknik ultrasonografi diameter IVC tidak sesuai dengan teknik radiografi dada VPW. Kata Kunci: status volume intravaskular; kesesuaian; IVC; VPW ABSTRACT Background. Intravascular volume status hypovolemia or hypervolemia can both increase morbidity and mortality. The gold standard for assessing intravascular volume is immunoassay measurement. It is an invasive measurement, difficult and requires time before a final evaluation is complete. So there is a significant need for a rapid, noninvasive and easy technique to determines volume status. Inferior vena cava IVC and vascular pedicle width VPW are noninvasive and easy technique to measure intravascular volume status. VPW can be done without USG. Compatibility between IVC and VPW had only been done in patient with mechanical ventilation. This study was conducted to see compatibility between IVC diameter and VPW for assessing intravascular volume status in spontaneous patient. Methods. This was a cross sectional analytic study in the emergency room to see compatibility between IVC diameter and VPW for assessing intravascular volume status in spontaneous patient during May 2018. There were 40 subjects who fulfilled inclusion criteria and agreed to sign informed consent. VPW of 40 subjects were assessed by the radiologist then the maximum, minimum, mean diameter and collapsibility index of the IVC were assessed by anesthesiologist resident in the emergency room. There was 1 drop out subject due to VPW can not be measured. We use Kappa analysis for this study.. Results. Median of IVC diameter for this study was 1,1 cm, with minimum diameter was 0,46 cm and maximum was 3 cm. Median of collapsibility index was 33 , with minimum value was 10,2 and maximum was 100 . Median of VPW was 5,7 cm, with minimum outcome was 3,5 cm and maximum was 10,8 cm. We found that there was no compatibility between IVC mean diameter and VPW Kappa coefficent was -0,085 . There was also no compatibility between IVC maximum diameter and VPW Kappa coefficient -0,123 . WE also found there was no compatibility between collapsibility index of IVC and VPW Kappa coefficient 0,069 Conclusion. Assessment intravascular volume status by ultrasonography technique of IVC diameter was not compatible with radiographic technique of VPW. Keywords: intravascular volume status; compatibility; IVC; VPW."

"Latar Belakang. Selama ini pemberian oksigen dengan nasal kanul, sungkup hidung dan wajah merupakan tatalaksana pertama untuk gagal nafas hipoksemia. Alat high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) merupakan alternatif terapi oksigen yang lebih baik dari nasal kanul, karena dapat mengalirkan oksigen hingga 60 L/menit, FiO2 21% hingga 100% yang dilengkapi penghangat serta pelembab udara. Alat tersebut dapat menurunkan kerja otot- otot pernafasan dengan mekanisme menurunkan tekanan jalan nafas positif dan tahanan jalan nafas, meningkatkan oksigenasi, serta menghilangkan ruang rugi nasofaring. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan HFNC dengan terapi oksigen konvensional (TOK) terhadap profil hemodinamik dan mikrosirkulasi pada pasien pascabedah.Metodologi. Penelitian ini merupakan uji acak terkendali yang dilakukan di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo bulan Februari hingga Juli 2019. Sebanyak 40 subjek terbagi ke dalam dua kelompok yaitu kelompok HFNC (n=20) dan kelompok terapi oksigen konvensional (TOK) (n=20). Pengambilan data dilakukan pada menit ke-0, 30, 60, jam ke-3 dan ke-24 setelah prosedur ekstubasi. Pengambilan data dilakukan menggunakan kateter vena sentral yang tertera di monitor, pengambilan darah dari kateter vena sentral, serta pengukuran hemodinamik dengan ICON® dari Ospyka. Uji kemaknaan dilakukan dengan uji-t tidak berpasangan dan generalize estimating equation (GEE) dengan SPSS versi 23.Hasil. Hasil uji kemaknaan menunjukkan tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok HFNC dengan kelompok TOK untuk seluruh luaran hemodinamik (p>0,05). Terdapat perbedaan bermakna untuk luaran kadar laktat pada uji GEE dengan perbedaan rerata sekitar 0,78 mmol/L (nilai p=0,049), namun secara klinis tidak berbeda bermakna. Hal ini disebabkan tidak ada subyek kami yang mengalami hipoksemia maupun gangguan hemodinamik perioperatif.Kesimpulan. Penggunaan alat HFNC tidak lebih baik dibandingkan nasal kanul pada pasien pascabedah laparotomi abdomen atas di ICU.

