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"Pajanan patogen melalui gastrointestinal pada daerah kumuh lebih tinggi dibanding nonkumuh. Hal tersebut mempengaruhi produksi protein globulin yang salah satunya berperan dalam sintesis IgA. Oleh karena itu, peneliti tertarik untuk mengetahui perbandingan kadar IgA pada daerah kumuh dan nonkumuh serta hubungannya dengan rasio albumin terhadap globulin. Pengukuran kadar IgA dilakukan menggunakan metode radial immunodiffusion test (RIDT), sedangkan data rasio albumin terhadap globulin didapatkan dari penelitian sebelumnya. RIDT bekerja dengan prinsip difusi radial sampel antibodi menjauhi sumur berbentuk silindris. Pada kit, terdapat anti terhadap antibodi spesifik yang akan diukur. Hasilnya berupa ikatan antibodi dengan anti-antibodi membentuk cincin dan diukur diameternya. Nilai IgA dikonversi ke dalam satuan mg/L. Hasil analisis kadar IgA menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney menemukan kadar IgA daerah kumuh lebih tinggi dibandingkan nonkumuh namun tidak bermakna secara statistik (p=0,620). Kadar IgA dan rasio albumin globulin ditransformasi menjadi variabel kategorik dan dikelompokkan menjadi 4 zona. Pada zona 3 dimana rasio albumin terhadap globulin tinggi dan kadar IgA rendah, proporsi subjek didominasi oleh penduduk daerah nonkumuh dibandingkan kumuh (47% vs. 14%). Hasil uji Chi Square menunjukkan perbedaan proporsi subjek tersebut bermakna secara statistik (p=0,041). Hubungan antara rasio albumin terhadap globulin dengan ekspresi IgA dianalisis menggunakan uji Pearson dan ditemukan adanya korelasi negatif yang bermakna secara statistik (r= -0,319 dan p= 0,048). Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan tingginya tingkat pajanan patogen melalui gastrointestinal pada daerah kumuh menyebabkan produksi IgA sebagai respon imun mukosa lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan nonkumuh. Sintesis IgA tersebut berhubungan dengan rasio albumin terhadap globulin karena globulin merupakan komponen penyusun IgA.Pathogenic exposure in slum is higher compared to nonslum area and mainly occurs through the gastrointestinal. It will affect the rate of globulin production which used as a component to synthesize immunoglobulin A (IgA) Therefore, author is interested to investigate comparison between IgA of people living in slum and non-slum area and the relation IgA expression with albumin globulin ratio. Measurement of the IgA was done using radial immunodiffusion test (RIDT), while the data of albumin globulin ratio was obtained from the previous research. Result of IgA analysis using Mann whitney test shows that IgA level of people living in slum area is higher than non-slum area but not statistically significant (p=0.620). Data of IgA level and albumin globulin ratio was transformed into categoric form and classified into four zones. Zone 3, where the IgA level is low and albumin globulin ratio is high, the subjects proportion found in this zone are dominated by people living in non-slum area (47% vs. 14%). This result is also supported by the Chi-square test that shows a significance difference between proportion of people living in slum and non-slum area found in the zone 3. Next, relation between albumin globulin ratio to the level of IgA was analyzed using Pearson test. The result shows that there is a significant negative correlation between albumin globulin ratio and IgA level (r= -0.319 dan p= 0.048). Therefore, it can be concluded that high level of pathogenic exposure through the gastrointestinal tract in slum area will lead to an increase of IgA production resulting higher level of IgA found in the serum. This IgA production on both populations has a relation with albumin globulin ratio since globulin is one of the constituent component of IgA."

