Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"ABSTRAKKajian ini membahas kebijakan Countering America's Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) yang diterapkan oleh Amerika Serikat terhadap negara-negara yang melakukan pembelanjaan militer dengan Rusia, Iran, dan Korea Utara. Kebijakan CAATSA yang berbentuk sanksi embargo ini penting untuk ditelaah melalui berbagai perspektif ilmiah karena merupakan kebijakan sanksi ekonomi pertama Amerika yang diterapkan secara kolektif. Berbeda dengan sanksi embargo sebelumnya yang diaplikasikan secara personal terhadap suatu negara dengan alasan tertentu, CAATSA ditujukan terhadap semua negara kendati pada kenyataannya terdapat pengecualian. Penelitian mengenai CAATSA masih sangat terbatas, dengan fokus pembahasan pada sudut pandang hubungan Amerika-India, hukum penegakan sanksi embargo, proses pembuatan kebijakan Amerika, dan dampak ekonomi dari adanya sanksi embargo. Dengan menggunakan sudut pandang teori pembuat keputusan luar negeri sebagai kerangka analisis, tulisan ini membingkai standar ganda kebijakan CAATSA terhadap India. Temuan utama dalam tulisan ini yakni upaya pembebasan sanksi CAATSA terhadap India meski telah melakukan pembelian senjata S-400 adalah hasil bargaining dari para pembuatan kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat untuk meredam China. Strategi India dalam Indopasifik sesuai dengan visi dan misi Amerika Serikat yakni America First yang tertuang dalam Strategi Keamanan Nasional Amerika Serikat tahun 2017. Standar ganda dengan cara membebaskan India dari sanksi CAATSA dikarenakan untuk mencegah rasa tidak aman India terhadap Amerika Serikat sebagai mitra yang dapat diandalkan, serta merusak kerja sama pertahanan dan keamanan kedua negara.ABSTRAK

---

ABSTRACTThis study discusses the policy of Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) which is applied by the United States to countries that carry out military spending with Russia, Iran and North Korea. This CAATSA policy in the form of an embargo sanction is important to be explored through various scientific perspectives because it is the first American economic sanction policy to be applied collectively. In contrast to the previous embargo sanctions that were applied personally to a country for some reason, CAATSA was aimed at all countries despite the fact that there were exceptions. Although this research on CAATSA is not much done, most of the previous studies looked at the perspective of American-Indian relations, enforcement of embargo sanctions, American policy-making processes, and the economic impact of embargo sanctions. Using the point of view of foreign decision-making theories as an analytical framework, this paper frames the liberation of CAATSA's policy towards India. The main inference in this paper is that CAATSA's sanction policy cannot be applied collectively because it will collide with other greater interests, and make the application ineffective due to the exclusion of some countries. Efforts to release CAATSA sanctions against India despite having purchased S-400 weapons is the bargaining result of the US foreign policy makers to reduce China. India's strategy in the Pacific is in line with the vision and mission of the United States, namely America First as stated in the 2017 United States National Security Strategy. The double standard by way of exempting India from CAATSA sanctions is to prevent India's insecurity towards the United States as a reliable partner, and undermining defense and security cooperation between the two countries."

"ABSTRAKPermasalahan yang dibahas dalam penelitian kualitatif ini adalah untuk melihat peran kelompok kepentingan di dalam pembuatan kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat terhadap pemerintahan sosialis Kuba. Selama lebih dari 30 tahun, sejak tahun 1960, Amerika Serikat telah menetapkan embargo ekonomi di negara tersebut. Melihat kejatuhan komunisme di Uni Soviet diikuti kejatuhan ekonomi di Kuba, Amerika Serikat mengeluarkan kebijakan pengetatan embargo melalui pembentukan Torricelli Act atau lebih dikenal sebagai Cuban Democracy Act tahun 1992. Dengan memperketat perdagangan luar negeri terhadap perusahaan Amerika Serikat sekaligus menekan negara-negara lain untuk berdagang dengan Kuba, undang-undang ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan level ekonomi dan sosial Kuba dengan menekankan reformasi politik yang demokratis. Dalam proses pembentukan kebijakan Amerika Serikat ini terdapat kelompok kepentingan yang terlibat. Penelitian ini akan mengeksplorasi peran dari Cuban American National Foundation dalam proses pembentukan Cuban Democracy Act dengan menggunakan konsep taktik kelompok kepentingan dan lobi.