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Background. Conventional oxygen therapy (COT) with nasal cannula, simple mask or face mask remains as the first line therapy for hypoxemic respiratory failure. High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) serves as an alternative oxygen therapy which can deliver oxygen at the flow up to 60 L/min and FiO2 ranging from 21% to 100% via warm and humid air based on human's physiology. This device can decrease the workload of respiratory muscles by reducing positive airway pressure and airway resistances, improving oxygenation and washing out airways' dead space. This research was conducted to study the comparison between HFNC and COT on hemodynamic profile and microcirculation in post-upper abdominal patients.

Methods. This was an open label randomized controlled trial (RCT) at National Cipto Mangunkusumo between February to July 2019. Forty patients were recruited and divided into HFNC group (n=20) and COT group (n=20). Hemodynamic parameters were recorded using the bedside monitor (heart rate, respiratory rate, and mean arterial pressure) as well as the electrical cardiometry using ICON® measurements (stroke volume index, cardiac index and systemic vascular resistance index); laboratory parameters were ScvO2 and lactate serum collected via central venous catheter. Data were collected at 0, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 3 hours and 24 hours after extubation. Statistic analysis were conducted using independent sample T-test and generating estimating equations (GEE) with SPSS 23.

Results. All analysis showed no statistically significant difference between HFNC and COT group for all hemodynamic parameters (p>0.05). There was a significant mean difference for 0.78 mmol/L of serum lactate level according to GEE analysis in HFNC group (p=0.049), whereas this difference is not clinically significant. This results are caused by relatively stable subjects condition without the occurrence of perioperative hypoxemia or hemodynamic disturbances.

Conclusion. In post-upper abdominal surgery patients, HFNC is not superior compared to COT on improving hemodynamic and microcirculation outcomes."

"Efektifitas EVLA terhadap diameter vena saphena magna yang besar masih banyak diperdebatkan, karena diameter vena saphena magna yang besar memiliki angka oklusi yang lebih rendah pasca EVLA dan diperkirakan mempengaruhi nilai r-VCSS. Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang pasien insufiensi vena kronik pada vena saphena magna yang lakukan EVLA di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo dan rumah sakit jejaring dari Juli 2023 – Desember 2023. 37 tungkai dari 34 pasien yang dilakukan EVLA 1470 nm dengan tip radial. Dilakukan pengukuran diameter vena saphena magna dengan usg doppler pada 4 segmen (3 femoral, 1 kruris) dan dibagi berdasarkan nilai potong, dan juga dilakukan penilaian r-VCSS pre EVLA. 1 minggu pasca EVLA dilakukan penilaian oklusi dari vena saphena magna dengan usg doppler dan nilai r-VCSS. Analisis data menggunakan SPSS versi 25.0 secara bivariat dan multivariat. 5 tungkai (13,5%) mengalami gagal oklusi 1 minggu pasca EVLA. Semua kegagalan oklusi pada segmen 1/3 proksimal femoral (diameter >10 mm) (P<0,05). Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara angka oklusi dengan nilai r-VCSS, baik pre dan post EVLA (P=0,490 dan P=0,102). Perbedaan diameter sesuai nilai potong tidak mempengaruhi nilai r-VCSS post tindakan. Diameter vena pre-EVLA mempengaruhi keberhasilan oklusi pasca-EVLA. Angka oklusi vena saphena magna tidak mempengaruhi nilai r-VCSS pasca EVLA.

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The effectiveness of EVLA on large saphenous vein diameter is still widely debated, because large saphenous vein diameter has a lower occlusion rate after EVLA and can affect the r-VCSS value. The design of this study was a cross-sectional of patients with chronic venous insufficiency in the great saphenous vein who underwent EVLA at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and a network teaching hospitals from July 2023 – December 2023. 37 extremity from 34 patients underwent 1470 nm EVLA with a radial tip. The diameter of the great saphenous vein was measured using Doppler ultrasound in 4 segments (3 femoral, 1 cruris) and divided based on the cutoff value, and pre-EVLA r-VCSS was also assessed. 1 week after EVLA, the occlusion of the great saphenous vein was assessed using Doppler ultrasound and r-VCSS values. Data analysis used SPSS version 25.0 bivariate and multivariate. cases (13.5%) failed occlusion 1 week post EVLA. All occlusion failure occurred at the 1/3 proximal of the femoral segment (diameter >10 mm) (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between occlusion rates with r-VCSS, pre and post EVLA (P=0.490 and P=0.102). The difference in diameter according to the cut value does not affect the r-VCSS after the procedure. Pre-EVLA vein diameter influences the success of post-EVLA occlusion. The degree of occlusion of the great saphenous vein does not affect the r-VCSS after EVLA."