"ABSTRAKPenduduk permukiman kumuh tinggal di lingkungan yang kotor sehingga terpapar patogen yang tinggi, yang ditunjukkan dengan status infeksi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan di kawasan non kumuh. Perbedaan tingkat pajanan patogen menyebabkan respon imun yang berbeda terlihat dari perbedaan rasio albumin globulin. IgM adalah respon antibodi yang pertama kali disintesis melawan patogen. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan kadar IgM antara kedua pengendapan tersebut dan untuk mengetahui apakah rasio albumin globulin memiliki korelasi dengan kadar IgM. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang. Sampel permukiman kumuh adalah penduduk wilayah Bantargebang (n = 20) sedangkan civitas akademika YARSI (n = 20) mewakili permukiman non-kumuh. Kadar IgM merupakan data primer yang diukur dengan metode uji imunodifusi radial. Analisis data menggunakan uji parametrik T tidak berpasangan dan uji korelasi Pearson. Hasil kadar IgM di kawasan kumuh adalah 2.11 (1.82-2.41) g / L lebih tinggi dari pada di kawasan non-kumuh 2.07 (1.65-2.49 g / L tetapi perbedaannya tidak signifikan (p = 0.872) Hal ini dikarenakan penduduk Daerah Bantargebang secara terus menerus terpapar patogen karena tinggal di dekat TPA. Paparan berulang terhadap patogen menyebabkan respon imun lanjutan (sekunder, tersier, dll atau respon amnestik) teraktivasi secara dominan sehingga berdasarkan kinematika respon imun IgG disintesis lebih dominan daripada Ketekunan IgM juga dapat menjawab bahwa tidak ada korelasi antara rasio albumin globulin dengan IgM di kedua wilayah tersebut (r = 0.102, p = 0.535) Hal ini disebabkan tingginya sintesis globulin di kawasan kumuh yang mengarah pada sintesis IgG. Fraksi gamma globulin (6%) menyebabkan perubahan kadar IgM tidak menyebabkan perubahan kadar globulin yang bermakna.

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ABSTRACTSlum residents live in dirty environments so they are exposed to high pathogens, which is indicated by a higher infection status than in non-slum areas. The difference in the level of exposure to pathogens causes different immune responses seen from differences in the albumin globulin ratio. IgM is an antibody response that is first synthesized against a pathogen. This study was conducted to determine whether there was a difference in IgM levels between the two precipitations and to determine whether the albumin globulin ratio had a correlation with IgM levels. This study used a cross sectional design. The sample of slum settlements is residents of the Bantargebang area (n = 20) while the YARSI academic community (n = 20) represents non-slum settlements. IgM levels are primary data measured by the radial immunodiffusion test method. Data analysis used unpaired parametric T test and Pearson correlation test. The result of IgM levels in slum areas was 2.11 (1.82-2.41) g / L higher than in non-slum areas 2.07 (1.65-2.49 g / L but the difference was not significant (p = 0.872) This is because the population of Bantargebang area continues Continuous exposure to pathogens due to living near the TPA.Repeated exposure to pathogens causes the advanced immune response (secondary, tertiary, etc. or amnestic response) to be activated predominantly so that based on the IgG immune response kinematics synthesized more dominantly than the persistence of IgM can also answer that there is no correlation between the ratio of albumin globulin to IgM in the two regions (r = 0.102, p = 0.535) This is due to the high synthesis of globulin in the slum area which leads to IgG synthesis.The gamma globulin fraction (6%) causes changes in IgM levels that do not cause changes in globulin levels meaningful."

"ABSTRACTPendahuluan: Penduduk pemukiman kumuh dan nonkumuh memiliki pola pajanan pathogen yang berbeda sehingga diduga menyebabkan perbedaan profil imun. Rasio albumin globulin dan komplemen C3, fraksi β-globulin yang berfungsi sebagai pusatkonvergensi sistem komplemen yang merupakan sistem imun bawaan, diduga memiliki profil yang berbeda berdasarkan tipe pemukiman dan pola pajanannya. Metode: Studi potong lintang ini melibatkan masing-masing 20 orang dari penduduk sekitar TPU Bantar Gebang yang mewakili populasi kumuh dan civitas Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Yarsi, Jakarta yang mewakili populasi nonkumuh. Nilai rasio albumin globulin diukur dengan cara membandingkan nilai albumin dengan selisih antaraprotein total dengan albumin. Komplemen C3 diukur menggunakan metode radial immunodiffusion. Hasil: Populasi kumuh memiliki nilai rasio albumin globulin lebih rendah signifikan dibanding populasi nonkumuh (p =0,004). 65% populasi kumuh memiliki ekspresi komplemen C3 tinggi (>1275,0) sedangkan 70% populasi nonkumuh memiliki ekspresi komplemen C3 rendah (≤1275,0) (p = 0,027). Rasio albumin globulin dan komplemen C3 memiliki tren korelasi negatif (R= −0,251, p = 0,062). Lima puluh persen populasi kumuh memiliki rasio albumin globulin rendah (≤1,38) dan ekspresi komplemen C3 tinggi (>1275,0) (p = 0,018). Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan rerata rasio albumin globulin dan perbedaan proporsi ekspresi komplemen C3 yang signifikan pada populasi kumuh dan nonkumuh. Terdapat tren hubungan terbalik antara rasio albumin globulin dan ekspresi komplemen C3. Proporsi rasio albumin globulin rendah dan ekspresi komplemen C3 tinggi lebih banyak

