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"Latar Belakang. Pasien kanker laring dapat mengalami malnutrisi sebelummenjalani radioterapi yang ditandai dengan penurunan berat badan yang tidakdisengaja akibat penurunan massa bebas lemak. Kasus serial ini bertujuan untukmengamati kaitan asupan protein dengan perbaikan fat free mass index (FFMI).Metode. Empat pasien pada serial kasus ini didiagnosis karsinoma sel skuamosalaring pascalaringektomi total dan diseksi leher stadium III dan IV dengan statusgizi malnutrisi berat dan sedang, berat badan normal, dan obes I, berusia 51-62tahun yang dikonsulkan ke dokter Gizi Klinik pada bulan Agustus sampaiNovember 2019 sejak awal radioterapi. Terapi medik gizi diberikan sesuai dengankondisi klinis melalui jalur oral. Pemantauan dilakukan pada minggu pertamaradiasi, selama radiasi, minggu terakhir radiasi, dan pascaradiasi.Hasil. Kadar albumin serum keempat pasien dalam batas normal dan meningkatsaat akhir radiasi pada tiga orang pasien. Pasien malnutrisi sedang mengalamipenurunan FFMI dengan asupan protein <2 g/kg BB, pasien malnutrisi beratmengalami peningkatan FFMI dengan asupan protein 1,1-1,4 g/kg BB. FFMIpasien obes meningkat lalu menurun dengan asupan protein 0,8-1,7 g/kg BB.FFMI pasien BB normal meningkat dengan asupan protein 2 g/kg BB. Rentangasupan protein adalah 0,7-1,5 g/kg BB saat awal radiasi, selama radiasi 0,8-2 g/kgBB, akhir radiasi 1,1-2 g/kg BB.Kesimpulan. FFMI cenderung mengalami peningkatan sampai akhir radiasi padaasupan protein yang mencapai 2 g/kg BB pada pasien BB normal. Perlu penelitianlebih lanjut mengenai hubungan asupan protein dan FFMI pada pasien KSS laringyang menjalani radioterapi.

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Bacground. Laryngeal cancer patients can experience malnutrition beforeundergoing radiotherapy characterized by unintentional weight loss due to areduction in fat free mass. Aim of the case series to observe protein intake with fatfree mass index (FFMI) improvement.Method. Four patients were diagnosed with laryngeal squamous cell carcinomapost total laryngectomy and neck dissection with nutritional status of severe andmoderate malnutrition, normal weight, and obese grade I, aged 51-62 years whowere consulted to Clinical Nutrition physician in August to November 2019 whichunderwent radiotherapy. Medical nutrition therapy is given according to theclinical condition of each patient through oral. Monitoring was carried out in thefirst week, during, the end, and after radiation.Results. Serum albumin were within normal level and increased at the end ofradiation in 3 patients. FFMI of malnourished patients was decreased withprotein intake <2 g/kg BW. FFMI of severely malnourished patients increaseswith protein intake from 1.1 to 1.4 g/kg body weight. FFMI of obese patientsincreases then decreases with protein intake from 0.8 to 1.7 g/kg body weight.FFMI of normoweight patients increases with a protein intake of 2 g/kg BW. Therange of protein intake is 0.7-1.5 g/kg BW at first week, 0.8-2 g/kg BW during,and 1.1-2 g/kg BW at the end of radiation.Conclusion. FFMI tends to increase on protein intake 2 g/kg BW in normoweightpatients. Further research is needed regarding the relationship of protein intakeand FFMI in laryngeal patients undergoing radiotherapy."

"Latar Belakang: Sebanyak 40 pasien kanker laring mengalami malnutrisi sebelum protokol terapi dimulai, dan meningkat menjadi 54 pasca laringektomi. Laringektomi total menyebabkan pasien bernapas melalui trakeostomi sehingga terjadi disabilitas fisik, perubahan psikis, dan juga masalah nutrisi. Radioterapi merupakan pilihan terapi pada kanker laring dan seringkali memengaruhi status gizi dan kapasitas fungsional.Metode: Pasien kanker laring stadium III dan IV ini berusia antara 50 ndash;66 tahun. Seluruh pasien telah menjalani laringektomi dengan trakeostomi dan radioterapi eksterna, dan tiga orang menjalani kombinasi dengan kemoterapi. Dua orang menggunakan nasogastric tube NGT untuk asupan nutrisi dan dua orang dengan asupan per oral. Pasien memiliki hasil skrining MST > 2. Pemantauan dilakukan meliputi keluhan subjektif, kondisi klinis, tanda vital, pemeriksaan laboratorium, antropometri, komposisi tubuh, kapasitas fungsional dan analisis asupan 24 jam. Keempat pasien mendapatkan edukasi nutrisi, oral nutrition support ONS dan kapsul omega-3.Hasil: Dari hasil pemantauan diketahui bahwa pasien kanker laring yang mendapatkan terapi nutrisi dapat meningkatkan asupan makanannya, berat badan, massa otot, kekuatan genggam tangan, dan kadar hemoglobin. Karnofsky Performance Score dari keempat pasien tidak mengalami perubahan.Kesimpulan: Pemberian terapi nutrisi dapat memperbaiki status gizi, parameter laboratorium dan komposisi tubuh pada semua pasien dalam serial kasus ini.Kata Kunci: kanker laring; radioterapi; terapi medik gizi

