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"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pola pewarisan warna bunga Zinnia elegans pada kelompok white dan red purple. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui warna bunga Z. elegans yang muncul dari parental berwarna putih (white group) dan pink keunguan (red purple group), sekaligus mengetahui pola pewarisan warna bunga Z. elegans yang tumbuh di alam. Penelitian dilakukan selama ±6 bulan dari bulan Januari sampai Juni 2020 menggunakan lima bunga, terdiri atas 2 set dari kelompok white (F0) dan 2set dari kelompok red purple (F0), dan 1 set dari kelompok red purple (F1) yang dijadikan sebagai parental. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sifat warna bunga dari masing-masing parental diturunkan pada keturunannya. Warna baru dihasilkan dari set 1 kelompok white red purple. Warna bunga pada Zinnia elegans dapat dikelompokkan menjadi kelompok red, red purple, orange, yellow, dan white. Berdasarkan daftar warna (colour chart), masing-masing kelompok warna bunga memiliki intensitas warna yang beragam. Warna bunga yang dihasilkan dari kelompok pink keunguan lebih beragam daripada kelompok putih. Berdasarkan perhitungan chi-square, sebagian besar pola pewarisan Z. elegans yang dibiarkan tumbuh di alam mengikuti pola pewarisan dengan Z. elegans yang disilangkan oleh manusia, dan memiliki pola pewarisan yang berbeda dengan Z. elegans yang telah dimutasi.

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Research on the inheritance pattern of Zinnia elegans from white and red-purple groups has been carried out. This research studies the color of Z. elegans flowers produced from white and red-purple flowers, while knowing the inheritance pattern of Z. elegans flowers in nature. This research was conducted for about six months from January to June 2020 and used four flowers, consisting of 2 sets of white groups (F0), two sets of red-purple groups (F0), and one set of red-purple groups (F1) to be used as parental. The results show the color nature of each parent produced in their generation. New colors are produced from set 1 of the white and red-purple group. The color of flowers in Z. elegans can be grouped into red, red-purple, orange, yellow, and white. Based on the color chart, each flower color group has a variety of color intensities. The color of the flowers produced from the red-purple group is more diverse than the white group. Based on the Chi-square calculation, most of the inheritance patterns of Z. elegans that are allowed to grow in nature follow the pattern resulting from crossing by humans and have different inheritance patterns from Z. elegansobtained from mutation."

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Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola pewarisan bentuk bunga Zinnia elegans yang tumbuh dari biji bunga tunggal (single) dan ganda (double) telah dilakukan pada Januari 2020 – Juni 2020. Penelitian dilakukan di 3 lokasi, yaitu Universitas Indonesia, Kelurahan Tanah Baru Depok, dan Kelurahan Grogol Depok. Analisis dilakukan pada 2 generasi tanaman, yaitu pada 237 bunga generasi 1 dan 13 bunga generasi 2. Pengamatan yang dilakukan memerhatikan pola pewarisan jumlah lapisan bunga dan tipe helaian bunga di alam. Hasil yang didapat akan dibandingkan dengan pola pewarisan hukum Mendel, apakah sejalan atau tidak. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditemukan dugaan bahwa lapisan bunga tunggal merupakan tipe yang stabil dan dapat mendominasi tanaman secara alami. Penelitian yang dilakukan juga menduga adanya variasi tipe helaian bunga yang muncul akibat kondisi lingkungan. Tanaman yang berasal dari parental bunga tunggal menunjukkan adanya variasi pola pewarisan, yaitu dapat mengikuti hukum mendel ataupun tidak. Pola pewarisan tanaman yang berasal dari parental bunga ganda belum dapat digambarkan akibat minimnya jumlah tanaman. Pewarisan tipe helaian bunga belum dapat dihubungkan dengan pewarisan Mendel karena informasi tentang tipe helaian bunga sangat terbatas. Pola pewarisan bentuk bunga dari penelitian ini digambarkan dalam bentuk pohon keluarga (pedigree).

 

 

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Research to analyze the inheritance pattern on Zinnia elegans flower shape was conducted in January 2020 – June 2020. The research was conducted in 3 locations, namely Universitas Indonesia Campus, Kelurahan Tanah Baru Depok, and Kelurahan Grogol Depok. The analysis was conducted on 2 generations of plants, on 237 flowers from first generation and 14 flowers from second generation. The flower shape in nature that has been observed were the number of flower layer and the flower sheet. The results in this research will be compared to Mendelian inheritance pattern, whether follow the rules or not. Based on the results of the study, it was found that a single layer of flower was stable and can dominate the plant naturally. This research also assume that the variation type of flower sheet happen due to environmental conditions. Plants that come from a single layer flower show variation in inheritance patterns, which can either follow the law of Mendel or not. The pattern of the plants derived from double layer flower cannot be describe due to lack of plant quantities. The pattern of flower sheet type cannot be linked to Mendelian inheritance because there is only limited number of studies that provide the information. Inheritance pattern of Zinnia elegans’s flower form has been shown on the family tree (pedigree).