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ABSTRACTIntroduction: Slum and non-slum dwellers have different pathogenic exposure patterns that are thought to cause differences in immune profile. The ratio of albumin globulin and C3 complement, the β-globulin fraction that functions as a center convergence of the complement system which is the innate immune system, is thought to have a different profile based on the type of settlement and its exposure patterns. Method - This cross-sectional study involved 20 people from each population around the Bantar Gebang TPU which represents the slum population and the Yarsi University Faculty of Medicine community, Jakarta representing the non-slum population. The value of albumin globulin ratio is measured by comparing the value of albumin with the difference between total protein with albumin. C3 supplements are measured using the radial immunodiffusion method. Results: Slum populations have significantly lower albumin globulin ratios compared to non-slum populations (p = 0.004). 65% of the slum population has high C3 complement expression (> 1275.0) while 70% of the non-slum population has low C3 complement expression (≤1275.0) (p = 0.027). The ratio of albumin globulin and complement C3 has a negative correlation trend (R = −0.251, p = 0.062). Fifty percent of the slum population had a low albumin globulin ratio (≤1.38) and high C3 complement expression (> 1275.0) (p = 0.018). Conclusion- There is a significant difference in the ratio of albumin globulin and a significant difference in the proportion of C3 complement expression in slum and non-slum populations. There is a trend of an inverse relationship between albumin globulin ratio and C3 complement expression. The proportion of albumin globulin ratio is low and the expression of high C3 complement is higher"

"Infertilitas adalah kelainan reproduksi yang ditandai dengan kegagalan kehamilan lebih dari satu tahun tanpa kontrasepsi meskipun berhubungan seksual secara rutin. Terapi hormonal yang mahal masih menjadi pilihan utama untuk mengatasi infertilitas akibat faktor biologis, sehingga diperlukan alternatif lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah pemberian ekstrak kuda laut (Hippocampus comes L.) memengaruhi kadar albumin, globulin, dan total protein darah tikus Sprague-Dawley yang dikondisikan infertil dengan induksi DMPA. Ekstrak kuda laut diberikan kepada 30 tikus jantan yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok perlakuan, masing-masing dengan perlakuan berbeda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rerata terbesar dari total protein adalah kelompok DMPA ditambah ekstrak kuda laut 300 mg/kgBB (6,73 ± 0,35 g/dL). Rerata terbesar kadar albumin adalah kelompok DMPA ditambah 225 mg/kgBB (3,72 ± 0,10 g/dL). Rerata terbesar kadar globulin adalah kelompok kontrol (3,06 ± 0,18 g/dL). Berdasarkan uji ANOVA satu arah, tidak didapatkan signifikansi antarkelompok pada parameter total protein (p=0,837), albumin (p=0,812), maupun globulin (p=0,750). Hasil analisis ini menandakan pemberian ekstrak kuda laut tidak memengaruhi kadar protein darah tikus yang diinduksi DMPA.

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Infertility is a reproductive disorder characterized by the failure to achieve pregnancy for over a year without contraception despite regular sexual intercourse. Expensive hormonal therapy remains the primary option to address infertility due to biological factors, hence the need for alternative treatments. This study aims to determine whether the administration of seahorse extract (Hippocampus comes L.) affects the levels of albumin, globulin, and total blood protein in Sprague-Dawley rats conditioned to be infertile with DMPA induction. The seahorse extract was administered to 30 male rats divided into 5 treatment groups, each receiving different treatments. The results showed that the highest average total protein was in the DMPA group with 300 mg/kgBW seahorse extract (6.73 ± 0.35 g/dL). The highest average albumin level was in the DMPA group with 225 mg/kgBW (3.72 ± 0.10 g/dL), and the highest average globulin level was in the control group (3.06 ± 0.18 g/dL). Based on one-way ANOVA, there was no significant difference between the groups for total protein (p=0.837), albumin (p=0.812), or globulin (p=0.750). This analysis indicates that the administration of seahorse extract does not affect the protein levels in the blood of DMPA-induced rats."

