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"ABSTRACTCitarum Harum is a program to restore the Citarum River. The problem of waste and sewage and the existence of the strategic Citarum River by splitting West Java Province are very supportive of economic growth, especially labour-intensive industries that can absorb a lot of labour into serious problems. Citarum, which is known as one of the dirtiest rivers in the world, urges the government to immediately issue regulations to start the restoration of the Citarum River Basin (DAS Citarum). Citarum watershed pollution and damage mitigation measures in an integrated strategic pace for control and law enforcement that integrate authority between government agencies and stakeholders related to Citarum watershed recovery based on Presidential Regulation No. 15 of 2018 concerning Acceleration of Pollution and Damage Control in the Citarum River Basin. Various steps and methods were taken to restore the Citarum watershed, as well as communication and coordination of the central government with various related parties such as the Environmental Service Office (DLH) of the West Java Provincial Government and Kodam III Siliwangi to be enhanced to immediately realize Harum Citarum."

"

ABSTRAK

Nama                        :    Resha Ayu Putri Belinawati

Program Studi          :    Ilmu Lingkungan

Judul                        :    Studi Masyarakat Desa Jelegong Mengenai Pencemaran Sungai Citarum, Terkait Posisi Pemerintah Daerah Jawa Barat Dalam Menghadapi SDGs 6.3 Air dan Sanitasi.

.

Pencemaran sungai Citarum sudah menjadi isu dunia, sungai Citarum adalah satu dari sepuluh sungai yang paling tercemar di dunia. Beberapa kebijakan telah dibuat oleh pemerintah daerah Jawa Barat dalam upaya menanggulangi pencemaran sungai Citarum, namun masih terjadi hingga saat ini. Saat ini Indonesia dihadapkan dengan tujuan global yaitu SDGs, setiap negara harus mencapai dari tujuan tersebut. Masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana Pemerintah Daerah Jawa Barat menangani pencemaran yang terjadi di sungai Citarum. Riset ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran Pemerintah Daerah Jawa Barat untuk menghadapi SDGs, khususnya dalam penanganan sungai Citarum. Metode riset yang digunakan adalah teori sistem politik, pembagunan berkelanjutan,  teori studi komparatif, ekologi politik, dan sustainability. Hasil riset yang didapat Pemerintah Daerah Jawa Barat telah memiliki peraturan mengenai pencemaran sungai Citarum, namun hingga saat ini sungai Citarum masih tercemar. Kesimpulan yang didapat Pemerintah Daerah Jawa Barat masih dikatakan kurang, khususnya dalam hal pengawasan.

Kata kunci: Pembangunan Berkelanjutan, Citarum, SDGs 6.3, Sistem Politik, Ekologi Politik

 

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ABSTRACT

Name                        :    Resha Ayu Putri Belinawati

Study Program         :    Environmental Science

Title                          :    Community Study Jelegong Village A Pollution Of Citarum River, Related To The Position Of The West Java Government In The Effort Of Facing SDGs 6.3 Water and Sanitation

 

Pollution of the Citarum River has become a world issue, where the Citarum River is one of the ten most polluted rivers in the world. Several policies have been made by the West Java regional government in response to the Citarum river pollution but still occur today. At present Indonesia is faced with the global goal of SDGs, where each country must achieve that goal. The problem in this research is how the West Java Regional Government handles pollution that occurs in the Citarum River. This research aims to analyze the extent of the role of the Java Barat Regional Government in dealing with SDGs, especially in handling the Citarum River. The research methods used are political system theory, sustainable development, comparative study theory, political ecology, and sustainability. The results of the research obtained by the West Java regional government have regulations regarding pollution of the Citarum River, but until now the Citarum River is still polluted. The conclusions obtained by the West Java Regional Government are still said to be lacking especially in terms of supervision.

 

Keyword: Sustainable Development, Citarum, SDGs 6.3, Political System, Ecological Politic 

"

"Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah membangun model peningkatan resiliensi sistem sosio-hidrologis melalui tata kelola air polisentrik yang mengintegrasikan resiliensi komunitas untuk menjamin keberlanjutan fungsi ekosistem sungai di Wilayah Sungai Citarum. Metode yang digunakan adalah formula matematis untuk menghitung vulnerability index dengan menggunakan data sekunder dari berbagai institusi pengelola Wilayah Sungai Citarum, yang selanjutnya disebut sebagai WS Citarum. Hasil perhitungan vulnerability index digunakan sebagai dasar penetapan status resiliensi sistem sosio-hidrologis WS Citarum. Selain itu digunakan pula permodelan statistik Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak LISREL versi 8.7 untuk menetapkan resiliensi komunitas. Resiliensi komunitas dianalisis berdasarkan data primer hasil pengukuran modal sosial masyarakat (social capital) dan nilai, keyakinan, norma serta perilaku peduli lingkungan (values, beliefs, norms and pro-environmental behavior), individu anggota masyarakat di WS Citarum. Model konseptual upaya peningkatan resiliensi sistem sosio-hidrologis dibangun menggunakan permodelan system dynamics dengan perangkat lunak VensimPLE versi 9.3.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa vulnerability index (VI) di Wilayah Sungai Citarum adalah sebesar 1,80 pada Zona Citarum Hulu yang menunjukkan bahwa sistem sosio-hidrologis pada zona ini berada pada status rentan sedang (moderate vulnerability). Sedangkan pada Zona Citarum Tengah, nilai VI adalah 2,52 dan pada Zona Citarum Hilir adalah 2,06, yang menunjukkan bahwa sistem sosio-hidrologis pada kedua zona tersebut berada pada status sangat rentan (significant vulnerability). Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah bahwa untuk mengatasi kerentanan sistem sosio-hidrologis di WS Citarum diperlukan implementasi model peningkatan resiliensi sistem sosio-hidrologis melalui intervensi tata kelola air polisentrik. Tata kelola air polisentrik yang didukung oleh aksi kolektif masyarakat dengan kekuatan modal sosial dan perilaku peduli lingkungan, sebagai wujud resiliensi komunitas, diharapkan dapat mencapai keberlanjutan fungsi ekosistem sungai di Wilayah Sungai Citarum.

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The main objective of this research was to develop a model representing the resilience of the socio-hydrological system through polycentric water governance that integrates community resilience to ensure the sustainability of river ecosystem services in the Citarum River Basin. The method used in this study is a mathematical formula to calculate the vulnerability index using secondary data from various institutions managing the Citarum River Basin (CRB). The results of the vulnerability index calculations were used as the basis for determining the resilience of the CRB socio-hydrological system. Furthermore, statistical modeling of structural equation Modelling (SEM) using LISREL software version 8.7 is also used to assess community resilience. Community resilience was analyzed based on primary data from the results of measuring community social capital and the values, beliefs, norms, and pro-environmental behavior of individual community members in the Citarum River Basin. A conceptual model representing the resilience of the socio-hydrological system was built using system dynamics modeling with the VensimPLE software version 9.3.0. The results show that the vulnerability index (VI) in the Citarum River Basin is 1.80 in the upstream zone, indicating that the socio-hydrological system in this zone is moderately vulnerable. In the middle zone, the value of VI is 2.52 and in the downstream zone, it is 2.06, which indicates that the socio-hydrological system in the two zones is significantly vulnerable. This study concludes that to overcome the vulnerability of the socio-hydrological system in the Citarum River Basin, it is necessary to implement a model to increase the resilience of the socio-hydrological system through polycentric water governance interventions. Polycentric water governance supported by collective community action with the strength of social capital and pro-environmental behavior as a form of community resilience will achieve the sustainability of river ecosystem services in the Citarum River Basin.

"

"Daerah Aliran Sungai DAS Citarum merupakan DAS terbesar di Jawa Barat dan merupakan DAS yang menjadi sumber air minum bagi kawasan urban Bandung, Cimahi, Cianjur, Purwakarta, Bekasi, Karawang dan DKI Jakarta. DAS Citarum bagian hulu berfungsi sebagai daerah konservasi, oleh karena itu indeks kekritisan air di daerah ini perlu diperhatikan agar kebutuhan masyarakat di sepanjang sungai Citarum dapat terpenuhi. Namun, nilai pengamatan seperti indeks kekritisan air dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya, memuat informasi spasial, oleh karena itu seringkali terdapat keterkaitan spasial antar pengamatannya nilai dari suatu pengamatan di suatu lokasi memiliki keterkaitan dengan nilai dari pengamatan di lokasi sekitarnya sehingga jika dimodelkan dengan model regresi linier maka asumsi keacakan residual seringkali tidak terpenuhi. Salah satu solusinya yaitu dengan memodelkannya menggunakan model regresi spasial. Model regresi spasial merupakan model regresi yang memperhatikan unsur spasial lokasi koordinat data. Tujuan dari studi ini yaitu untuk memodelkan indeks kekritisan air di DAS Citarum hulu menggunakan Spatial Durbin Model SDM dan Spatial Durbin Error Model SDEM . Pengujian autokorelasi residual menggunakan uji Moran's I memberikan hasil bahwa terdapat autokorelasi spasial pada residual model regresi linier, variabel terikat indeks kekritisan air, dan juga pada variabel-variabel penjelas persentase luas hutan, luas kebun, luas perkebunan, dan kepadatan penduduk. Uji likelihood ratio menunjukkan bahwa model SDM dan SDEM lebih baik dari model regresi linier berganda dalam memprediksi indeks kekritisan air di DAS Citarum hulu. Berdasarkan nilai AIC dan R squared pada model SDM dan SDEM diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa model SDM lebih baik dibandingkan dengan model SDEM.