 

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"Penelitian mengenai analisis jumlah kromosom Zinnia elegans pada bentuk bunga single, double, dan pompom telah dilakukan pada bulan April 2020 hingga Oktober 2020. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi jumlah kromosom pada bentuk bunga yang berbeda dari beberapa kultivar Z. elegans serta mengidentifikasi morfologi bunga. Kultivar yang digunakan meliputi Z. elegans ‘California Giant’, ‘Lilliput’, dan ‘Cactus Flowered Mix’. Analisis jumlah kromosom dilakukan dengan metode squashing. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketiga kultivar merupakan tanaman yang diploid (2n = 24) dengan morfologi bunga yang bervariasi. Ditemukan variasi jumlah kromosom pada bentuk bunga pompom dari ‘California Giant’ (2n = 22, 24, 48) dan bentuk bunga double dari ‘Cactus Flowered Mix’ (2n = 9, 13, 15, 24). Dua kultivar yaitu ‘California Giant’ dan ‘Cactus Flowered Mix’ berhasil digunakan dalam analisis citra kromosom menggunakan Chromosome Image Analyzing System (CHIAS) IV. Hasil statistik dari uji t (α = 0,05) menunjukkan bahwa ukuran kromosom pada ‘Cactus Flowered Mix’ (2n = 24) tidak sama dengan ‘California Giant’ (2n = 24). Kromosom satelit ditemukan pada kedua kultivar tersebut.

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Research on the analysis of the chromosome numbers in Zinnia elegans with single, double, and pompom flowers has been carried out from April 2020 to October 2020. This research aims to determine the variation of the chromosome numbers in different flowers from several cultivars of Z. elegans and to identify the morphology of the flowers. The cultivars used included Z. elegans 'California Giant', 'Lilliput', and 'Cactus Flowered Mix'. Chromosomes were analyzed by the squashing method. The results showed that the three cultivars are diploid plants (2n = 24) with varying flower morphology. Chromosome numbers variation was found in the pompom flower of 'California Giant' (2n = 22, 24, 48) and the double flower of 'Cactus Flowered Mix' (2n = 9, 13, 15, 24). Two cultivars, i.e. 'California Giant' and 'Cactus Flowered Mix' were successfully used in the analysis of chromosome images using Chromosome Image Analyzing System (CHIAS) IV. The statistical results of the t test (α = 0.05) showed that the chromosome size of 'Cactus Flowered Mix' (2n = 24) was not the same as 'California Giant' (2n = 24). Chromosome satellite of both cultivars was found in this research."

"Kura-kura brazil (Trachemys scripta elegans) merupakan spesies asal Amerika Selatan dan salah satu spesies asing invasif yang berdampak buruk untuk spesies asli. Proses invasi spesies tersebut di Indonesia adalah melalui jalur perdagangan dan populer sebagai hewan peliharaan. Pendeteksian kehadiran spesies asing menjadi penting dalam proses pengendalian spesies sebelum menjadi invasif. Ekosistem perairan urban seperti situ di Universitas Indonesia merupakan wilayah yang umum ditemukan spesies asing. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendeteksi keberadaan kura-kura brazil di enam situ Universitas Indonesia menggunakan sampel eDNA yang diamplifikasi menggunakan primer spesifik Cytochrome b dan dikuantifikasi menggunakan qPCR. Nilai LoD dan LoQ ditentukan melalui kurva standar untuk menentukan keberadaan DNA kura-kura brazil pada 193 sampel. DNA Kura-kura brazil terdeteksi pada sampel dari seluruh situ di Universitas Indonesia pada tahun 2021 dan 2022 Faktor lingkungan tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan (sig. > 0,05) terhadap konsentrasi eDNA, tetapi kura-kura brazil ditemukan pada situ dengan air yang tenang dengan suhu 27 - 33°C. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut eDNA dapat digunakan untuk monitoring keberadaan spesies asing invasif kura-kura brazil di ekosistem urban.