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Objective: Forty percent of laryngeal cancer patients were already malnourished before the therapy protocol began and increased to 54 post laryngectomy. Total laryngectomy causes the patient to breathe through the tracheostomy resulting physical disability, psychic changes, as well as nutritional problems. Radiotherapy is a treatment of choices for laryngeal cancer, often affects nutritional status and functional capacity.

Methods: Stages III and IV of laryngeal cancer patients aged 50 66 years old with. All patients had undergone laryngectomy with tracheostomy and external radiotherapy, and three patients underwent a combination with chemotherapy. Two patients used nasogastric tube NGT for nutritional intake and two patients with oral intake. All patients had a screening score of MST 2. Monitoring included subjective complaints, clinical conditions, vital signs, laboratory tests, anthropometric measured, body composition analysis, functional capacity and 24 hour records of intake analysis. All patients received nutritional counselling, oral nutrition support ONS and omega 3 capsules.

Results: From the result of monitoring, laryngeal cancer patients who get nutrition therapy could increased their food intakes, body weight, skeletal mass, handgrip strength, and hemoglobin level. The Karnofsky Performance Score of all patients was unchanged.

Conclusions: Nutritional therapy may improve nutritional status, laboratory parameters and body composition in laryngeal cancer patientsKey Word larynx cancer radiotherapy nutritional therapy."

"Latar belakang. Meningkatnya prevalensi obesitas diikuti pula dengan kejadian sakit kritis pada pasien obesitas. Obesitas merupakan suatu kondisi inflamasi kronis yang memengaruhi disregulasi respon imun dan meningkatkan risiko sepsis. Sepsis merupakan penyebab tersering perawatan di intensive care unit (ICU) dan berkaitan dengan tingginya mortalitas dan morbiditas. Terapi medik gizi yang adekuat diperlukan untuk menopang diregulasi metabolisme pada sakit kritis dan mencegah penurunan status gizi. Pasien obesitas dengan sepsis menunjukkan prognosis yang buruk pada kondisi hiperlaktatemia. Salah satu mikronutrien yang berperan dalam bersihan laktat adalah tiamin. Beberapa studi menunjukkan efek positif suplementasi tiamin pada penurunan kadar laktat dan mortalitas pada pasien sepsis.Kasus. Serial kasus ini memaparkan tiga pasien laki-laki dan satu pasien perempuan, berusia 33-68 tahun dengan status gizi obesitas, mengalami sakit kritis, dan sepsis. Seluruh pasien mendapatkan terapi medik gizi sejak fase akut sakit kritis. Pemberian energi dan protein sesuai dengan kondisi klinis dan toleransi pasien. Seluruh pasien mendapatkan suplementasi tiamin 2x100 mg per enteral yang dimulai pada 24 jam pertama pasca penegakkan diagnosis sepsis selama 7 hari.Hasil. Selama perawatan, asupan energi pasien kasus dapat mencapai 30 kkal/kgBB dan asupan protein mencapai 1,3–1,7 g/kgBB sesuai dengan fungsi ginjal pasien. Tiga pasien mengalami penurunan kadar laktat dan skor SOFA setelah 7 hari suplementasi tiamin. Ketiga pasien tersebut dapat melewati fase kritis di ICU dan pindah ke ruang perawatan biasa, sedangkan satu pasien mengalami peningkatan enzim transaminase dan peningkatan kadar laktat. Pasien tersebut mengalami 3 kali periode sepsis dan meninggal dunia saat perawatan sakit kritis.Kesimpulan. Suplementasi tiamin memberikan efek positif pada penurunan kadar laktat darah dan skor SOFA pada pasien sakit kritis dengan sepsis dan obesitas. Terapi medik gizi yang adekuat dapat menunjang luaran klinis dan kesintasan pada pasien sakit kritis dengan sepsis dan obesitas.