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Citarum Watershed is the largest watershed in West Java and serves as the water supply for urban communities in Bandung, Cimahi, Cianjur, Purwakarta, Bekasi, Karawang and Jakarta. Upper Citarum watershed serves as a conservation area, therefore, water criticality index in this area should be noted so that the needs of the communities along the Citarum river can be met. However, the observed values such as the index criticality of water and the factors influencing it, contain spatial information, where an observation at a locations correlates to the observations around it so that the assumption of randomness of the linear regression rsquo s residuals are often not fulfilled. One of the alternative solution is using spatial regression models. Spatial regression model is a regression model that takes into account the element of spatial location coordinate of the data .

The purpose of this study is to model the critical index of water in the upper Citarum watershed using Spatial Durbin Model SDM and Spatial Durbin Error Model SDEM . Residual autocorrelation testing using Moran 39 s I test showed there is significant spatial autocorrelation in the residual of linear regression model, the dependent variable water criticality index, and also the explanatory variables population density, the percentage of forest area, gardens, and plantations. Likelihood ratio test showed that the SDM and SDEM are better than multiple linear regression model in predicting the water criticality index in the upper Citarum watershed. Based on the value of AIC and R2 of the SDM and SDEM models, the SDM model is better than SDEM."

"Investigations underlying this study were carried out within the framework of the Nuffic Serayu Valley Project. To survey the disturbances of the natural balance due to environmental changes, many soil profiles have been studied; some inconsiderably detail. One of these will be discussed thoroughly. The results enabled a reconstruction of the Quaternary landscape development of the Serayu Valley to be made. The Quaternary history of Serayu River basin is characterized by a succession of stable and unstable phases in landscape development, each leaving its specific effects in soil Alternation of the landscape forming processes as well as changes in climate and vegetation types can be deduced from the soil profile investigated. During the last two centuries erosive processes prevailed as deforestation increased enormously, induced by the growing demand for arable land. Consequently, the erosion rate has multiplied and soils developed under previous environments have been largely eroded. This accelerated soil erosion has already resulted in a decrease of the available agricultural land and the rural population is forced to bring marginal areas into use."

"Degradasi ekosistem dan lingkungan di DAS Komering disebabkan oleh deforestasi dan konversi lahan yang signifikan di daerah hulu dan tengah. Konversi lahan menyebabkan erosi di bagian hulu dan secara bersamaan mengakibatkan sedimentasi di bagian hilir, dan pada akhirnya akan mengubah alur sungai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis morfodinamika alur sungai yang terjadi di Sungai Komering pada tahun 1990, 1997, 2000, 2010, dan 2016. Perubahan alur sungai diidentifikasi dengan menggunakan interpretasi data citra penginderaan jauh dan perhitungan indeks sinuositas pada alur sungai yang mengalami perubahan. Data penginderaan jauh yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah citra Landsat multitemporal untuk mendapatkan data perubahan alur sungai secara multitemporal, sedangkan indeks sinuositas digunakan sebagai indikator sekaligus metode untuk mengukur perubahan alur sungai yang terjadi.Penelitian ini menemukan terdapat perubahan alur sungai pada sebelas lokasi di Sungai Komering dalam kurun waktu 1990 - 2016, dimana lima lokasi cenderung semakin lurus dan enam lokasi cenderung lebih berbelok. Perubahan alur yang terjadi di Sungai Komering diakibatkan oleh erosi di bagian hulu dan sedimentasi di bagian hilir yang menyebabkan perubahan debit sungai ——sebagai konsekuensi dari alih fungsi lahan di DAS Komering, terutama dari hutan menjadi non-hutan.