"[Penduduk di daerah kumuh memiliki kemungkinan terpajan mikroba patogenyang lebih besar daripada penduduk yang tinggal di daerah di daerah non kumuh.Hal ini dapat dipengaruhi oleh gaya hidup mereka. Apabila terpajan mikrobapatogen sistem imun tubuh akan terpicu untuk melawan patogen tersebut. Salahsatu bagian dari sistem imun tubuh manusia adalah imunoglobulin atau antibodi,salah satu jenis globulin. Pembentukan globulin ini akan menekan sintesis jenisjenisprotein lain, salah satunya adalah albumin yang sangat diperlukan tubuh.Oleh karena itu, dilakukan penelitian untuk membandingkan rasio albuminglobulin pada penduduk daerah kumuh dan non kumuh. Penelitian cross sectionaldilakukan pada bulan Desember 2014 yang melibatkan 40 orang sampel daridaerah kumuh dan 40 orang dari daerah non kumuh dengan metode consecutivesampling. Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan darah yang diuji dengan metode uji Tindependen, rasio albumin globulin penduduk di daerah non kumuh lebih tinggidibanding rasio albumin globulin penduduk yang tinggal di daerah kumuh denganp = 0,000. Dari uji korelasi, didapatkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan antara rasioalbumin globulin dari sampel yang terinfeksi sejumlah jenis patogen dengan yangtidak terinfeksi namun tidak bermakna secara statistik dengan p = 0,169 dankoefisien korelasi ?0,113. Rasio prevalensi didapatkan 0,63 CI 95% (0,25-1,60).;People living inside of landfill area have a higher chance of being exposed topathogens compared to people living outside of landfill area. This can be affectedby their lifestyle. When exposed to pathogen, human?s immune system will betriggered to combat the pathogens. Immunoglobulin or antibody, a kind ofglobulin, is a part of the immune system. The synthesis of globulin will repress thesynthesis of other kinds of protein, one of them being albumin which is highlyneeded in the human body. Therefore, a research was conducted to compare thealbumin globulin ratio in people living inside and outside of landfill area. Thecross sectional study was conducted on December 2014 and involved 40 subjectsfrom inside landfill area and 40 subjects from outside landfill areas usingconsecutive sampling method. From blood examination result that has been testedusing T-test independent method, the albumin globulin ratio in people livingoutside of landfill area was higher compared to people living inside of landfillarea with p = 0.000. From correlation test, there was a difference of albuminglobulin ratio between people infected with certain pathogens and those who werenot but was not considered statistically significant with p = 0.169 and correlationcoefficient of ?0.113. Prevalence ratio was 0.63 CI 95% (0.25-1.60)., People living inside of landfill area have a higher chance of being exposed topathogens compared to people living outside of landfill area. This can be affectedby their lifestyle. When exposed to pathogen, human’s immune system will betriggered to combat the pathogens. Immunoglobulin or antibody, a kind ofglobulin, is a part of the immune system. The synthesis of globulin will repress thesynthesis of other kinds of protein, one of them being albumin which is highlyneeded in the human body. Therefore, a research was conducted to compare thealbumin globulin ratio in people living inside and outside of landfill area. Thecross sectional study was conducted on December 2014 and involved 40 subjectsfrom inside landfill area and 40 subjects from outside landfill areas usingconsecutive sampling method. From blood examination result that has been testedusing T-test independent method, the albumin globulin ratio in people livingoutside of landfill area was higher compared to people living inside of landfillarea with p = 0.000. From correlation test, there was a difference of albuminglobulin ratio between people infected with certain pathogens and those who werenot but was not considered statistically significant with p = 0.169 and correlationcoefficient of –0.113. Prevalence ratio was 0.63 CI 95% (0.25-1.60).]"

"ABSTRAKPerkembangan teknologi dalam bidang biomedik merupakan kemajuanpenting bagi umat manusia. Salah satu dari teknologi tersebut adalah biomaterialmampu luruh untuk stem tulang, yang saat ini sedang dikembangkan denganberbasis logam Fe. Penelitian ini membahas pengaruh albumin terhadap materialFe-Mn-C, yang difabrikasi melalui metode metalurgi serbuk, denganmemvariasikan kadar unsur Mn dan albumin terlarut. Kemudian dilakukankarakterisasi material Fe-Mn-C serta pengujian korosi material Fe-Mn-C danlarutan hasil perendamannya. Dari hasil penelitian ini didapatkan bahwakehadiran protein albumin dan penambahan kadar albumin pada larutan ringermenurunkan laju korosi. Hasil produk korosi pada larutan hasil pencelupanmaterial Fe-Mn-C didapatkan masih pada batas aman konsumsi harian tubuhmanusia, yang menandakan material Fe-Mn-C biokompatibel untuk diterapkansecara biomedik.