"Pada tahun 2010 American Venous Forum mengembangkan sebuah sistem skoring Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) untuk menilai tingkat keparahan Insufisiensi Vena Kronik, dimana system ini dikatakan lebih lengkap daripada system CEAP. Tetapi validasi VCSS terhadap uji obyektif masih kurang. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji VCSS terhadap refluks dan diameter vena tungkai berdasarkan ultrasonografi. Penelitian ini merupakan suatu uji diagnostik potong lintang pada pekerja wanita dengan posisi kerja berdiri sebnyak 114 orang (228 tungkai). Dilakukan penilaian VCSS dan pemeriksaan USG pada semua subjek. Hubungan antara VCSS dengan refluks dan diameter vena tungkai dianalisis menggunakan odd rasio dengan interval kepercayaan 95%. Dari 228 tungkai yang diperiksa didapatkan skor VCSS 0-3 sebanyak 18,4%, skor ≥4sebanyak 81,6%. Refluks didapatkan pada 21,9% tungkai. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara VCSS dengan refluks pada vena tungkai. Sedangkan diameter vena safena magna antara 2,1-12,2mm, vena femoral 7,1-17mm, vena popliteal 3-11,4 dan vena safena parva 1,7-7mm. Ketika VCSS dihubungkan dengan diameter vena, didapatkan hubungan yang signifikan. Sensistivitas VCSS dibandingkan dengan refluks berdasarkan USG didapatkan 78%, spesivitas 98,31%, nilai prediksi positif 92,86% dan nilai prediksi negatif 93,86%. Dari hasil penelitian ini disimpulkan skoring VCSS dapat dipakai sebagi metode untuk menilai insufisiensi vena kronik. Meskipun VCSS dirancang untuk menilai keparahan penyakit vena kronis,  VCSS dapat juga dipaki untuk melakukan skrining karena menujukkan hubungan yang baik dengan refluks dan diameter vena tungkai berdasarkan USG.

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In 2010 the American Venous Forum developed a scoring system for the Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) to assess the severity of chronic venous insufficiency, where the system is said to be more complete than the CEAP system. But the VCSS validation of the objective test is still lacking. The aim of this study was to test VCSS for reflux and diameter of leg veins based on ultrasonography. This study is a cross-sectional diagnostic test on female workers with a working position standing at 114 people (228 limbs). VCSS assessment and ultrasound examination were performed on all subjects. The relationship between VCSS and reflux and limb vein diameter was analyzed using odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval. From the 228 limbs examined, the VCSS score of 0-3 was 18.4%, the score ≥4 was 81.6%. Reflux is obtained at 21.9% of the legs. There is a significant relationship between VCSS and reflux in the leg veins. Whereas the diameter of the safena magna vein is between 2.1-12.2mm, 7.1-17mm femoral vein, popliteal vein 3-11.4 and safena parva vein 1.7-7mm. When VCSS is associated with vein diameter, a significant relationship is obtained. The sensitivity of VCSS compared with reflux based on USG was 78%, the specificity was 98.31%, the positive predictive value was 92.86% and the negative predictive value was 93.86%. From the results of this study concluded VCSS scoring can be used as a method to assess chronic venous insufficiency. Although VCSS is designed to assess the severity of chronic venous disease, VCSS can also be cited for screening because it shows a good relationship with reflux and diameter of leg veins based on ultrasound.