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Ecosystem and environmental degradation in the Komering watershed is caused by significant deforestation and land conversion in the upstream and midstream areas. Land conversion causes erosion in the upstream and simultaneously results in sedimentation in the downstream; consequently changing the Komering River's channel. This study aimed to analyze the morphodynamics of river channels that occurred in the Komering River in 1990, 1997, 2000, 2010, and 2016. River channel changes were identified by using remote sensing imagery data interpretation and sinuosity index calculation on the changed river channel. The remote sensing data used in this study is the multitemporal Landsat image to obtain multitemporal river channel change data; the sinuosity index is used as an indicator at once to measure river channel changes that occur.

This study found that there were river channel changes at eleven locations in the Komering River in the period 1990 - 2016, where five locations tended to be straighter and six locations tended to be more turned. The channel changes that occur in the Komering River resulted from erosion in upstream and sedimentation downstream which caused changes in river discharge——as a consequence of land use conversion in the Komering watershed, especially from forest to non-forest.This study's results also reinforce indications of environmental degradation in the Komering watershed."

"Daerah Aliran Sungai Batanghari merupakan sendi penyangga kehidupan masyarakat Provinsi Jambi yang sedang menghadapi degradasi berat yang utamanya diakibatkan oleh konversi tutupan lahan di DAS Batanghari. Degradasi ini telah mengakibatkan ketidakseimbangan debit sungai yang mempengaruhi tingkat erosi dan sedimentasi disepanjang alur sungai dan menyebabkan perubahan alur sungai Batanghari di bagian hilir yang dapat merusak infrastruktur disekitarnya. Sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan bentuk alur Sungai Batanghari pada tahun 1990, 2000, 2013 dan 2020 beserta kaitannya dengan perubahan tutupan lahan. Dalam mencapai tujuan penelitian, digunakan data citra satelit Landsat multitemporal yang kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan sinousity index untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang perubahan alur sungai. Hasil penelitian ini mendapatkan selama periode 1990 – 2020 terjadi perubahan alur sungai sebanyak 44 segmen sungai di bagian hilir Sungai Batanghari yang diantaranya 31 segmen mengalami peningkatan nilai sinousity index yang mengindikasikan pembelokan alur sungai, 13 segmen mengalami penurunan nilai sinousity index yang mengindikasikan pelurusan alur sungai dan 3 segmen mengalami perubahan tipe alur sungai menuju sungai yang lebih berkelok. Perubahan alur sungai di bagian hilir Batanghari erat kaitannya dengan penurunan tutupan lahan hutan dan peningkatan tutupan lahan pertanian lahan kering khususnya perkebunan kelapa sawit di DAS Batanghari.

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The Batanghari River Basin is the life support for the people of Jambi Province, which is facing severe degradation, which is mainly caused by land cover conversion in the Batanghari watershed. This degradation has resulted in an imbalance of river discharge which affects the level of erosion and sedimentation along the river channel and causes changes in the Batanghari river flow downstream which can damage the surrounding infrastructure. So this study aims to analyze changes in the shape of the Batanghari River channel in 1990, 2000, 2013 and 2020 and their relation to changes in land cover. In achieving the research objectives, multitemporal Landsat satellite imagery data were used which were then analyzed using the sinousity index to obtain information about changes in river flow. The results of this study found that during the period 1990 - 2020 there were changes in river flow as many as 44 river segments in the lower reaches of the Batanghari River, of which 31 segments experienced an increase in the value of the sinousity index which indicated a bend in the river channel, 13 segments experienced a decrease in the value of the sinousity index which indicated the straight of the river channel and 3 segments experienced a change in the type of river flow towards a more winding river. Changes in river flow downstream of Batanghari are strongly suspected to be closely related to a decrease in forest land cover and an increase in dry land agricultural land cover especially oil palm plantations in the Batanghari watershed."

"Daerah Aliran Sungai Batanghari merupakan sendi penyangga kehidupan masyarakat Provinsi Jambi yang sedang menghadapi degradasi berat yang utamanya diakibatkan oleh konversi tutupan lahan di DAS Batanghari. Degradasi ini telah mengakibatkan ketidakseimbangan debit sungai yang mempengaruhi tingkat erosi dan sedimentasi disepanjang alur sungai dan menyebabkan perubahan alur sungai Batanghari di bagian hilir yang dapat merusak infrastruktur disekitarnya. Sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan bentuk alur Sungai Batanghari pada tahun 1990, 2000, 2013 dan 2020 beserta kaitannya dengan perubahan tutupan lahan. Dalam mencapai tujuan penelitian, digunakan data citra satelit Landsat multitemporal yang kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan sinousity index untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang perubahan alur sungai. Hasil penelitian ini mendapatkan selama periode 1990 – 2020 terjadi perubahan alur sungai sebanyak 44 segmen sungai di bagian hilir Sungai Batanghari yang diantaranya 31 segmen mengalami peningkatan nilai sinousity index yang mengindikasikan pembelokan alur sungai, 13 segmen mengalami penurunan nilai sinousity index yang mengindikasikan pelurusan alur sungai dan 3 segmen mengalami perubahan tipe alur sungai menuju sungai yang lebih berkelok. Perubahan alur sungai di bagian hilir Batanghari erat kaitannya dengan penurunan tutupan lahan hutan dan peningkatan tutupan lahan pertanian lahan kering khususnya perkebunan kelapa sawit di DAS Batanghari.