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ABSTRACTBiomaterial technology has been a very important progress of human race.One of the most helpful biomaterial technology is biodegradable material forhuman bone-stem, which currently being developed with iron-based. This thesisdiscusses the effects of albumin towards Fe-Mn-C material, which has beenfabricated with metallurgy powder method, through varying levels of dissolvedMn and albumin elements. Afterwards, Fe-Mn-C material is characterized andexamined for its corrosion, along with the marinating solutions. This researchshows result that the existence of albumin protein by adding the level of albuminin ringer solution has decreased the corrosion rate. The corrosion result product inthe solution for marinating Fe-Mn-C material is still in a safe zone for dailyconsumption of human body, which indicates Fe-Mn-C material biocompatible tobe applied in biomedical."

"Latar belakang: Kanker saat ini masih menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan utama di dunia. Insidensi kanker ginekologi di Indonesia masih tinggi. Aspek nutrisi merupakan salah satu aspek yang paling sering mengalami kelainan pada pasien dengan kanker. Patient Generated-Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) merupakan modalitas skrining nutrisi yang mengombinasikan data kualitatif dan semi-kuantitatif. Proses inflamasi sistemik yang terjadi pada pasien kanker dapat mengakibatkan penurunan kadar albumin dan prealbumin. Namun, belum banyak penelitian sebelumnya yang mencari bagaimana korelasi kadar albumin dan prealbumin terhadap skor PG-SGA.Tujuan: Mengetahui parameter yang paling baik dalam mendeteksi malnutrisi untuk pasien dengan onkologi ginekologi di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode potong lintang (cross sectional). Subjek dari penelitian ini adalah pasien yang didiagnosis dengan kanker ginekologi yang berobat ke Poliklinik Onkologi Ginekologi RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo dan direncanakan atau telah menjalani terapi pada Oktober 2020 - September 2021. Pasien dengan riwayat keganasan primer selain keganasan ginekologi, menerima terapi kortikosteroid oral atau intravena, riwayat pembedahan saluran cerna yang memengaruhi absorpsi/asupan nutrisi, dan riwayat penyakit liver akut atau kronik dan alkoholisme dieksklusi dari penelitian. Hasil: Didapatkan sebanyak 90 subjek yang diikutsertakan dalam penelitian. Secara keseluruhan, nilai rerata albumin yaitu 4,19 g/dL, rerata prealbumin yaitu 39,1 mg/dL, dan rerata skor PG-SGA yaitu 3 atau kategori A. Terdapat korelasi positif lemah antar kadar albumin dengan prealbumin (r=0,378, p=0,000), Terdapat korelasi negatif lemah antara kadar albumin terhadap skor PG-SGA (r=-0,313, p=0,003), sedangkan tidak terdapat korelasi kadar prealbumin terhadap skor PG-SGA (r=-0,145, p=0,173).Kesimpulan: Didapatkan korelasi antara albumin terhadap skor PG-SGA, namun tidak didapatkan korelasi antara prealbumin terhadap skor PG-SGA.

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Background: Cancer is still one of the major health problems in the world. The incidence of gynecological cancer in Indonesia is still high. Nutritional aspect is one of the most frequent aspects of abnormalities in patients with cancer. Patient Generated-Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) is a nutritional screening modality that combines qualitative and semi-quantitative data. Systemic inflammatory process that occurs in cancer patients can result in a decrease in albumin and prealbumin levels. However, there have not been many previous studies looking at the correlation between albumin and prealbumin levels on the PG-SGA score.

Objective: Knowing the best parameters in detecting malnutrition for gynecological oncology patients at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo.

Methods: This study used a cross-sectional method. The subjects of this study were diagnosed with gynecological cancer who went to the Gynecological Oncology Polyclinic of RSUPN Dr. Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo and planned or already undergoing therapy during October 2020 - September 2021. Patients with a history of primary malignancy other than gynecological malignancy, receiving oral or intravenous corticosteroid therapy, history of gastrointestinal surgery affecting nutrient absorption/intake, and history of acute or chronic liver disease and alcoholism was excluded from the study.

Results: There were 90 subjects who were included in this study. Overall, the average level of albumin was 4.19 g/dL, the average level of prealbumin was 39.1 mg/dL, and the average of scored-PG-SGA was 3 or category A. There was a weak positive correlation between albumin and prealbumin levels (r=0.378, p=0.000). This study showed a weak negative correlation between albumin level and scored-PG-SGA (r=-0.313, p=0.003), whereas there was no correlation between prealbumin levels and scored-PG-SGA (r=-0.145, p=0.173).

