Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini membahas tentang pola pembayaran yang digunakan oleh pemerintah Indonesia dalam kerjasama teknik-militer dengan Rusia pasca-Reformasi Indonesia. Penggunaan pola pembayaran yang berbeda di setiap era pemerintahan, tentunya menimbulkan pertanyaan mengenai alasan pemilihan pola pembayaran tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan alasan dari penggunaan setiap pola pembayaran yang dipilih oleh pemerintah Indonesia. Alasan dari pemilihan pola pembayaran tersebut dijawab dengan metode kepustakaan dan dijelaskan secara komprehensif dengan mengaitkan konsep teori Imbal Dagang dan Letter of Credit. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa penggunaan pola pembayaran yang berbeda di setiap era pemerintahan memiliki alasan yang berbeda-beda. Alasan pemilihan setiap pola pembayaran ditentukan dengan menyesuaikan situasi dan kondisi yang diperlukan oleh Indonesia.

---

ABSTRACTThis research discusses about the chosen international payment method conducted by Indonesian government in military-technical cooperation with Russia post-Reformation era. The use of different international payment method in different era, certainly raises a question about the reasons behind it. The purpose of this research is to explain the reasons of every chosen international payment method conducted by Indonesian government. The reasons behind the use of every chosen international payment method is answered by literary methods and comprehensively explained by associate it with the theoretical concept of Countertade and Letter of Credit. This research concludes that the use of every chosen international payment method in different era has heterogeneous reasons. The reasons of every chosen international payment method are determined by adjusting with the situations and conditions needed by Indonesia."

"Penelitian ini berfokus pada segregasi permukiman kota di Indonesia di era Pasca-Reformasi yang menghasilkan ketimpangan akses pada masyarakat kota. Penelitian ini bertujuan menelaah dampak perencanaan kota yang timpang terhadap produksi ruang kota yang segregatif. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa segregasi permukiman kota menghasilkan masalah ketimpangan akses, marjinalisasi penghuni kota, hingga absennya keterlibatan masyarakat dalam perencanaan dan pembangunan kota. Metode yang digunakan adalah Neo-Marxisme, dengan produksi ruang sebagai basis teori. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa perencanaan kota memproduksi permukiman segregatif yang bertendensi mengawasi dan mendisiplinkan masyarakat kota. Perencanaan kota yang bertumpu pada kepentingan pemodal dan pemerintah menyebabkan permukiman kota dibangun dengan motif-motif kapital yang membentuk representasi kota yang ideal. Perencanaan tersebut memunculkan berbagai permukiman elit bagi masyarakat kelas atas yang diproduksi dengan gentrifikasi. Segregasi dikukuhkan dengan pendisiplinan dalam kota lewat berbagai bangunan dan pengawasan dari aparatus. Akibatnya, terjadi ketimpangan akses terhadap fasilitas, ruang publik, dan hak yang dirasakan oleh masyarakat kelas bawah. Untuk mengatasinya, hak atas kota dapat digunakan untuk memaksimalkan hak partisipasi masyarakat kota tanpa memandang status sosial dan ekonomi mereka. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan pengaruh perencanaan kota dalam memproduksi permukiman segregatif yang dapat diatasi dengan pengupayaan hak atas kota.

---

This study focuses on the unequal access to urban communities caused by the segregation of urban settlements in Indonesia during the Post-Reformation era. The purpose of this study is to investigate how unequal urban planning contributes to the creation of segregated urban space. This study found that the segregation of urban settlement resulted in problems of access inequality, citizen marginalization, to the absence of community involvement in urban planning and development. Neo-Marxism, with space production as its theoretical underpinning, is the methodology applied. According to this article, urban planning results in segregated communities that tend to monitor and control urban communities. Urban settlements are constructed with capital themes that create an ideal picture of the city when urban planning is based on the interests of investors and the government. The plan resulted in the creation of a number of elite communities for upper class society, which were segregated by gentrification. Discipline in the city with enforced by numerous buildings and apparatuses, emphasized segregation. As a result, the lower class experiences a disparity in access to resources, public areas, and rights. This problem can be solved by maximizing the participation rights to the city, despite their socioeconomic standing. The findings of this study show how urban design influences the development of segregated communities, which can be overcome by pursuing the right to the city."