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The red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) is a species from Southern America and one of the invasive alien species that has a negative impact on native species. The invasion process in Indonesia is through trade routes and is popular as a pet. Detecting the presence of alien species is important in the process of controlling species before they become invasive. Urban water ecosystems such as the one at the University of Indonesia are areas that are commonly found by alien species. The aim of the study was to detect the presence of Brazilian turtles in six ponds at the University of Indonesia using eDNA samples amplified using Cytochrome b specific primers and quantified using qPCR. LoD and LoQ values ​​were determined using standard curves to determine the presence of Brazilian tortoise DNA in 193 samples. The red-eared sliders’ DNA was detected in samples from all ponds at the University of Indonesia in 2021 and 2022. Environmental factors did not have a significant effect (sig. > 0.05) on eDNA concentrations, but the red-eared slider were found in situ with contaminated water. quiet with temperature 27 - 33°C. The results based on the eDNA can be used to monitor the presence of an invasive alien species in urban ecosystems."

"Pada penelitian sebelumnya, diperoleh 18 strain Candida spp. dari Apis cerana dan bunga-bunga yang dikunjunginya di Ciburial, Jawa Barat. Hasil identifikasi berdasarkan data sequence daerah ITS rDNA menggunakan primer reverse ITS4, menunjukkan bahwa 18 strain tersebut memiliki homologi rendah (85--98%) terhadap spesies terdekatnya Candida spp. Dengan demikian belum diperoleh identitas yang akurat dari 18 strain Candida spp. tersebut. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memperoleh identitas yang akurat dari 18 strain tersebut melalui identifikasi molekuler, analisis filogenetik, dan pengamatan karakter fenotipik (morfologi, fisiologi, dan biokimia). Identifikasi dilakukan melalui sequencing pada daerah ITS rDNA dan D1/D2 LSU rDNA. Analisis filogenetik dilakukan berdasarkan data sequence daerah ITS rDNA dan D1/D2 LSU rDNA, menggunakan metode neighbor-joining. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi molekuler, analisis filogenetik, dan pengamatan karakter fenotipik, 10 strain diidentifikasi ke dalam 5 spesies, yaitu C. parapsilosis (Candida sp. CR033, CR034, dan CR038), C. orthopsilosis (Candida sp. CR015 dan CR151), C. metapsilosis (Candida sp. CR047 dan CR053), Debaryomyces hansenii (Candida sp. CR065), dan Wickerhamomyces anomalus (Candida sp. CR070 dan CR105). Sebanyak 8 strain (Candida sp. CR004, CR007, CR013, CR014, CR018, CR023, CR027, dan CR035) belum dapat ditentukan nama penunjuk (epithet) spesiesnya. Berdasarkan sequence ITS rDNA 8 strain tersebut memiliki homologi yang rendah (97%) terhadap kerabat terdekatnya C. hawaiiana. Pohon filogenetik berdasarkan sequence ITS rDNA menunjukkan 8 strain tersebut berada pada clade yang terpisah dengan C. hawaiiana dengan dukungan nilai bootstrap yang sangat tinggi, 99%. Delapan strain Candida tersebut termasuk dalam satu spesies yang memiliki perbedaan sequence ≤1% antara satu strain Candida dengan strain Candida lainnya atau disebut conspecific. Karakter fisiologi dan biokimia menunjukkan 8 strain tersebut memiliki perbedaan dengan C. hawaiiana CBS 9146T pada kemampuannya mengasimilasi sumber karbon α- methyl -D-glucoside, dan ketidakmampuannya mengasimilasi ribosa. Hasil identifikasi penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 8 strain Candida tersebut merupakan spesies yang berbeda dengan C. hawaiiana.

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In the previous study, 18 strains of Candida spp. were obtained from Apis cerana and their visiting flowers in Ciburial, West Java. Based on sequence data of ITS rDNA using ITS4 reverse primer, these strains showed low homology (85--98%) to their closest relatives Candida spp. Therefore, the identity of these 18 strains were not established yet.

The purpose of this study was to establish the identities of the 18 strains of Candida spp. by conducting molecular identification, phylogenetic analysis, and phenotypic characterization (morphological, physiological, and biochemical characters). Identification and phylogenetic analysis was carried out by sequencing the ITS rDNA and D1/D2 of LSU rDNA. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using neighbor-joining method.

Based on molecular identification, phylogenetic analysis, and phenotypic characterization, 10 strains were identified into 5 species. Those 10 strains were identified as C. parapsilosis (Candida sp. CR033, CR034, and CR038), C. orthopsilosis (Candida sp. CR015 and CR151), C. metapsilosis (Candida sp. CR047 and CR053), Debaryomyces hansenii (Candida sp. CR065), and Wickerhamomyces anomalus (Candida sp. CR070 and CR105). The identities of eight strains (Candida sp. CR004, CR007, CR013, CR014, CR018, CR023, CR027, and CR035) were not established yet. Based on sequence data of ITS rDNA they have low degree of homology (97%) to their closest related species, C. hawaiiana.