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Background. The prevalence of obesity is rising worldwide followed by the incidence of critical illness in obese patients. Obesity is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects dysregulation of immune response and increases the risk of sepsis. Sepsis is the most common cause of hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Adequate medical nutrition therapy is required to support metabolism in the critically ill and prevent deterioration in nutritional status. Obese patients with sepsis and hyperlactatemia exhibit poor prognosis. One of the micronutrients that play a role in lactate clearance is thiamine. Several studies have shown a positive effect of thiamine supplementation on reducing lactate levels and mortality in septic patients.

Case. This case series described three male patients and one female patient, aged 33-68 years with obesity, critical illness, and sepsis. All patients obtained medical nutrition therapy ever since the acute phase of critical illness. Administration of energy and protein was adjusted to clinical conditions and patients` tolerance. All patients received thiamine supplementation 2x100 mg enteral starting in the first 24 hours after diagnosis of sepsis for 7-day period.

Result. During treatment, the energy dan protein intake of case patients attained 30 kcal/kgBW and 1.3–1.7 g/kgBW respectively, according to the patients' tolerance. Three patients had decrement of lactate levels and SOFA scores after 7 days of thiamine supplementation. The three patients were able to surpass the critical phase in the ICU and step down to ward. Meanwhile, one patient experienced an increment in transaminases enzymes and lactate levels. The patient had 3 periods of sepsis and died during critical care.

Conclusion. Thiamine supplementation exhibited positive impact on lactate levels and SOFA scores decrement in critically ill patients with sepsis and obesity. Adequate medical nutritional therapy could promote clinical outcomes and survival in critically ill patients with sepsis and obesity."

"Latar Belakang: Tuberkulosis Paru (TB Paru) merupakan penyakit infeksi yang bersifat kronis dengan tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Perubahan metabolisme akibat infeksi Mycobacterium Tuberkulosa(M.TB) dan aktivasi sistem neurohormal turut berperan terhadap terjadinya malnutrisi, yang dapat memberikan efek negatif terhadap prognosis pasien dengan TB Paru. Penderita TB Paru mengalami penurunan kapasitas fungsional dan kualitas hidup. Terapi Medik Gizi sejak awal diagnosis ditegakkan, akan mendukung proses pemulihan pasien TB.Kasus :Dalam serial kasus ini, dipaparkan empat kasus pasien TB Paru dengan berbagai faktor risiko, diantaranya adalah penyakit TB Paru, TB Miliar, PPOK et causa TB Paru, Meningitis TB. Pada awal pemeriksaan didapatkan adanya defisiensi asupan makronutrien dan mikronutrien, hipoalbuminemia, CRP yang meningkat, hemoglobin (Hb) yang turun, penurunan kapasitas fungsional dan kualitas hidup. Terapi medik gizi diberikan secara individual, sesuai dengan kondisi klinis, hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium, dan analisis asupan makan terakhir. Hasil:Tiga dari empat pasien mengalami peningkatan asupan, perbaikan kondisi klinis, dan kapasitas fungsional serta kualitas hidup pasien. Status nutrisi pasien tidak mengalami perburukan selama perawatan,Kesimpulan:Terapi Medik gizi yang adekuat pada pasien TB dapat mempertahankan status nutrisi pasien dan mendukung perbaikan kondisi klinis, kapasitas fungsional, serta kualitas hidup pasien.

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Background:

Pulmonary tuberculosis (pulmonary TB) is a chronic infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality. Changes in metabolism due to infection with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and activation of the neurohormal system contribute to the occurrence of malnutrition, which can have a negative effect on the prognosis of patients with pulmonary TB. Patients with pulmonary TB have decreased functional capacity and quality of life.Early medical nutrition therapywill support the recovery process of pulmonary TB patients.

Case :

In this case series, four cases of pulmonary TB patients were presented with various risk factors, including pulmonary TB disease, miliar TB, COPD et causa lung TB, and TB meningitis. Deficiency of macro and micronutrient intake, hypoalbuminemia, increased CRP, decreased hemoglobin (Hb), decreased functional capacity and quality of life were found at the beginning of examination. Nutrition medical therapy is given individually, according to clinical conditions, results of laboratory examinations, and analysis of recent food intake.

Result :

Three out of four patients experience increased intake, improvement of clinical conditions, functional capacity and quality of life. The nutritional status of patients did not experience worsening during treatment.

Conclusion:

Adequate nutritional medical therapy in TB patients can maintain patient nutritional status and support improvement of clinical conditions, functional capacity, and quality of life."