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The Batanghari River Basin is the life support for the people of Jambi Province, which is facing severe degradation, which is mainly caused by land cover conversion in the Batanghari watershed. This degradation has resulted in an imbalance of river discharge which affects the level of erosion and sedimentation along the river channel and causes changes in the Batanghari river flow downstream which can damage the surrounding infrastructure. So this study aims to analyze changes in the shape of the Batanghari River channel in 1990, 2000, 2013 and 2020 and their relation to changes in land cover. In achieving the research objectives, multitemporal Landsat satellite imagery data were used which were then analyzed using the sinousity index to obtain information about changes in river flow. The results of this study found that during the period 1990 - 2020 there were changes in river flow as many as 44 river segments in the lower reaches of the Batanghari River, of which 31 segments experienced an increase in the value of the sinousity index which indicated a bend in the river channel, 13 segments experienced a decrease in the value of the sinousity index which indicated the straight of the river channel and 3 segments experienced a change in the type of river flow towards a more winding river. Changes in river flow downstream of Batanghari are strongly suspected to be closely related to a decrease in forest land cover and an increase in dry land agricultural land cover especially oil palm plantations in the Batanghari watershed."

"Banjir yang terus melanda wilayah Kampung Pulo, Kelurahan Kampung Melayu, Jakarta Timur menyebabkan banyak kerugian, terutama kerugian ekonomi yang diterima oleh masyarakat terdampak. Hal ini membuat pemerintah DKI Jakarta merencanakan normalisasi Sungai Ciliwung yang tertuang dalam Peraturan Daerah Nomor 1 Tahun 2012 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Tahun 2030 dan Peraturan Daerah Nomor 1 Tahun 2014 tentang Rencana Detil Tata Ruang RDTR. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengestimasi manfaat yang diterima masyarakat setelah proyek normalisasi sungai selesai, menghitung nilai sekarang bersih net present value dari dampak normalisasi sungai berdasarkan selisih estimasi manfaat yang diterima masyarakat setelah proyek normalisasi sungai selesai dengan biaya normalisasi sungai, dan menganalisis kelayakan proyek normalisasi sungai berdasarkan nilai sekarang bersih NPV. Pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif dan menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian yaitu estimasi manfaat yang diterima masyarakat setelah proyek normalisasi adalah sebesar Rp 4 miliar. Nilai sekarang bersih net present value dari dampak normalisasi sungai adalah sebesar Rp -169,79 miliar. Dari aspek lingkungan, normalisasi sungai juga merusak ekosistem sempadan sungai. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah proyek normalisasi sungai yang memiliki hasil nilai sekarang bersih net present value negatif NPV < 0 , maka dapat dikatakan bahwa proyek normalisasi sungai ini tidak layak untuk dilaksanakan.

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Floods continue to hit Kampung Pulo, part of Kampung Melayu village, East Jakarta and caused a lot of losses, especially economic losses which affected communities. This problem makes DKI Jakarta rsquo s goverment plan a decision to normalize Ciliwung river that contained in the Regional Regulation No. 1 2012 on Spatial Plan 2030 and Regional Regulation No. 1 2014 on Detailed Spatial Plan RDTR.

The aims of this study is to estimate benefit which accepted by communities after river normalization project, calculate the net present value NPV of river normalization based on difference between the estimated benefit which accepted by communities as a result of floods before river normalization, and to analyzed feasibility river normalization rsquo s project based on net present value NPV . This research use quantitative approach and quantitative method.

The results of this study, that estimated of the benefits received by the community after normalization project is around IDR 4 billion. The net present value NPV of the river normalization project is around IDR 169,79 billion and can be said that normalization project is not feasible. From the environmental aspect, the normalization of rivers also damaged riparian ecosystem. The conclusion of this study is the river normalization project which has the result of net present value NPV negative NPV 0 , it can be said that the normalization of the river project is not feasible."