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"Latar Belakang. Angka kejadian dan mortalitas pasien sepsis berat dan syok sepsis di dunia masih tinggi. Belum diketahui peran gabungan parameter akhir resusitasi makrosirkulasi dan mikrosirkulasi yang disusun dalam sebuah model prediksi mortalitas dini pasca fase resusitasi awal pasien sepsis berat dan syok sepsis. Tujuan. Menentukan model prediksi terjadinya mortalitas dini pasca fase resusitasi awal pasien sepsis berat dan syok sepsis berdasarkan parameter akhir resusitasi makrosirkulasi dan mikrosirkulasi. Metode. Penelitian dengan desain kohort retrospektif dilakukan terhadap pasien sepsis berat dan/atau syok sepsis yang berusia lebih dari sama dengan 18 tahun dan dirawat di ruang rawat intensif Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo pada periode waktu Januari 2011 sampai Desember 2012. Pasien diamati selama 120 jam pertama pasca inisiasi fase resusitasi awal untuk melihat luaran yang terjadi dan waktu timbul luaran berupa mortalitas. Sembilan prediktor terjadinya mortalitas dini yang telah didefinisikan sebelumnya diidentifikasi pasca pasien melewati fase resusitasi awal. Prediktor independen mortalitas dini diidentifikasi dengan analisis regresi Cox’s Proportional Hazard dan setiap faktor independen dikuantifikasi untuk mengembangkan suatu model prediksi mortalitas dini. Kemampuan kalibrasi model tersebut ditentukan dengan uji Hosmer-Lameshow dan kemampuan diskriminasinya ditentukan dengan menghitung area under curve (AUC) dari receiver operating curve. Hasil. Subjek penelitian terdiri atas 268 pasien. Sebagian besar (54,9%) merupakan pasien laki-laki, dengan median (rentang) usia 49 tahun (18;86). Mortalitas terjadi pada 70 pasien (insidens kumulatif 26,1%, insidens densitas 0,002 per orang-jam) dalam 120 jam pertama pasca inisiasi fase resusitasi awal. Dua prediktor independen mortalitas dini diidentifikasi, yakni: bersihan laktat (adjusted hazard ratio[HR] 11,81 [IK95% 6,50-21,46]) dan jumlah disfungsi organ (2 disfungsi organ, adjusted HR 1,47 [IK95% 0,58- 3,72]; >3 disfungsi organ, adjusted HR 3,79 [IK95% 1,65-8,69]). Model prediksi ditentukan dengan menggunakan model akhir analisis multivariat dan distratifikasi menjadi dua kelompok tingkatan risiko: rendah (probabilitas mortalitas dini 7,8%), dan tinggi (72,3%). Uji Hosmer-Lemeshow menunjukkan presisi yang baik (p 0,745) dan AUC menunjukkan kemampuan diskriminasi yang sangat baik (0,91 [IK95% 0,87-0,95]). Kesimpulan. Model prediksi terjadinya mortalitas dini pasca fase resusitasi awal pasien sepsis berat dan syok sepsis berdasarkan parameter akhir resusitasi makrosirkulasi dan mikrosirkulasi dapat disusun berdasarkan parameter bersihan laktat dan jumlah disfungsi organ.

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Introduction. The incidence and mortality rates of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock in the world is still high. There is unknown role of macrocirculation and microcirculation end points resuscitation which are combined as the component of prediction model for early mortality after early resuscitative phase of patient with severe sepsis and septic shock.

Aim. To develop a prediction model for early mortality after early resuscitative phase of patient with severe sepsis and septic shock based on macrocirculation and microcirculation end points resuscitation.

Method. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in severe sepsis and septic shock patients (aged 18 years and older) who were hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo from January 2011 until December 2012. Patients’ outcome and time to outcome were observed during first 120 hours of initiation of early resuscitative phase. Nine predefined predictors for development of early mortality were identified after early resuscitative phase. Independent predictors for early mortality were identified by Cox’s proportional hazard regression analysis and each independent predictor was quantified to develop early mortality prediction model. The calibration performance of the model was tested by Hosmer-Lameshow test and its discrimination ability was determined by calculating area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

Results. Subjects consist of 268 patients, predominantly male (54.9%), with median (range) age of 49 (18;86) years old. Mortality developed in 70 patients (cumulative incidence 26.1%, incidence density 0.002 per person-hours) during first 120 hours of initiation of early resuscitative phase. Two independent predictors for early mortality were identified, including: lactate clearance (adjusted hazard ratio[HR] 11.81 [95%CI 6.50-21.46]) and number of organ dysfunction (2 organs dysfunction, adjusted HR 1.47 [95%CI 0.58- 3.72]; >3 organs dysfunction, adjusted HR 3.79 [95%CI 1.65-8.69]). Predictive model was performed using the final model of multivariate analysis and stratified into two levels: low- (probability for early mortality 7.8%), and high-risk (72.3%) groups. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test revealed good precision (p-value 0.745) and the AUC showed very good discrimination ability (0.91 [95% CI 0.87-0.97]).