Conclusion: A weak negative correlation was found between albumin and the scored-PG-SGA, but no correlation was found between prealbumin and the scored-PG-SGA."

"Hiperglikemia merupakan salah satu faktor risiko terjadinya nefropati diabetik pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2. American Diabetes Association (ADA) merekomendasikan pemeriksaan albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) setiap tahun untuk mendeteksi adanya nefropati diabetik. Pemeriksaan 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) merupakan salah satu pemeriksaan untuk monitoring kontrol glikemik. 1,5-AG merupakan penanda yang lebih sensitif untuk mengetahui adanya fluktuasi glukosa dan hiperglikemia postprandial. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hiperglikemia yang terjadi secara intermiten lebih merusak endotel dibandingkan hiperglikemia yang stabil. Desain studi pada penelitian ini adalah potong lintang. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis statistik untuk mendapatkan hubungan 1,5-AG dan HbA1c, 1,5-AG dan glukosa darah 2 jam PP, area under curve dan titik potong 1,5-AG sebagai indikator kontrol glikemik, dan perbedaan median kadar 1,5-AG serta HbA1c pada pasien dengan ACR < 30 mg/g dan ≥ 30 mg/g. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan koefisien korelasi Spearman antara kadar 1,5-AG dan HbA1c pada pasien DMT2 adalah -0,74 (p<0,001), sedangkan nilai koefisien korelasi antara kadar 1,5-AG dan glukosa darah 2 jam PP pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe adalah -0,45 (p<0,001). Luas area under curve 1,5-AG sebagai indikator kontrol glikemik sebesar 87,1%. Titik potong 1,5-AG untuk indikator kontrol glikemik adalah 10,7 μg/mL. Pasien DMT2 dengan kadar ACR ≥ 30 mg/g memiliki median kadar 1,5-AG yang lebih rendah (6,4 μg/mL) dibandingkan pasien DMT2 dengan ACR < 30 mg/g (median kadar 1,5-AG 12,4 μg/mL), p = 0,007. Terdapat perbedaan median kadar HbA1c yang bermakna (p<0,001) pada pasien DMT2 dengan ACR < 30 mg/g dan ACR ≥ 30 mg/g. Pasien DMT2 dengan kadar ACR ≥ 30 mg/g memiliki median kadar HbA1c yang lebih tinggi (7,9%) dibandingkan kadar HbA1c pasien DMT2 dengan ACR < 30 mg/g (6,9%). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan terdapat korelasi negatif kuat bermakna antara 1,5-AG dan HbA1c; dan korelasi negatif sedang bermakna antara 1,5-AG dan glukosa darah 2 jam PP. Terdapat perbedaan rerata kadar 1,5-AG dan HbA1c yang bermakna antara pasien diabetes melitus dengan ACR < 30 mg/g dan ≥ 30 mg/g. Titik potong 1,5-AG yang direkomendasikan sebagai indikator kontrol glikemik adalah 10,7 μg/mL.

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Hyperglycemia is one of the risk factors for diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommended annual albumin-tocreatinine ratio (ACR) screening to detect the presence of diabetic nephropathy. 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is one of the parameters for monitoring glycemic control. 1,5-AG is a more sensitive marker to detect glucose fluctuations and postprandial hyperglycemia. Previous studies showed that intermittent hyperglycemia is more damaging to endothelials than stable hyperglycemia. The study design was cross sectional. In this study, the statistical analysis was performed to obtain the association between 1,5-AG and HbA1c, 1,5-AG and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose; the area under curve and the cutoff of 1,5-AG as an indicator of glycemic control; and the median difference of 1,5-AG and HbA1c value from patients with ACR <30 mg/g and ≥ 30 mg/g. In this study, the coefficient of correlation between the value of 1,5-AG and HbA1c in patients with T2DM is -0,74 (p<0,001), while the coefficient of correlation between 1,5-AG and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus type is -0,45 (p<0,001). The area under curve of 1,5-AG as a glycemic control indicator is 87,1%. The 1,5-AG cutoff point for the glycemic control indicator is 10,7 μg/mL. Patients with T2DM with ACR levels ≥30 mg/g had significantly lower median value of 1,5-AG (6,4 μg/mL) than patients with T2DM with ACR <30 mg/g (12,4 μg/mL). There was significant difference in median HbA1c value from patients with T2DM with ACR <30 mg/g and ≥ 30 mg/g. Patients with T2DM with ACR levels ≥30 mg/g had higher median HbA1c value (7,9%) than HbA1c patients with T2DM with ACR <30 mg/g (6,9%). In this study concluded that the there was a strong and significant negative correlation between 1.5-AG and HbA1c and a moderate and significant negative correlation between 1.5-AG and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose. There was a significant difference of median value of 1,5-AG and HbA1c between patients with diabetes mellitus and ACR <30 mg/g and ACR ≥ 30 mg/g. The cutoff of 1,5-AG which was recommended as a glycemic control indicator was 10,7 μg/mL."