"ABSTRAKDisertasi ini dilatarbelakangi dengan seringnya terjadi pemasalahan perbatasan Indonesia-Malaysia yang sangat menganggu keamanan dan kedaulatan NKRI. Ketertinggalan pembangunan perbatasan Indonesia merupakan salah satu penyebab terjadinya permasalahan perbatasan khususnya di Kabupaten Nunukan Kalimantan Utara. Berdasarkan UU No. 43 Tahun 2008 Tentang Wilayah Negara dan Perpres No. 12 Tahun 2010 Tentang Badan Nasional Pengelolaan Perbatasan (BNPP), negara mempunyai kekuasaan dan kewenangan dalam pembangunan perbatasan guna pencapaian masyarakat perbatasan yang sejahtera dan aman. Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Nunukan mengusulkan pembangunan jalan, dermaga, listrik, sarana pendidikan, kesehatan dan lainnya sesuai RPJMD tahun 2012-2016 kepada Pemerintah Pusat untuk membuka keterisolasian dan ketertinggalan pembangunan pada 12 wilayah kecamatan perbatasan.Pertanyaan penelitian ini bagaimana peran BNPP dan power interplay antar lembaga, mengapa terjadi perbedaan prioritas kebijakan dan kepentingan Pemerintah Pusat dan Daerah, serta mengapa anggaran minim dan bagaimana respon dan nasionalisme masyarakat perbatasan?Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitiatif dengan jenis penelitian studi kasus. Pengumpulan data melalui studi kepustakaan dan wawancara. Teori Miliband tentang negara memiliki otoritas sebagai teori utama. Teori Distribusi kekuasaan dalam hubungan Pusat-Daerah oleh B.C.Smith, Rondinelli dan Cheema serta teori nasionalisme sebagai teori pendukung dalam kajian ini.Temuan penelitian menunjukkan peran BNPP sebagai lembaga koordinasi. Keanggotaan BNPP di dominasi oleh kementerian dan lembaga negara sehingga terjadi ego sektoral dan power interplay antar lembaga dan pemerintah daerah mengakibatkan BNPP tidak efektif. Perbedaan prioritas kebijakan dan kepentingan program pembangunan infrasruktur perbatasan terjadi, karena kepentingan nasional Pemerintah meliputi aspek politik, keamanan dan strategis geografi. Kepentingan Daerah meliputi membuka isolasi wilayah, pelayanan masyarakat, membangun kawasan ekonomi dan nasionalisme. Anggaran perbatasan minim, dan masyarakat mengalami pergeseran orientasi nasionalisme.Implikasi teoritis menunjukkan bahwa hubungan (distribusi) kekuasaan dan kewenangan Pemerintah Pusat pada Daerah dalam pembangunan infrastruktur perbatasan di Kabupaten Nunukan masih dominasi Pusat. Sesuai dengan teori negara oleh Miliband dan Skocpol, dan Smith tentang distribusi kekuasaan dalam hubungan Pusat-Daerah, sehingga belum memberikan dampak pada kesejahteraan masyarakat dan kemajuan daerah perbatasan Kabupaten Nunukan Kalimantan Utara. Perlu penguatan regulasi dan institusi BNPP serta keberpihakan pemerintah pusat (negara) pada percepatan pembangunan perbatasan