---

ABSTRACTThe problem dealt within this qualitative research is to know the role of interest groups in American foreign policy towards the socialist government of Cuba. For more than thirty years, since 1960, the United States has maintained an economic embargo against the country. In light of the fall of communism in Soviet Union and the fall of Cuban economy, the United States decided to tighten the embargo through the creation of the Torricelli Act or also known as Cuban Democracy Act CDA of 1992. By restricting U.S. companies and pressuring foreign countries from trading with Cuba, the law aims to increase the level of economic and social that would cause the Cubans to demand democratic political reform. In order to know the role of interest groups in American foreign policy, this research seeks the role of Cuban American National Foundation in the creation of Cuban Democracy Act, using its tactics and lobbying strategy as the case to be explored."

"Pasca Tragedi 9/11, negara-negara di dalam sistem internasional diminta untuk mendukung dan mengadopsi kampanye Global War on Terror dalam merespon ancaman terorisme. Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara yang mendukung kampanye ini. Selain karena terekspos rezim dalam sistem internasional, Indonesia juga mengalami ancaman terorisme dari dalam negeri. Seiring dengan berjalannya waktu, pilihan tindakan Indonesia pun berkembang: dari hanya patuh terhadap rezim kontraterorisme yang berlaku dan menerima bantuan, menjadi aktor yang turut menggerakkan agenda kontraterorisme dalam berbagai forum multilateral. Indonesia bahkan dapat dikatakan sebagai “lead sharper” kebijakan kontraterorisme di Asia Tenggara. Melihat perkembangan Indonesia dalam kebijakan luar negerinya, menarik untuk menilik bagaimana isu kontraterorisme berdinamika dengan kebijakan luar negeri untuk mencapai tujuannya. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini berusaha untuk menjawab pertanyaan: “Apa bentuk kebijakan luar negeri yang dijalankan oleh Indonesia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan kontraterorisme selama 2001-2019? Apa saja faktor yang mempengaruhi pilihan kebijakan tersebut?” Pertanyaan ini akan coba untuk dijawab dengan menggunakan analisis realisme neoklasik dalam tiga pemerintahan di Indonesia. Dengan menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, diharapkan penelitian ini dapat melacak upaya kontraterorisme yang dilakukan Indonesia selama delapan belas tahun ke belakang dan mampu menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pilihan tersebut.

---

After the 9/11 Tragedy, countries in the international system were asked to support and adopt the Global War on Terror campaign in responding to the threat of terrorism. Indonesia was one of the countries that supported this campaign. Apart from being exposed of the regime in the international system, Indonesia was also facing the threat of terrorism from its domestic sphere. Over time, Indonesia's choice of action has also grown: from only obeying the prevailing counterterrorism regime and receiving assistance, to being an actor who helps move the counterterrorism agenda in various multilateral forums. Indonesia can even be said to be the "lead sharper" of counterterrorism policies in Southeast Asia. Seeing Indonesia's development in its foreign policy, it is interesting to see how the counterterrorism issue is having its dynamic with foreign policy to achieve the country’s goals. Thus, this research seeks to answer the question: “What form of foreign policy was carried out by Indonesia to meet counterterrorism needs during 2001-2019? What were the factors that influenced this policy choice?” These questions will be answered using an analysis of neoclassical realism in Indonesia’s three reign governments. By answering these questions, it is hoped that this research will be able to trace Indonesia's counterterrorism efforts over the past eighteen years and analyze the factors that influenced these choices."

"Despite the fact that focus groups are an ideal research tool for studying and employing group communication in action, many research practitioners and scholars have missed the opportunity to utilize them to their maximum benefit. Few researchers have the skills that enable them to approach focus group facilitation and analysis from a communication point of view. In this book, Dr. Christine Davis teaches readers how to take a project from an idea to the design, facilitation, and analysis stages. This book takes a unique communication perspective to apply group communication theories, knowledge of group processes, and a close discourse analysis approach to explain and understand the discursive aspect of focus groups. This book helps readers of all stages of experience - including those with no background in focus group research to those practitioners with more focus group expertise - understand how a communication approach to focus groups takes advantage of this discipline's rich Despite the fact that focus groups are an ideal research tool for studying and employing group communication in action, many research practitioners and scholars have missed the opportunity to utilize them to their maximum benefit. Few researchers have the skills that enable them to approach focus group facilitation and analysis from a communication point of view. In this book, Dr. Christine Davis teaches readers how to take a project from an idea to the design, facilitation, and analysis stages. This book takes a unique communication perspective to apply group communication theories, knowledge of group processes, and a close discourse analysis approach to explain and understand the discursive aspect of focus groups. This book helps readers of all stages of experience - including those with no background in focus group research to those practitioners with more focus group expertise - understand how a communication approach to focus groups takes advantage of this discipline's rich scholarship in group communication and discourse analysis."