Conclusion. A prediction model for early mortality after early resuscitative phase of patient with severe sepsis and septic shock based on macrocirculation and microcirculation end points resuscitation can be developed based on two parameters, i.e. lactate clearance and number of organ dysfunction."

"Sepsis didefinisikan sebagai suatu systemic inflammatory response syndrome SIRS disertai infeksi, terbukti ataupun tidak, dengan perkembangan penyakit hingga sepsis berat dan syok sepsis. Sepsis merupakan masalah kesehatan yang penting dengan angka mortalitas yang tinggi, mencapai 50 pada sepsis berat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran saturasi oksigen vena sentral ScvO2. perbedaan tekanan parsial karbondioksida vena sentral dan arteri pCO2 gap. dan kadar laktat saat baseline dan pasca resusitasi, serta bersihan laktat sebagai penanda prognostik pada pasien sepsis berat. Desain penelitian adalah kohort retrospektif dengan 54 pasien sepsis berat, terdiri dari 27 pasien meninggal dalam 14 hari perawatan dan 27 pasien hidup. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan perbedaan bermakna pada kadar laktat pasca resusitasi dan bersihan laktat antara kedua kelompok, sedangkan pada ScvO2 baseline, ScvO2 pasca resusitasi, dan kadar laktat baseline tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna. Pada kadar laktat pasca resusitasi didapatkan besar area under the curve AUC untuk memprediksi mortalitas sebesar 84,4. dengan cutoff 1,45 mmol/L, sensitivitas 74,1 dan spesifisitas 85,2. Pada bersihan laktat didapatkan besar AUC untuk memprediksi pasien sepsis berat yang hidup sebesar 99,5. dengan cutoff 1,5. sensitivitas 100 dan spesifisitas 92,6. Angka mortalitas pada kelompok pCO2 gap baseline. 6 mmHg sebesar 59,5 dan ge;. mmHg sebesar 29,4. serta pada kelompok pCO2 gap pasca resusitasi. 6 mmHg sebesar 50,0 dan ge;. mmHg sebesar 50,0. Parameter kadar laktat pasca resusitasi dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi mortalitas dengan cutoff 1,45 mmol/L, dan bersihan laktat untuk memprediksi pasien yang hidup dengan cutoff 1,5.

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Sepsis is defined as systemic inflammatory response syndrome SIRS accompanied with infection, proven or not, that can progress to severe sepsis or septic shock. Sepsis is an important health problem with high mortality rate, reaching 50 in severe sepsis. This study aims to find out the role of central venous oxygen saturation ScvO2. carbondioxide partial pressure gap of central venous and arterial pCO2 gap. and lactate at baseline and post resuscitation, and lactate clearance as prognostic markers in severe sepsis. The study design is retrospective cohort with 54 severe sepsis patients, consists of 27 patients that died within 14 days of stay and 27 patients that survived. This study found significant difference in post resuscitation lactate and lactate clearance between both groups, while baseline ScvO2, post resuscitation ScvO2, and baseline lactate was not significantly different. The size of area under the curve AUC for post resuscitation lactate to predict mortality is 84,4. with cutoff 1,45 mmol L, sensitivity 74,1 and specificity 85,2. The size of AUC for lactate clearance to predict severe sepsis patients that survived is 99,5. with cutoff 1,5. sensitivity 100 and specificity 92,6. Mortality rate in baseline pCO2 gap group. mmHg is 59,5 and ge. mmHg is 29,4. and in post resuscitation pCO2 gap group. mmHg is 50,0 and ge. mmHg is 50,0. Post resuscitation lactate can be used to predict mortality with cutoff 1,45 mmol L, and lactate clearance to predict survivor with cutoff 1,5."