"Kaki diabetik merupakan komplikasi pada diabetes melitus (DM) tipe 2 tersering yang menyebabkan pasien menjalankan perawatan di rumah sakit. Penyulit lain pada DM tipe 2 berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan morbiditas dan mortalitas pasien. Terapi medik gizi pada pasien DM tipe 2 dan kaki diabetik dengan berbagai penyulit berperan penting dalam kontrol glikemik, mencegah perburukan status gizi, serta perbaikan penyembuhan luka. Serial kasus ini melibatkan empat pasien DM tipe 2 dan kaki diabetik dengan berbagai penyulit yang diberikan terapi medik gizi berupa asupan energi, makronutrien, mikronutrien, nutrien spesifik, dan edukasi gaya hidup. Pasien dilakukan pemantauan selama 19 hari sesuai fase proliferasi penyembuhan luka. Satu pasien dengan ketoasidosis diabetikum, satu pasien dengan hipertensi, dan dua pasien dengan diabetic kidney disease. Kontrol glikemik keempat pasien tercapai pada akhir perawatan di rumah sakit dan tidak didapatkan penurunan berat badan yang bermakna selama masa pemantauan. Penyembuhan luka berupa luka mengering, edema berkurang, dan timbulnya jaringan granulasi didapatkan pada tiga diantara empat pasien. Satu pasien tidak didapatkan penyembuhan luka yang signifikan karena adanya stenosis multipel pembuluh darah arteri di tungkai kiri. Terapi medik gizi pada pasien DM tipe 2 dan kaki diabetik dengan berbagai penyulit berperan pada perbaikan kontrol glikemik, mencegah perburukan status gizi, dan penyembuhan luka.

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The most common cause of complication and hospitalization in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are those associated with diabetic foot (DF). Complication of T2DM contribute to increasing morbidity and mortality. Medical nutrition therapy in patients with T2DM and DF with various complication plays an important role in management of glycemic control, worsening nutritional status, and repair wound healing. This case series include four patients T2DM and DF with various complication that given nutritional medical therapy consisting of energy intake, macronutrients, micronutrients, spesific nutrient, and healthy lifestyle education. Patients was monitored for 19 days according to the proliferation phase of wound healing. One patient with diabetic ketoacidosis, one patient with hypertension, and two patients with diabetic kidney disease. All patients got glycemic control during hospitalization. No significant weight loss was observed during monitoring period. Wounds in three of the four patients appeared to heal with dry wound, reduced edema, and formation of granulation tissue. One patient found insignificant wound healing due to multiple arterial stenosis in the left leg. Medical nutrition therapy with type 2 diabetes and diabetic foot with various complications plays an important role in management of glycemic control, preventing worsening nutritional status, and repair wound healing."

"Defisiensi vitamin D sering terjadi pada penyakit autoimun, termasuk pemfigus vulgaris (PV) dan systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Sementara itu, terapi nutrisi dan suplementasi vitamin D masih belum rutin dilakukan dalam tata laksana PV dan SLE. Serial kasus ini melaporkan terapi nutrisi dan suplementasi vitamin D pada empat kasus penyakit autoimun yang mengalami kekambuhan. Serial kasus terdiri atas dua pasien laki-laki PV dan dua pasien perempuan SLE dengan defisiensi vitamin D yang putus obat akibat pandemi corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Keempat pasien mengalami malnutrisi berat secara klinis, karena penurunan asupan makanan dan berat badan dengan berbagai komplikasi obat imunosupresan jangka panjang, yaitu meningkatnya risiko infeksi, sepsis, sarkopenia, deposisi lemak, diabetes mellitus diinduksi steroid, dislipidemia, hipertensi, dan depresi. Asupan energi secara bertahap ditingkatkan secara enteral melalui nasogatric tube (NGT) dan/atau rute oral untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi dan protein total. Kebutuhan energi total menggunakan Formula Harris-Benedict dengan faktor stres yang disesuaikan dengan profil klinis dan metabolik masing-masing pasien. Kebutuhan protein ditetapkan 1,5–2,0 g/kg BB/hari untuk pasien PV dan 0,8–1,2 g/kg BB/hari untuk pasien SLE dengan keterlibatan ginjal. Lemak dan karbohidrat (KH) disesuaikan dengan komposisi seimbang, yaitu 45–60% KH, 25 g serat, dan <5% added sugar serta 25–30% lemak dengan <7% asam lemak jenuh, ~20% asam lemak tak jenuh tunggal, dan ~ 10% asam lemak tak jenuh jamak. Dua pasien PV mengalami insufisiensi (16,4 ng/mL dan 22,1 ng/mL) dan dua pasien SLE mengalami defisiensi (6,6 ng/mL dan 9,1 ng/mL). Keempat pasien mendapatkan kolekalsiferol 6000 IU/hari selama 8 minggu berturut-turut. Setelah 1 bulan suplementasi vitamin D dan terapi nutrisi adekuat, serum vitamin D serta status nutrisi dan skor Karnofsky meningkat. Kualitas hidup yang dinilai dengan Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) untuk pasien PV dan Lupus quality of life (LupusQoL) untuk pasien SLE juga meningkat. Serial kasus ini menyimpulkan bahwa tata laksana komprehensif yang menyertakan terapi nutrisi adekuat dan evaluasi serum vitamin D dapat meningkatkan kondisi klinis dan metabolik, status gizi, kapasitas fungsional, dan kualitas hidup pasien autoimun kambuh.