---

ABSTRACTThe background of this study is often happen problems in Indonesian-Malaysian borders which very threatened security and sovereignty of NKRI. Underdevelopment in Indonesian border were one of cause Indonesian border problems in Nunukan Regency of North Borneo Province. According State Territorial Policy Number 43, year of 2008 and Presiden Policy Number 12 year of 2010 about National State Institution of Border Management (BNPP), state have outhority in border developments for society prosperity and security. Nunukan Local Goverment had to proposed road developments, port, electric construction, education and health facilities according RPJMD 2012-2016 policy for central Government to opens territorial isolation and underdevelopment in 12 border districs.This research questios, how was the rule of BNPP and power interplay with other institutions, why happen differences of policy priority and Central-Local Goverment intersts. Why were budgets and nationalism border society.This research used kualitatif methods and the case study, data collecting by library studi and interview. State theory by Miliband as main theory, Central-Local Governments Relations by B.C.Smith, Rondinelli and Cheema and nationalism were supports theories in this research.The result of reserch showed that BNPP rule as coordinatif institution, members of BNPP dominant by departements and state institutions so that ego sectoral happen and power interplays with anathor institutions and local government so that BNPP was not efectif. Policy priority defferences and national interests of Central Goverment consists politic aspec, security and strategic geografic. Local Government including to opens isolation territorial, public service, economics development territorial and nationalism.Theoritical implications showed that outhority distributions relations Central Government for Local Government in border infrastructur developments in Nunukan Regency of North Borneo Provinci dominated by Central Government. So that relevants by State theory about authority of Miliband and Skocpol and Central-Local Government distribution theory by Smith. Thus border infrastructur developments by Central Government were not give impacts for society prosperity and local development of Nunukan Regency of North Borneo Provinci. So that must to sthreengtness for regulations and institution of BNPP and aligmants Central Government (state) for border developments accelerations."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab tentang desentralisasi asimetris di Indonesia pasca reformasi berupa bagaimana penerapannya dan bagaimana bentuk ideal yang seharusnya diterapkan. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori Agus Brotosusilo yang bersumber dari Pancasila yang barasal dari hukum adat nusantara berupa dominannya sikap komunal dari individual, spiritual daripada materialisme dan romatisme dari rasionalisme. Selain itu digunakan juga teori lainnya berupa teori konflik Dahrendorf. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkap terjadi resentralisasi dari daerah ke pusat berupa diambilnya kewenangan pada UU Ciptakerja untuk keseluruhan daerah dan perubahan Otsus Papua, Papua Barat dan Aceh bagi daerah asimetris. UU Sapu jagat didapati resentralisasi; pertama, perizinan usaha ditentukan dan dimiliki pusat, kedua, wewenang penataan ruang terpusat, ketiga, amdal dipermudah, keempat, sanksi dimiliki pusat dan dipermudah, dan kelima, pajak ditarik pusat. Sedangkan pada perubahan Otsus Papua didapati; pemekaran Papua dipermudah, perubahan UU otsus tidak perlu persetujuan DPRP dan MRP, pengawasan domain pusat, pendirian parpol oleh Orang Papua dihilangkan dan kewajiban konsultasi parpol ke MRP dan DPRP disunat, dan jabatan wagub dapat diisi. Sementara pada Aceh tidak dipenuhinya Pengatutan lambang Aceh dan pengaturan suku bunga. Tidak terdapat harmonisasi sebagaimana teori Agus Brotosusilo karena pusat sangat mendominasi dengan terjadinya resentralisasi sehingga daerah merasa tidak dimanusiakan. Preskriptif yang ditawarkan adalah mewujudkan harmonisasi dan memperluas penerapan desentralisasi asimetris. Kesimpulannya adalah dari skema tujuan desentralisasi terdapat kemiripan antara orde baru dengan masa kini yaitu menguatnya resentralisasi.