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang.Ophiocephalus striatus berpotensi meningkatkan kadar IGF-1 dan albumin karena mengandung asam amino, asam lemak, vitamin, dan mineral. Belum ada penelitian menggunakan ekstrak Ophiocephalus striatus khusus pada pasien usia lanjut dengan malnutrisi.Tujuan. Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak Ophiocephalus striatus terhadap kadar IGF-1 dan albumin pasien usia lanjut dengan malnutrisiMetode. Uji klinis acak tersamar ganda dilakukan pada pasien rawat inap yang telah melewati kondisi akut dan dibolehkan pulang, berusia ge; 60 tahun dengan skor Mini Nutritional Assessment le; 23,5 dan kadar albumin < 3,5 g/dL. Dilakukan randomisasi untuk mendapatkan ekstrak Ophiocephalus striatus 10 gram sehari atau plasebo selama 14 hari. Kadar IGF-1 dan albumin diperiksa sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Pengaruh pemberian ekstrak OS dianalisis menggunakan uji t tidak berpasangan atau uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil. Randomisasi dilakukan terhadap 109 subjek, sebanyak 90 subjek menyelesaikan penelitian hingga 14 hari masing-masing kelompok45 orang . Median usia 69 64;75 tahun dengan perbandingan laki-laki dan perempuan 2 : 3. Didapatkan perubahan kadar IGF-1 dan albumin sesudah perlakuan pada kelompok ekstrak OS vs plaseboberturut-turut 14,70 0,30;31,50 ng/mL vs 1,00 -6;13,15 ng/mL p = 0,002 dan 0,50 0,15;0,70 g/dL vs 0,10 0,0;0,50 g/dL p = 0,003 . Simpulan. Ekstrak Ophiocephalus striatus dapat meningkatkan kadar IGF-1 dan albumin pasien usia lanjut dengan malnutrisi

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ABSTRACTBackgound.Supplementation with Ophiocephalus striatus is potential to increase IGF 1 and albumin levels in elderly malnourished patients beacause of the contents of amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals.Objective.This study was conducted to confirm the effect of Ophiocephalus striatusextract on levels of IGF 1 and albumin in elderly malnourished patients. Method.The study design is a double blind randomized controlledtrial involving hospitalizedmalnourished ge 60 years old patientsin acute ward before discharged, with Mini Nutritional Assessment score le 23.5 and albumin level 3.5 g dL.A total of 109 subjects were randomly divided into two groups including one group received Ophiocephalus striatus extract 10 g per day and another group received plasebo for 14 days. Albumin and IGF 1 levelswere obtained before and after intervention. Results.Ninety subjects completed the study extract group 45 subjects plasebo goup 45 subjects for 14 days. Median of age was 69 64 75 years, with male to female ratio were 2 3. The delta differences of IGF 1 and albumin levels between extract group and placebo group were 14.7 0.30 31.5 ng mL vs 1.00 6 13.15 ng mL p 0.002 and 0.50 0.15 0.70 g dL vs 0.10 0,0 0.50 g dL p 0.003 , respectively. There were significant differences between extract and placebo group. Conclusions. Supplementation with Ophiocephalus striatus extract was associated with a significant increase in IGF 1 and albumin levels."