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Vitamin D deficiency is common in autoimmune disease, including pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Meanwhile, nutrition therapy and vitamin D supplementation are still not routines in comprehensive management of PV and SLE. In this case series, we report nutrition therapy and vitamin D supplementation of four cases of relapse autoimmune disease. This series consist of two males of PV and two females of SLE with vitamin D deficiency that dropped out of treatment due to corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Patients became clinically severe malnutrition because of reduced food intake and body weight with various long-term immunosuppressant drug complications, ie increased risk of infections, sepsis, sarcopenia, fat deposition, steroid induced diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and depression. Energy intake was gradually increased enterally via nasogatric tube (NGT) and/or oral route to meet total energy and protein requirement. Total energy requirement was calculated by Harris-Benedict Formula with stress factor adjusted by clinical and metabolic profile of each patient. Protein requirement set by 1.5–2.0 g/kg BW/day for PV and 0,8–1,2 g/kg BW/day for SLE with renal involvement. Fat and carbohydrate (CHO) were tailored by balance composition, ie 45–60% CHO, 25 g fiber, and <5% added sugar and 25–30% fat with <7% saturated fatty acid, ~20% monounsaturated fatty acid, and ~10% polyunsaturated fatty acid. Two PV patients were insufficiency (16,4 ng/mL and 22,1 ng/mL) and two SLE patients were deficiency (6,6 ng/mL and 9,1 ng/mL). Cholecalciferol 6000 IU/day was prescribed for 8 weeks. After 1 month vitamin D supplementation and an adequate nutrition therapy, serum vitamin D was increased as well as nutritional state and Karnofsky’s score. Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) for PV and LupusQoL for SLE were also enhanced. Finally, comprehensive management along with an adequate nutrition therapy and vitamin D evaluation improved clinical and metabolic condition, nutritional status, functional capacity, and quality of life of relapse autoimmune patient."

"Cedera kepala merupakan penyebab utama kematian dan kecacatan pada populasi dunia berusia di bawah 45 tahun. Cedera kepala sedang (CKS) dan berat (CKB) biasanya memerlukan perawatan intensif dan pendekatan medis-bedah. Pasien dengan cedera kepala mengalami peningkatan laju metabolisme sehingga memerlukan tatalaksana medik gizi yang sesuai. Pemenuhan kebutuhan energi yang tidak adekuat dapat menyebabkan peningkatan angka morbiditas, risiko infeksi, dan komplikasi lainnya. Pemberian nutrisi enteral dini dalam kurun 24-48 jam setelah masuk Intensive Care Unit (ICU) dapat memperbaiki luaran klinis pasca cedera. Serial kasus ini bertujuan untuk melaporkan peran tatalaksana medik gizi pada status gizi, lama pemakaian ventilator, tingkat kesadaran dan kapasitas fungsional pada pasien kritis dengan CKS dan CKB. Empat pasien laki-laki dengan rentang usia 25-46 tahun diobservasi selama perawatan di ICU RS Cipto Mangunkusumo, dua pasien dengan diagnosis CKS dan sisanya dengan diagnosis CKB. Status gizi berdasarkan indeks massa tubuh, dua pasien memiliki berat badan (BB) normal, satu pasien BB lebih dan satu pasien obesitas II. Tingkat kesadaran berdasarkan skor Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) pasien pada saat masuk ICU adalah 6-11. Selama perawatan keempat pasien mendapat nutrisi enteral dini dan pemberian nutrisi ditingkatkan bertahap. Pada seluruh pasien, kebutuhan energi dapat dipenuhi sesuai target 25-30 kkal/kg BB. Kebutuhan makronutrien dapat dipenuhi sesuai target, yaitu protein 1,2-2 g/kg BB, lemak 20-30%, dan karbohidrat minimal 100 g/hari. Pada dua pasien dengan CKB, diberikan nutrien spesifik berupa glutamin sebesar 0,2 g/kgBB/hari dan mikronutrien berupa vitamin C, vitamin B kompleks, asam folat, dan seng. Hingga akhir pemantauan status gizi pada dua pasien CKS dapat dipertahankan, sedangkan dua pasien dengan CKB mengalami penurunan berat badan. Dua pasien CKS hanya menggunakan ventilator selama 4-5 hari, sedangkan dua pasien dengan CKB menggunakan ventilator lebih lama yaitu 12 dan 31 hari dengan disertai komorbiditas pneumotoraks dan ventilator-associated pneumonia. Tingkat kesadaran seluruh pasien mengalami perbaikan. Skor GCS pasien pada akhir perawatan di ICU adalah 7-15. Kapasitas fungsional berdasarkan Indeks Barthel juga mengalami perbaikan pada tiga pasien, yaitu dari ketergantungan total menjadi ketergantungan sedang atau berat. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa tatalaksana medik gizi dapat berperan dalam mempertahankan status gizi, menurunkan lamanya pemakaian ventilator, memperbaiki tingkat kesadaran dan kapasitas fungsional pada pasien sakit kritis dengan CKB dan CKS. Tingkat keparahan cedera kepala dan komorbiditas dapat memengaruhi luaran klinis dan harus dipertimbangkan dalam memberi tatalaksana medik gizi.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in the global population under 45 years old. Moderate and severe TBI usually require intensive care and a medical-surgical approach. Patients with TBI experience an increase in metabolic rate and therefore require appropriate medical nutrition therapy. Inadequate energy intake can cause an increase in morbidity, risk of infection, and other complications. Early enteral nutrition within 24-48 hours after ICU admission has been shown to improve clinical outcome.