---

This study aims to answer about asymmetric decentralization in post-reform Indonesia in terms of how it is implemented and how the ideal form should be implemented. The theory used is Agus Brotosusilo's theory which comes from Pancasila which comes from the customary law of the archipelago in the form of the dominant communal attitude of the individual, spiritual rather than materialism and romanticism from rationalism. In addition, other theories are also used in the form of Dahrendorf's conflict theory. The results of this study reveal that there has been recentralization from the regions to the center in the form of the taking of authority in the Job Creation Law for the entire region and changes to the Special Autonomy for Papua, West Papua and Aceh for asymmetric regions. The Sweeping Universe Law is found to be recentralized; first, business licenses are determined and owned by the center, second, the authority for spatial planning is centralized, third, amdal is facilitated, fourth, sanctions are owned and facilitated by the center, and fifth, taxes are levied by the center. Meanwhile, in the changes to the Special Autonomy for Papua, it was found; The expansion of Papua was facilitated, changes to the Special Autonomy Law did not require the approval of the DPRP and MRP, central domain supervision, the establishment of political parties by Papuans was eliminated and the obligation to consult political parties to the MRP and DPRP was circumcised, and the position of deputy governor could be filled. Meanwhile, in Aceh, the acknowledgment of the Aceh symbol and interest rate arrangements was not fulfilled. There is no harmonization like Agus Brotosusilo's theory because the center dominates with the recentralization so that the regions feel they are not being humanized. The prescriptive offered is to realize harmonization and expand the application of asymmetric decentralization. The conclusion is that from the scheme for the purpose of decentralization, there are similarities between the new order and the present, namely the strengthening of recentralization."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang Pola Pembayaran Kerjasama Teknik Militer Rusia dan Indonesia Periode Presiden Vladimir Putin dan Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004-2008). Kerjasama antara dua negara ini terjalin dalam berbagai bidang antara lain bidang ekonomi, sosial budaya, serta pertahanan dan keamanan. Bagi penulis kerjasama dalam bidang pertahanan dan keamanan merupakan bidang yang paling menarik, khususnya mengenai pola pembayaran dalam kerjasama tersebut. Pola pembayaran yang digunakan dalam kerjasama pertahanan kedua negara ini adalah kredit negara,namun pola pembayaran ini masih memiliki banyak kekurangan dan belum dilaksanakan secara maksimal, sehingga banyak kendala yang terjadi dalam proses realisasi kerjasama tknik militer antara kedua negara ini. Untuk menganalisis pola pembayaran penulis menggunakan teori pembayaran perdagangan internasional sebagai acuan. Berdasarkan analisis yang didapat, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa pembiayaan dengan menggunakan pola kredit negara tidak akan maksimal jika pemerintah Indonesia belum membenahi sistem birokrasi yang berlaku di lembaga-lembaga pemerintahannya.

---

The thesis covers the disbursement pattern in respect of military technical agreement between Russia and Indonesia during the President Vladimir Putin and President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004-2008) period. In fact, the two countries have established considerable agreements which cover numerous sectors including Economy, Sosio-culture and Defense and Security. Among those areas, the author has found that defense and security is the most interesting field, specifically regarding the payment pattern which comes along with the agreements. Currently, the two countries defense agreements are using particular payment pattern, which is called state credit, kevertheless, this pattern still has obstacles which affected the realization of the agreements. However, the author adopted the theory of international trade as an approach to analyze the pattern. As a result, the author concluded that the state credit may not achieve satisfying output, therefore, Indonesian government is being necessitated to settle down the complexity of the bureaucracy system in all related departments."

"[ABSTRAK Didalam penelitian ini peniliti memberikan gagasan mengenai pembubaran partaipolitik korup melalui celah hukum pembubaran partai politik di indonesia denganmemberikan tafsir terhadap makna hukum positif yang mengatur tentang pembubaranpartai politik, salah satunya yaitu adanya nomenklatur yang disebutkan didalam Pasal 2huruf b Peraturan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 12 Tahun 2008 Tentang PedomanBeracara Pembubaran Partai Politik yang menyebutkan bahwa partai politik dapatdibubarkan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi apabila kegiatan/akibat yang dilakukan olehpartai politik tersebut bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Klausul?akibat? yang ditimbulkan tersebut dapat disamakan dengan kegiatan korupsi yangmelibatkan pengurus/anggota partai politik yang melaksanakan kegiatan aktifitaskepartaian untuk dapat dibubarkan. Adanya persamaan pengertian yang ditujukanantara korporasi selaku badan hukum yang disamakan dengan pengertian partai politikselaku badan hukum dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan acuan untuk menarik keterlibatanpartai politik melalui pengurusnya dalam melakukan tindak pidana korupsi denganmempergunakan doktrin strict liability dan doktrin vicarious liability yangmemungkinkan partai politik tersebut bertanggungjawab atas perbuatan yang dilakukanoleh pengurus/anggota partai politik yang menjalankan aktivitas kepartaian.