"Berbahasa Indonesia/Berbahasa Lain (Selain Bahasa Inggris): Latar belakang: Pengembangan pemantauan hemodinamik bersifat non-invasif menggunakan point of care ultrasound (POCUS) menjadi trend pada ruang rawat intensif secara luas, termasuk anak. Pemantauan dari aspek vena yang sebelumnya sering terlupakan, dirasa perlu untuk mendapat luaran yan glebihbaik. Saat ini penggunaan Central Venous Pressure yang bersifat invasif menjadi modalitas menilai kongesti vena pada pasien anak. Venous Excess Ultrasound grading system (VEXUS) telah dikembangkan pada populasi dewasa dan dinilai bermanfaat dalam menilai kongesti vena sistemik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kesesuaian VEXUS dengan CVP dalam menilai kongesti vena pada anak sakit kritis di ruang rawat intensif anak RSUPN CiptomangunkusumoMetode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang, dilakukan di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan Juli hingga November 2024. Subyek penelitian adalah anak usia 1 bulan-18 tahun yang dirawat di PICU dan CICU RSCM, memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, terpasang monitor CVP dan dilakukan evaluasi VEXUS menggunakan USG.Hasil: Dari 53 subyek yang dianalisis, 31 orang berjenis kelamin lelaki (58,5%) dan 22 orang perempuan (41,5%), dengan median usia 82,9(4,0–212,0) bulan. Untuk status gizi, terbanyak adalah gizi baik (42,6%) diikuti gizi buruk (27.7%). Diagnosis terbanyak adalah pasca pembedahan jantung (52,8%) diikuti diagnosis non bedah (28,3%). Analisis terhadap 53 sampel mendapatkan 20(37,7%) subyek tergolong VEXUS 0 (tidak kongesti), 16(30,2%) subyek tergolong VEXUS 1 (kongesti ringan), 10( 18,8 %) tergolong VEXUS 2 (kongesti sedang), dan 7(13,2%) VEXUS 3(kongesti berat). Terdapat kesesuaian derajat kongesti yang dinilai dengan CVP dengan hasil pemeriksaan VEXUS dengan p < 0,000. Penilaian pada komponen VEXUS yaitu IVC, pola gelombang vena hepatika, vena porta, dan vena renalis juga memiliki kesesuaian dengan peningkatan nilai CVP dengan p<0,05; p <0,05; p <0,01; p < 0,01. Kesimpulan:Terdapat kesesuaian antara grading VEXUS dengan nilai CVP pada anak sakit kritis.

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Background: The current focus in managing critically ill patients relies on maintaining mean arterial pressure, thereby addressing cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Clinicians have challenges in accurately assessing and managing systemic venous congestion to avoid its deleterious effects on vital organ perfusion. Point-Of-Care ultrasound (POCUS) is widely available and could enable clinicians to detect signs of venous congestion at the bedside. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between systemic venous congestion, as estimated by Venous Excess Ultrasound (VEXUS) and comparing it to central venous pressure in critically ill patients.

Method: We perform a cross sectional analytic study in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and Cardiac Intensive Care Unit of tertiary referral hospital CiptoMangunkusumo Public Hospital, Indonesia, between July and November 2024. Children age 1 month - 18 years using CVP monitoring included in this study, and point of care ultrasound VEXUS including measurements of hepatic, portal, intra-renal vein Doppler and inferior vena cava (IVC) ultrasound were performed.

Result: Fifty three subjects included in the subject, 58,5% were boys, median age of the subjects were 82.9 months. Most of subjects were wellnourished (42.6%), and 52.8% subjects were admitted in intensive care unit for post cardiac surgical procedure. Ultrasound performed once in the period of stay, and the result categorized in VEXUS 0. VEXUS 1, VEXUS 2, and VEXUS 3. A significant association was observed between central venous pressure (CVP) measurements and VEXUS. Among 53 patients, 20/53(37,7%), 16/53(30,2%), 10/53(18,8%), and 7(13,2%) subjects were categorized as VEXUS 0, VEXUS 1, VEXUS 2, and VEXUS 3 respectively. Inferior Vena Cava dilation and intraabdominal venous doppler abnormalities, including hepatic vein, portal vein and intrarenal vein were significantly associated with higher CVP (p<0,05; p <0,05;

p <0,01; p < 0,01).

Conclusion: A significant association was observed between central venous pressure (CVP) measurements and VEXUS in critically ill children."