This case series aims to report the role of medical nutrition therapy on nutritional status and clinical outcomes of critically ill patients with moderate and severe TBI. Four male patients aged 25-46 years were observed during their stay at the ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Based on body mass index, two patients were normoweight, one patient was overweight and one patient was class II obese. The Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of the patients on ICU admission were ranged 6-11.

Two of the four patients were classified as moderate TBI and the other two patients were as classified as severe TBI. On monitoring four patients received early enteral nutrition and the nutrition was gradually increased to reach the target of 25-30 kcal/kg body weight (BW). Enteral formula were targeted to achieve protein intake of 1.2-2 g/kgBW, fat intake of 20-30% of energy intake, and carbohydrate intake of at least 100 g/day. Two patients with severe TBI were given specific nutrients in the form of glutamine as much as 0.2 g/kgBW/day and micronutrients in the form of vitamin C, vitamin B complex, folic acid, and zinc. Two patients with moderate TBI received mechanical ventilation for 4 and 5 days, while two patients with severe TBI received mechanical ventilation for 12 and 31 days. In two patients with severe TBI, prolonged use of mechanical ventilation may be associated with the comorbidities of pneumothorax and ventilator-associated pneumonia.

At the end of monitoring, the levels of consciousness were improved in all patients. The patients GCS score at the end of treatment in the ICU were ranged 7-15. Functional capacity based on the Barthel Index also improved in three patients, from total dependence to moderate or severe dependence. Weight loss was experienced in two patients with severe TBI, possibly due to severe and prolonged catabolism in severe TBI. Patients with severe TBI may have higher energy requirements to maintain their nutritional status.

It can be concluded that medical nutrition therapy may play a role in improving the level of consciousness and functional capacity in critically ill patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury."

"Stroke iskemik pada pasien geriatri meningkatkan risiko malnutrisi yang dipengaruhi olehbeberapa faktor yaitu disfagia, tipe stroke, masalah gastrointestinal, disabilitas fisik,penyakit komorbid dan psikologis. Tujuan utama intervensi nutrisi adalah membantupemulihan fungsi neurokognitif dan mencegah defisit energi dan protein. Pasien padaserial kasus ini adalah pasien geriatri berusia di atas 65 tahun dengan diagnosis strokeiskemik yang dirawat di RSCM pada bulan Agustus-September 2019. Terapi medik gizidiberikan pada keempat pasien sesuai dengan kondisi klinis masing-masing pasienmelalui jalur enteral. Satu pasien dapat makan melalui jalur oral di akhir perawatan.Suplementasi mikronutrien yang diberikan adalah vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C,asam folat dan seng. Hasil yang didapatkan selama perawatan sebanyak tiga pasienmencapai kebutuhan energi total (KET)dan satu pasien mencapai kebutuhan 83% KET.Asupan protein mencapai target 1,2 g/kg BB atau lebih pada tiga orang pasien.Suplementasi mikronutrien mencapai nilai AKG bagi usia di atas 65 tahun. Mikronutrienbelum mencapai AKG yaitu vitamin E, vitamin D, kalium, magnesium. Nutrien spesifikomega-3 dan kolin yang diperoleh dari asupan makan pada sebagian pasien belummemenuhi AKG. Lama perawatan pasien di rumah sakit 10 hingga 33 hari. Nilai severitasstroke dengan NIHSS dan kapasitas fungsional dengan FIM di akhir perawatanmenunjukkan perbaikan. Keempat pasien pulang ke rumah dengan keadaan klinisperbaikan. Kesimpulan yang didapatkan yaitu terapi medik gizi yang adekuat berperanmemperbaiki derajat keparahan dan kapasitas fungsional pasien geriatri dengan strokeiskemik.