---

ABSTRACTResearcher in this study provides an idea of the dissolution of the corrupt politicalparties through legal loopholes dissolution of political parties in Indonesia to provideinterpretation of the meaning of positive law governing the dissolution of politicalparties, one of which is the existence of the nomenclature referred to in Article 2paragraph b of the Constitutional Court Regulation No. 12 year 2008 on Guidelines forthe Proceedings In the Dissolution of Political Parties which states that a political partycan be dissolved by the Constitutional Court if the activities/result conducted by thepolitical parties in conflict with the Constitution of 1945. Clause " due " posed is whatcan be equated with corruption involving officials/members of a political partyconducting the activities of the party to be dissolved. The existence of the commonunderstanding between the corporation intended as a legal entity which is equated withthe notion of a political party as a legal entity can be used as a reference for theinvolvement of political parties through its officials in committing corruption by usingthe doctrine of strict liability and vicarious liability doctrine that allows the politicalparty responsible for acts committed by officials/members of political parties that runthe activities of the party.;Researcher in this study provides an idea of the dissolution of the corrupt politicalparties through legal loopholes dissolution of political parties in Indonesia to provideinterpretation of the meaning of positive law governing the dissolution of politicalparties, one of which is the existence of the nomenclature referred to in Article 2paragraph b of the Constitutional Court Regulation No. 12 year 2008 on Guidelines forthe Proceedings In the Dissolution of Political Parties which states that a political partycan be dissolved by the Constitutional Court if the activities/result conducted by thepolitical parties in conflict with the Constitution of 1945. Clause " due " posed is whatcan be equated with corruption involving officials/members of a political partyconducting the activities of the party to be dissolved. The existence of the commonunderstanding between the corporation intended as a legal entity which is equated withthe notion of a political party as a legal entity can be used as a reference for theinvolvement of political parties through its officials in committing corruption by usingthe doctrine of strict liability and vicarious liability doctrine that allows the politicalparty responsible for acts committed by officials/members of political parties that runthe activities of the party.;Researcher in this study provides an idea of the dissolution of the corrupt politicalparties through legal loopholes dissolution of political parties in Indonesia to provideinterpretation of the meaning of positive law governing the dissolution of politicalparties, one of which is the existence of the nomenclature referred to in Article 2paragraph b of the Constitutional Court Regulation No. 12 year 2008 on Guidelines forthe Proceedings In the Dissolution of Political Parties which states that a political partycan be dissolved by the Constitutional Court if the activities/result conducted by thepolitical parties in conflict with the Constitution of 1945. Clause " due " posed is whatcan be equated with corruption involving officials/members of a political partyconducting the activities of the party to be dissolved. The existence of the commonunderstanding between the corporation intended as a legal entity which is equated withthe notion of a political party as a legal entity can be used as a reference for theinvolvement of political parties through its officials in committing corruption by usingthe doctrine of strict liability and vicarious liability doctrine that allows the politicalparty responsible for acts committed by officials/members of political parties that runthe activities of the party.;Researcher in this study provides an idea of the dissolution of the corrupt politicalparties through legal loopholes dissolution of political parties in Indonesia to provideinterpretation of the meaning of positive law governing the dissolution of politicalparties, one of which is the existence of the nomenclature referred to in Article 2paragraph b of the Constitutional Court Regulation No. 12 year 2008 on Guidelines forthe Proceedings In the Dissolution of Political Parties which states that a political partycan be dissolved by the Constitutional Court if the activities/result conducted by thepolitical parties in conflict with the Constitution of 1945. Clause " due " posed is whatcan be equated with corruption involving officials/members of a political partyconducting the activities of the party to be dissolved. The existence of the commonunderstanding between the corporation intended as a legal entity which is equated withthe notion of a political party as a legal entity can be used as a reference for theinvolvement of political parties through its officials in committing corruption by usingthe doctrine of strict liability and vicarious liability doctrine that allows the politicalparty responsible for acts committed by officials/members of political parties that runthe activities of the party., Researcher in this study provides an idea of the dissolution of the corrupt politicalparties through legal loopholes dissolution of political parties in Indonesia to provideinterpretation of the meaning of positive law governing the dissolution of politicalparties, one of which is the existence of the nomenclature referred to in Article 2paragraph b of the Constitutional Court Regulation No. 12 year 2008 on Guidelines forthe Proceedings In the Dissolution of Political Parties which states that a political partycan be dissolved by the Constitutional Court if the activities/result conducted by thepolitical parties in conflict with the Constitution of 1945. Clause " due " posed is whatcan be equated with corruption involving officials/members of a political partyconducting the activities of the party to be dissolved. The existence of the commonunderstanding between the corporation intended as a legal entity which is equated withthe notion of a political party as a legal entity can be used as a reference for theinvolvement of political parties through its officials in committing corruption by usingthe doctrine of strict liability and vicarious liability doctrine that allows the politicalparty responsible for acts committed by officials/members of political parties that runthe activities of the party.]"