Phylogenetic tree based on sequence data of ITS rDNA showed they were separated from C. hawaiiana by 99% bootstrap value. Multiple alignment of their sequences of ITS and D1/D2 showed that they have ≤1% differences, which indicate that these strains are conspecific (same species). Their morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics showed that these strains differed from C. hawaiiana CBS 9146T by their ability to assimilate α-methyl-D-glucoside and their inability to assimilate ribose as carbon sources. Our data suggest that these strains were distinct species from C. hawaiiana."

"Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. merupakan tumbuhan hemiparasit yang dikenalsebagai tanaman obat dan memiliki beragam potensi bioaktivitas, salah satunyaantioksidan. Dendrophthoe pentandra yang tumbuh pada inang berbeda, diketahuimemiliki kandungan metabolit sekunder yang berbeda pula, sehingga dapat memengaruhipotensi aktivitas antioksidannya. Pengujian bioaktivitas D. pentandra umumnyamenggunakan ekstrak metanol. Namun, pada penelitian ini digunakan ekstrak air D.pentandra, yang didasarkan pada praktik masyarakat lokal dalam pemanfaatan D.pentandra secara tradisional. Tujuan penelitian ini, yaitu membandingkan aktivitasantioksidan dan total senyawa fenol atau flavonoid, serta mengetahui korelasi antaraaktivitas antioksidan dan total senyawa fenol atau flavonoid ekstrak air bunga D.pentandra dari lima spesies inang (Melia azedarach, Cordia subcordatus, Syzygiumaqueum, Trachelospermum jasminoides, dan Lagerstomia speciosa). Berdasarkan ujiANOVA diketahui adanya perbedaan secara signifikan nilai IC50 yang didapat dari uji2,2-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazin (DPPH), serta kandungan fenol dan flavonoid di antara limaspesies inang. Hasil analisis korelasi juga menunjukkan adanya korelasi kuat antara nilaiIC50 dengan total kandungan fenol dan flavonoid. Aktivitas antioksidan tertinggidihasilkan oleh S. aqueum (IC50 = 128,43 μg/mL) dan M. azedarach (IC50 = 132,78μg/mL) dengan kadar fenol dan flavonoid berturut-turut pada kedua spesies tersebutsebesar 157,19 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g dan 355,78 mg Quercetin Equivalent(QE)/g (S. aqueum), dan 146,17 mg GAE/g dan 349,67 mg QE/g (M. azedarach).Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah aktivitas antioksidan dan kadar fenol dan flavonoidD. pentandra berbeda-beda bergantung spesies inang, serta senyawa fenol dan flavonoidterbukti memberikan kontribusi kuat dalam aktivitas antioksidan.

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Indonesian mistletoe, Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. is a hemiparasitic plant known

as a medicinal plant with various potential bioactivities, including antioxidant activity.

Dendrophthoe pentandra individuals living in different host plants may presented varied

secondary metabolites in either composition or concentration. Thus, antioxidant activity

of D. pentandra may be varied according to the host species. Most of D. pentandra studies

about bioactivity were performed using methanolic extract. However, based on traditional

practices, D. pentandra often be used by boiling it in water. Thus, in this study, we used

water as the extraction solvent. The aims of this study were to compare antioxidant

activity, total phenols and flavonoids content between D. pentandra individuals lived in

five host species (Melia azedarach, Cordia subcordatus, Syzygium aqueum,

Trachelospermum jasminoides, dan Lagerstomia speciosa), and to analyze the correlation

between antioxidant activity and total phenols and flavonoids content of D. pentandra

extracts. The ANOVA test result showed that there was significant difference of IC50

value obtained from the 2,2-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazin (DPPH), as well as total phenols and

flavonoids content between the samples. Besides, the IC50 value presented significant

correlation to total phenols and flavonoids. The highest antioxidant activity was presented

by extracts obtained from S. aqueum (IC50 = 128,43 μg/mL) and M. azedarach (IC50 =

132,78 μg/mL), with total phenols and flavonoids of the two extracts respectively 157,19

mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g and 355,78 mg Quercetin Equivalent (QE)/g (S.

aqueum); 146,17 mg GAE/g and 349,67 mg QE/g (M. azedarach). These results

suggested that antioxidant activity as well as phenols and flavonoids concentration of D.

pentandra flowers were varied according to the host species, and that phenols and

flavonoids might contribute as the antioxidant agent in D. pentandra flower extract."

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