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The geriatric patient with ischemic stroke increased risk of malnutrition, which becausevarious causes including dysphagia, type of stroke, gastrointestinal problems, physicaldisability, comorbid disease and psychological problem. The main purpose of nutritionintervention is to help restore neurocognitive function and prevent energy/protein deficits.Patients in this case series were geriatric patients aged over 65 years with a diagnosis ofischemic stroke who were treated at the Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital inAugust-September 2019. Medical nutrition therapy was given to all four patients,according to the clinical condition of each patient through the enteral route. One patientcould eat by oral route at the end of treatment. Patients have given oral micronutrientsupplementation consisting of vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, vitamin C, folic acid and zinc.The results obtained as many as three patients achieved total energy requirements and onepatient reached 83% energy requirements. Protein intake reached the target of 1,2 g/kgbody weight just in three patients. Supplementation micronutrients oral reached RDAvalues for people over 65 years. Micronutrients that have not yet reached the RDA werevitamin E, vitamin D, potassium, magnesium. Omega-3 and choline obtained from foodintake in some patients do not meet the RDA. The length of stay in the hospital was around10-33 days. The value of stroke severity with NIHSS and functional capacity with FIMat the end of treatment showed improvement. All four patients returned home withimprovement. The conclusion obtained is that adequate nutritional medical therapy playsa role in improving the severity and functional capacity of geriatric patients with ischemicstroke."

"Meningitis tuberkulosis (MeTB) merupakan manifestasi klinis berat dari infeksi TB yang menyerang sistem saraf pusat (SSP) dan menyebabkan pasien mengalami penurunan asupan nutrisi karena menurunnya kemampuan makan dan selera makan. Asam amino rantai cabang (AARC) diketahui memiliki efek meningkatkan selera makan dan protektif terhadap massa otot. Pemenuhan kebutuhan AARC berpotensi memperbaiki kapasitas fungsional pasien sehingga menurunkan morbiditas dan mortalitas pasien MeTB. Empat pasien MeTB dipantau selama perawatan di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Pencatatan asupan makanan pasien dilakukan dengan metode FFQ semi kuatitatif dan 24h dietary recall. Selama masa perawatan diberikan terapi medik gizi sesuai kondisi klinis pasien, dilakukan pemantauan harian termasuk penilaian kapasitas fungsional pasien hingga pasien selesai perawatan. Semua pasien menunjukkan tanda malnutrisi berdasarkan kriteria klinis menurut American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN). Belum ada rekomendasi terapi medik gizi khusus MeTB yang dapat digunakan, namun pada pasien dengan masalah infeksi disertai masalah neurologis rekomendasi tatalaksana TB paru dan stroke dapat menjadi acuan untuk tatalaksana pasien. Pemberian asupan kalori 35-40 kkal pada pasien dengan protein minimal 1,5 g/kgBB berpotensi meningkatkan kapasitas fungsional pasien dan mencegah perburukan penyakit. Tiga pasien mendapatkan asupan AARC diatas rekomendasi dan didapatkan peningkatan kapasitas fungsional dengan menggunakan indeks Barthel. Terapi medik gizi dengan pemberian protein dan AARC yang lebih tinggi dari rekomendasi IOM pada pasien MeTB dapat meningkatkan kapasitas fungsional pasien.

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Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) has been the most severe manifestation of Tuberculosis infection attacking central nervous system (CNS) and causes the risk of malnutrition in patients due to decrease the ability of eating and loss appetite. Branched chain amino acid (BCAA) has been known having effects in appetite and protection of muscle mass. Fulfilling BCAA requirement is potential to improve patient functional capacity, furthermore lowering the morbidity and mortality of TBM patient. Four TBM patients has been observed during hospitality in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM). Patient’s dietary intake was collected using semiquantitative FFQ and 24h dietary recall. During hospitality, medical nutrition therapy was administered based on patient clinical condition, daily observation including patient functional capacity was done until patient was discharged. All patients showed malnutrition signs based on clinical criteria according to American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN). Recommendation of nutrition therapy on TBM patient still not exist, however in patient with infection and neurological problem, guideline of nutrition therapy in TB infection and stroke can be used. Intake of 35-40 kcal/kgBW calories and 1,5 g/kgBW of protein can be potential to increase patient functional capacity and prevent further morbidity. Three patient can fulfill their BCAA beyond the requirement and there were increase in patient functional capacity using Barthel Index. Medical nutrition therapy using protein and BCAA administration above the IOM recomendation in TBM patient can improve functional capacity."