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang kemerdekaan pers pasca reformasi bebas dan bertanggung jawab dengan menggunakan metode analisis normatif baik dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan perbadingan hukum. Bebas dimaksud yaitu pers bebas melakukan aktifitas jurnalistiknya sesuai dengan kaidah UU Pers, UU Penyiaran dan kode etik jurnalistik. Tanggung jawab yaitu kewenangan pemerintah mengawasi kemerdekaan pers salah satunya hak atas privasi. Lahirnya UU ITE salah satu kebijakan untuk melindungi hak atas privasi. Namun kehadirannya justru menghambat kebebasan pers dalam menyampaikan informasi khususnya terhadap aktifitas pejabat publik dan informasi publik yang menyimpang dan melanggar hukum. Dalam pasal 26 ayat (3) penghapusan informasi tidak relevan di pengadilan, pasal 27 ayat (3) sanksi pidana terhadap setiap orang dengan sengaja mendistribusikan, mentransmisikan dan membuat dapat diakses informasi memuat tentang pencemaran nama baik, dan pasal 40 ayat (2b) kewenangan pemerintah dan penyelenggara sistem elektronik melakukan pencabutan akses informasi dan/atau dokumen elektronik memuat unsur melanggar hukum. Ketiga pasal tersebut memuat tentang pencemaran nama baik. Akibatnya pers yang mempunyai kewenangan menyiarkan informasi yang berkaitan dengan pencemaran nama baik dengan mengacu pada pasal 5 ayat (3) dan pasal 2 dan 9 kode etik jurnalistik akan sangat rentan terkena UU ITE. Walau demikian pers juga harus mempunyai batasan yang tidak diskriminatif dalam menyampaikan informasi pribadi agar informasi tersebut tidak disampaikan secara sensasional dan hanya mengharapkan keuntungan. Olehnya itu penulis memberikan saran memperjelas kedudukan UU Pers sebagai lex spesialis dan memperkuat kewenangan Dewan Pers melakukan pencabutan informasi melanggar hak atas privasi yang bersifat sensasional dan hanya mencari keuntungan.