"Latar Belakang: Disfungsi saluran cerna berhubungan dengan luaran klinis yang lebih buruk pada pasien sakit kritis. Kadar albumin serum yang rendah merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat meningkatkan risiko disfungsi saluran cerna. Hubungan kadar albumin dengan disfungsi saluran cerna masih inkonklusif karena pendekatan diagnostik disfungsi saluran cerna yang belum terstandarisasi dengan baik. Gastrointestinal dysfunction score (GIDS) instrumen dengan subjektivitas minimal dan reproduktifitas maksimal, diharapkan dapat menegakkan diagnosis disfungsi saluran cerna dengan objektivitas yang lebih baik. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kadar albumin saat admisi dengan terjadinya disfungsi saluran cerna yang dinilai menggunakan GIDS. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kohort prospektif pada subjek berusia ≥18 tahun yang dirawat di ruang rawat intensif Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional (RSUPN) dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo dan Rumah Sakit Universitas Indonesia (RSUI). Karakteristik subjek penelitian berupa usia, jenis kelamin, status gizi, penyakit komorbid, diagnosis admisi intensive care unit (ICU), waktu inisiasi pemberian nutrisi oral atau enteral, kebiasaan mengonsumsi alkohol, dan skor sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA). Dilakukan analisis bivariat untuk menilai hubungan kadar albumin saat admisi dengan disfungsi saluran cerna. Hasil: Diperoleh 64 subjek, kelompok kadar albumin rendah 32 subjek dan kelompok kadar albumin normal 32 subjek. Rerata usia subjek 50,2±15,7, laki-laki 64,1%, 26,6% subjek dengan status gizi berat badan normal berdasarkan indeks massa tubuh (IMT), 50% subjek dengan malnutrisi secara klinis,  21,9% subjek dengan diagnosis komorbid diabetes melitus dan 3,1% subjek dengan parkinson, 34,4 % subjek dengan diagnosis admisi bedah, 95,3% subjek mendapatkan nutrisi oral atau enteral ≤ 48 jam, median skor SOFA 3 (0-12). Rerata kadar albumin  subjek dengan disfungsi saluran cerna 2,7±0,6 g/dL, rerata kadar albumin  subjek tidak disfungsi saluran cerna 3,7±0,7 g/dL. 31,3% subjek mengalami disfungsi saluran cerna. Terdapat hubungan signifikan secara statistik antara kadar albumin saat admisi dengan disfungsi saluran cerna RR 9 (95%CI 2,3-35,6; p <0,001) dan skor GIDS, p<0,001. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kadar albumin saat admisi dengan disfungsi saluran cerna. Pemeriksaan kadar albumin saat admisi ICU idealnya dilakukan secara rutin dan diikuti dengan koreksi kadar albumin apabila ditemukan kondisi hipoalbuminemia.

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Background: Gastrointestinal dysfunction is associated with worse clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. Low serum albumin levels are one factor that can increase the risk of gastrointestinal dysfunction. The relationship between albumin levels and gastrointestinal dysfunction is still inconclusive because the diagnostic approach to gastrointestinal dysfunction is not yet well standardized. Gastrointestinal dysfunction score (GIDS) is an instrument with minimal subjectivity and maximum reproducibility, which is expected to provide a diagnosis of gastrointestinal dysfunction with better objectivity. This research was conducted to determine the relationship between albumin levels at admission and the occurrence of gastrointestinal dysfunction as assessed using GIDS. Methods: This study is a prospective cohort study of subjects aged ≥18 years who were treated in the intensive care unit at RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo and RSUI. Characteristics of research subjects included age, gender, nutritional status, comorbid diseases, ICU admission diagnosis, time of initiation of oral or enteral nutrition, alcohol consumption habits, and SOFA score. Bivariate analysis was carried out to assess the relationship between albumin levels at admission and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Results: There were 64 subjects, 32 subjects in the low albumin level group and 32 subjects in the normal albumin level group. Mean age of subjects 50.2 ± 15.7, 64.1% male, 26.6% subjects with normal weight nutritional status based on BMI, 50% subjects with clinical malnutrition, 21.9% subjects with comorbid diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and 3.1%  subjects with Parkinson's, 34.4%  subjects with surgical admission diagnosis, 95.3% subjects received oral or enteral nutrition ≤ 48 hours, median SOFA score 3 ( 0-12). The mean albumin level of subjects with gastrointestinal dysfunction was 2.7 ± 0.6 g/dL, the mean albumin level of subjects without gastrointestinal dysfunction was 3.7 ± 0.7 g/dL. 31.3% of subjects experienced gastrointestinal dysfunction. There was a statistically significant relationship between albumin levels at admission and gastrointestinal dysfunction RR 9 (95%CI 2.3-35.6; p <0.001) and GIDS score, p<0.001. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between albumin levels at admission and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Albumin levels examination during ICU admission should ideally be carried out routinely and followed by correction of albumin levels if hypoalbuminemia is found."