"Ileostomi merupakan tindakan pembedahan pembuatan lubang (stoma) antaraileum dan dinding abdomen, bertujuan untuk pengalihan feses. Ileostomi umumnyadibuat pada pasien yang menjalani penanganan kanker kolorektal, neoplasmastadium lanjut dengan infiltrasi usus halus, maupun peradangan saluran cerna.Ileostomi high output (produksi stoma ileum >1500 mL/hari) dapat menyebabkangangguan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit, maupun malnutrisi pada pasien. Saatini belum ada pedoman tata laksana nutrisi komprehensif untuk pasien ileostomihigh output. Serial kasus ini bertujuan untuk mendukung terapi, mengatasimalnutrisi, menunjang perbaikan klinis, sehingga dapat menurunkan morbiditasdan mortalitas pasien ileostomi high output. Empat pasien ileostomi high outputdengan rentang usia 42 hingga 50 tahun mendapatkan terapi medik gizi selamaperawatan di rumah sakit. Tiga kasus merupakan kasus kronik dengan keganasan,sementara satu kasus lainnya merupakan kasus akut yaitu adhesi dan perforasiakibat hernia femoralis strangulata. Keempat kasus tersebut merupakan ileostomihigh output onset awal, yaitu yang terjadi kurang dari tiga minggu pasca pembuatanstoma. Berdasarkan kriteria malnutrisi American Society for Parenteral andEnteral Nutrition (ASPEN), keempat pasien ini tergolong malnutrisi berat. Terapimedik gizi diberikan dengan prinsip pemberian makanan dan minuman porsi kecilnamun sering, restriksi cairan hipotonik, pemberian minuman berupa larutanelektrolit-glukosa, pemberian medikasi anti motilitas, serta koreksi cairan danelektrolit menurut kebutuhan dan kondisi klinis pasien. Target asupan energi danprotein pada keempat pasien dapat tercapai selama perawatan. Selama pemantauan,keempat pasien mengalami penurunan output ileostomi, serta perbaikankeseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit darah. Satu pasien mengalami perburukan klinisdan meninggal akibat sepsis pada hari perawatan ke-18. Tiga pasien pulang dengankondisi klinis perbaikan. Satu pasien mengalami peningkatan output ileostomi saatperawatan di rumah, kemudian dirawat kembali sepuluh hari setelah pulang karenakomplikasi anemia gravis dan ketidakseimbangan elektrolit, dan pada akhirnyameninggal. Terapi medik gizi dapat menurunkan produksi stoma, memperbaikikadar elektrolit darah, serta memperbaiki keseimbangan cairan pada pasienileostomi high output.

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Ileostomy is a surgical procedure to divert the ileum onto an artificial opening inthe abdominal wall, aimed for fecal diversion. Ileostomy is commonly created inpatients undergoing treatment for colorectal cancer, advanced neoplasms withintestinal infiltration, or gastrointestinal inflammation. High output ileostomy(stoma output >1500 mL per day) can cause imbalance of fluid and electrolytes,and malnutrition in patients. At present, there is no comprehensive nutritionmanagement guideline for high output ileostomy patients. This case series aimedto support therapy, prevent malnutrition, improve clinical condition, as well as toreduce the morbidity and mortality of high output ileostomy patients. Four highoutput ileostomy patients, with a range of age 42 to 50 years old received medicalnutrition therapy during their hospital stay. Three cases were chronic cases inmalignancy, while the other case was an acute case of adhesion and perforation dueto strangulated femoral hernia. All four cases were early onset high outputileostomy, occurring in three weeks after stoma creation. Based on the AmericanSociety for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) malnutrition criteria, thesefour patients were classified as severe malnutrition. Medical nutrition therapy wasadministered according to a set of principles: small frequent feeding and drinking,hypotonic fluid restriction, oral electrolyte-glucose solution administration, antimotilitymedication administration, as well as fluid and serum electrolytecorrection, according to patients' needs and clinical conditions. The target of energyand protein intake in all patients were achieved during hospital stay. During hospitalmonitoring, decreased ileostomy output as well as improvement in fluid andelectrolyte balance were observed in all patients. One patient clinically worsenedand died due to sepsis on the 18th day of hospital stay. Three patients showedimprovement in clinical condition and were discharged. One patient experienced anincrease in ileostomy output at home, and then readmitted ten days after hospitaldischarge due to severe anemia and electrolyte imbalance and subsequently died.Medical nutrition therapy may decrease output as well as improve fluid andelectrolyte balance in patients with high output ileostomy."