---

This research discusses the freedom of the press after free and responsible reform using normative analysis methods with both a statutory and comparative legal approach. Free means that the press is free to carry out its journalistic activities in accordance with the rules of the Press Law, the Broadcasting Law and the journalistic code of ethics. Responsibility, namely the government's authority to oversee press freedom, one of which is the right to privacy. The enactment of the ITE Law is a policy to protect the right to privacy. However, its presence actually hinders press freedom in conveying information, especially on the activities of public officials and public information that deviate and violate the law. In article 26 paragraph (3) the elimination of irrelevant information in court, article 27 paragraph (3) criminal sanctions against everyone deliberately distributing, transmitting and making accessible information containing defamation, and article 40 paragraph (2b) government authority and the electronic system operator shall revoke access to information and / or electronic documents containing elements of violating the law. The three articles contain defamation. As a result, the press which has the authority to broadcast information related to defamation with reference to article 5 paragraph (3) and articles 2 and 9 of the journalistic code of ethics will be very vulnerable to being exposed to the ITE Law. However, the press must also have non-discriminatory limits in conveying personal information so that the information is not conveyed sensationally and only hopes for profit. Therefore, the authors provide suggestions to clarify the position of the Press Law as a lex specialist and strengthen the authority of the Press Council to revoke information that violates the right to privacy which is sensational in nature and only seeks profit"

"Pasal 18B ayat (2) UUD NRI 1945 memuat setidaknya empat elemen pengakuan masyarakat adat, di mana dua diantaranya berkaitan dengan masyarakat adat itu sendiri dan prinsip NKRI sebagai prasyarat pengakuan. Keduanya sejatinya mengandung bias paradigmatik kepada kebudayaan agraris. Konsep masyarakat adat sejak semula diidentikkan dengan hak ulayat atas tanah. Sementara prinsip NKRI mengalami proses ideologisasi oleh Angkatan Darat dan berkontribusi pada penyeragaman masyarakat adat. Oleh karenanya, orientasi maritim ditawarkan untuk mendekonstruksi bias-bias terrestrial tersebut. Penelitian ini kemudian disusun sebagai penelitian normatif, dengan pendekatan sosio-legal, perundang-undangan, konseptual, sejarah, dan perbandingan. Dekonstruksi diajukan sebagai metode interpretasi utama, selain historis, sosiologis, dan sistematis. Diperoleh simpulan bahwa: 1) terdapat tiga model umum dalam pengakuan konstitusional masyarakat adat di Indonesia: implisit-terbatas (UUD 1945), pengakuan melalui pranata-pranata adat (Konstitusi RIS dan UUD 1950), dan eksplisit-terbatas (UUD NRI 1945); 2) bias terrestrial dalam konsep masyarakat adat berakar dari kelahiran konsep masyarakat adat itu sendiri, dan dipertahankan dalam proses pembentukan UUD NRI 1945. Perlu diingat bahwa terdapat masyarakat adat yang juga hidup di laut. Selain itu, terdapat pula masyarakat adat yang tidak mengenal konsep hak ulayat dan perlu dilindungi hak-hak lainnya; 3) untuk memecah ideologisasi NKRI, negara perlu (1) mengakui kemajemukan sebagai dasar pembentukan bangsa Indonesia, (2) mengakui subyektivitas konstitusional masyarakat adat secara gamblang, (3) mengafirmasi kecakapan masyarakat adat untuk bertindak selayaknya sebuah subyek hukum, dan (4)  menjabarkan kategori-kategori hak yang disandang masyarakat adat di Indonesia, termasuk skema perlindungan atas keberlanjutannya.

---

Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia contains at least four elements of recognition of indigenous peoples, while two of it (indigenous people concept and NKRI principle) contain paradigmatic bias towards agrarian culture. The concept of indigenous peoples was originally identified with customary rights to land (hak ulayat). While the principles of the NKRI experienced an ideologization process by the Army and contributed to the uniformity of indigenous peoples. Therefore, a maritime orientation is offered to deconstruct those terrestrial biases. This research was then compiled as a normative study, with a socio-legal, legislative, conceptual, historical, and comparative approach. Deconstruction is proposed as the main method of interpretation, besides historical, sociological, and systematic interpretations. The conclusion is that: 1) there are three general models in the constitutional recognition of indigenous peoples in Indonesia: implicit-limited (UUD 1945), recognition through customary institutions (RIS Constitution and 1950 Constitution), and explicit-limited (1945 Constitution NRI); 2) terrestrial bias in the concept of indigenous peoples is rooted in the birth of the concept of indigenous peoples themselves, and is maintained in the process of establishing the 1945 Constitution of the Indonesia. It is important to remember that there are indigenous people who also live within the sea. In addition, there are also indigenous people who do not recognize the concept of customary rights and need to be protected by their other categories of rights; 3) to break down the ideology of the NKRI, the state needs to (1) acknowledge pluralism as the basis for the formation of the Indonesian nation, (2) recognize the constitutional subjectivity of indigenous peoples explicitly, (3) affirm the skills of indigenous peoples to act accordingly, the categories of rights held by indigenous peoples in Indonesia, including protection schemes for their sustainability."

"Artikel ini membahas mengenai upaya Resimen Mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia tahun 1998—2004, untuk mempertahankan eksistensinya. Resimen Mahasiswa (Menwa) merupakan suatu wadah bela negara pada tingkat perguruan tinggi. Mulai secara resmi terbentuk pada tahun 1963, seseorang dikatakan anggota Menwa jika sudah melaksanakan Latihan Dasar Militer. Menwa memainkan peran penting dalam Sistem Pertahanan dan Keamanan Rakyat Semesta (Sishankamrata) sebagai cendekia dan penerus bangsa. Akan tetapi, pada akhir Masa Orde Baru timbul tuntutan agar Menwa dibubarkan sebagai ekses dari tuntuan penghapusan Dwifungsi Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (ABRI). Surat Keputusan Bersama 3 Menteri Tahun 2000 merupakan jawaban dari kehadiran dan keberlangsungan Menwa di lingkungan perguruan tinggi. Dalam artikel jurnal ini akan dijelaskan mengenai dinamika Menwa pada masa pra reformasi, kondisi pasca reformasi dan upaya Menwa UI mempertahankan eksistensinya, serta dampak dari bertahannya Menwa UI terhadap minat bela negara mahasiswa di lingkungan Universitas Indonesia. Artikel ini ditulis dengan menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri dari heuristik, verifikasi/kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Pada tahapan heuristik, sumber sejarah primer diperoleh dari Arsip Pribadi, Arsip Universitas Indonesia, Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia, Perpusatakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia, dan wawancara dengan narasumber terkait. Hasil dari penelitian ini, dapat dilihat bahwa Menwa sebagai salah satu wadah bela negara pada tingkat perguruan tinggi memiliki peran penting dalam sistem pertahanan negara dan kesadaran bela negara, maka dari itu harus dipertahankan keberadaannya dengan beberapa penyesuaian. Dampak dari penyesuaian tersebut di lingkungan Universitas Indonesia, yakni tetap bertahanannya Menwa dan menjadi wadah mahasiswa dalam bidang bela negara.

---

This article discusses the efforts of the Resimen Mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia from 1998- 2004 to maintain its existence. The Resimen Mahasiswa (Menwa) is a forum for bela negara at the university level. Began to be officially formed in 1963, a person is said to be a member of Menwa if he has carried out Basic Military Training. Menwa plays an important role in the Sistem Pertahanan dan Keamanan Rakyat Semesta (Sishankamrata) as scholars and successors of the nation. However, at the end of the Orde Baru period, demands arose that Menwa be disbanded as an excess of demands for the abolition of the Dwi Fungsi Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (ABRI). Surat Keputusan Bersama 3 Menteri Tahun 2000 was the answer to the presence and continuity of Menwa in the higher education environment. This journal article will explain the dynamics of Menwa UI in the pre-reform era, post-reform conditions and Menwa UI's efforts to maintain its existence, as well as the impact of Menwa UI's survival on students' interest in bela negara at the Universitas Indonesia. This article is written using historical methods consisting of heuristics, verification/criticism, interpretation, and historiography. At the heuristic stage, primary historical sources were obtained from private archives, Universitas Indonesia Archives, the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia, the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia, and interviews with relevant sources. The results of this study, it can be seen that Menwa as a forum for bela negara at the university level has an important role in the national defense system and awareness of bela negara, therefore its existence must be maintained with some adjustments. The impact of these adjustments on the Universitas Indonesia, namely the continued existence of Menwa and becoming a forum for students in the field of state defense."