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"Acinetobacter baumannii adalah salah satu bakteri gram negatif oportunis yang ada di lingkungan. Karbapenem merupakan salah satu agen antibiotik yang digunakan untuk pengobatan infeksi Acinetobacter baumanni. Beberapa tahun terakhir laju resistensi karbapenem terhadap Acinetobacter baumannii selalu meningkat dengan prevalensi di seluruh dunia mencapai 30%. Peneliti bermaksud untuk melakukan penelitian terkait hubungan kejadian CRAB dengan penggunaan antibiotik karbapenem di rumah sakit St. Carolus. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan menggunakan desain studi case control. Penelitian dilakukan di Rumah Sakit St. Carolus pada bulan Juni-Agustus 2019. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini sejumlah 149 pasien (110 terinfeksi CRAB, 39 terinfeksi Carbapenem Sensitive Acinetobacter baumannii (CSAB)). Data yang didapatkan dianalisis secara univariat, bivariat dan multivariat menggunakan SPSS. Analisis multivariat dilakukan dengan analisis regresi logistik etiologik. Hasil penelitian ini adalah pasien yang dirawat di ICU dan menggunakan antibiotika golongan karbapenem berpeluang 32 kali meningkatkan risiko infeksi CRAB (OR=32.266; p=0.020).

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Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the opportunistic gram-negative bacteria in the environment. Carbapenem is an antibiotic agent used for the treatment of Acinetobacter baumanni infections. The last few years the rate of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii has always increased with a worldwide prevalence of 30%. Researchers intend to conduct research related to the correlation between the incidence of CRAB and the use of carbapenem antibiotics in the St. Carolus Hospital. This research was an observational analytic study using a case control study design. The study was conducted at the St. Carolus Hospital in June-August 2019. The number of samples in this study were 149 patients (110 infected with CRAB, 39 infected with Carbapenem Sensitive Acinetobacter baumannii (CSAB)). The data obtained were analyzed univariate, bivariate and multivariate using SPSS. Multivariate analysis was performed with an etiologic logistic regression analysis. The results of this study are patients who were treated in ICU and used antibiotics carbapenem 32 times increasing the risk of CRAB infection."

"Latar belakang: Acinetobacter baumannii Acb merupakan salah satu organisme penyebab infeksi neonatal di ruang rawat perinatologi. Kemampuan Acb menyebabkan resistensi antibiotik dan mampu mempertahankan diri dari desikasi serta desinfeksi berpotensi mengakibatkan kejadian luar biasa infeksi rumah sakit. Infeksi Acb terutama galur resisten dapat memengaruhi keberhasilan terapi, meningkatkan waktu dan biaya perawatan, serta angka mortalitas. Informasi mengenai Acb di Indonesia sangat terbatas.Tujuan: 1 Mengetahui prevalens infeksi Acb. 2 Mengetahui karakteristik neonatus terinfeksi Acb. 3 Mengetahui pola sensitivitas dan resistensi Acb terhadap antibiotik 4 Mengetahui proporsi luaran neonatus terinfeksi Acb. 5 Mengetahui faktor risiko infeksi Acb pada neonatus di perawatan Unit Perinatologi Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo RSCM.Metode: Penelitian kohort retrospektif dengan pengambilan data rekam medis pasien neonatus yang dirawat di Unit Perinatologi RSCM sejak 1 Januari 2012 hingga 30 Juni 2016 dengan diagnosis sepsis neonatal awitan lambat. Faktor- faktor yang dianggap berpengaruh dianalisis secara multivariat.Hasil: Pada periode 1 Januari 2012-30 Juni 2016, didapatkan 540 subyek dengan diagnosis sepsis neonatal awitan lambat. Hampir seluruh subyek merupakan bayi prematur. Prevalens infeksi Acb didapatkan sebanyak 35,4 dengan infeksi Acb galur resisten sebanyak 94,8. Mortalitas akibat Acb adalah 65,4. Sensitivitas antibiotik paling baik yaitu polimiksin dan kolistin sebanyak 26,1 dan 20,6. Resistensi antibiotik paling tinggi ditemukan pada golongan sefalosporin 93 dan karbapenem 82 . Pada analisis multivariat didapatkan faktor risiko yang bermakna yaitu penggunaan karbapenem sebelum terinfeksi Acb p

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Background Acinetobacter baumannii Acb attributes as pathogen for serious nosocomial infections in Neonatal units. The way it accumulates mechanisms of antimicrobial and desiccation resistance may cause nosocomial outbreaks. It represents a challenge as therapeutic options are limited and associated with an increased length of hospital stay and high mortality. Informations about Acb are not well established in Indonesia.Aim 1 To determine the prevalence of Acb infection. 2 To described the clinical characteristics of acb infections. 3 To identify antimicrobial susceptibility of Acb. 4 To determine the mortality rate of Acb infection. 5 To determine the risk factors associated with Acb infection in Perinatology Unit of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.Method A retrospective, cohort study was conducted in Neonatal Unit of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital by reviewing medical records of neonates diagnosed as late onset sepsis from 1st January 2012 to 30th June 2016. Risk factors of infection were compared in multivariable analysis.Result From 1st January 2012 to 30th June 2016, 540 cases of late onset sepsis were indentified. Preterm was noted in most cases. The prevalence of Acb infection were 35.4. Antibiotic resistant Acb was the most predominant strain accounting for 94.8 of cases of Acb infection. Overall mortality was 65.4. Isolates were resistant to cephalosporins 93 and carbapenems 82 , while susceptible to polymyxins 26.1 and colistin 20.6. Statistically significant risk factors were neonates exposed to carbapenems before infection odds ratio OR 1.989 p"

"Latar Belakang: Bakteri Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Klebsiella pneumoniae resisten multiobat penghasil biofilm merupakan masalah kesehatan serius di fasilitas kesehatan di seluruh dunia, terutama di Indonesia sebagai negara dengan prevalensi bakteri Gram negatif penghasil enzim extended beta-laktamase ESBL tertinggi di atas rerata diantara berbagai negara di Asia Pasifik, belum memiliki data tentang bakteri Gram negatif penghasil biofilm. Diperlukan metode deteksi pembentukan biofilm dengan tabung eppendorf polypropelene yang mudah dikerjakan, reproducible dan efisien sehingga dapat dikerjakan di laboratorium mikrobiologi klinik sederhana. Tujuan: Melakukan optimasi deteksi biofilm menggunakan metode tabung eppendorf polypropelene dan mengetahui proporsi pembentukan biofilm pada isolat simpan A. baumannii, P.aeruginosa dan K. pneumonia yang resisten multiobat penghasil biofilm di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinis, Dept. Mikrobiologi FKUI-RSCM pada periode Maret 2015-Oktober 2016. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan dalam 2 tahap. Tahap pertama adalah optimasi metode deteksi pembentukan biofilm dengan metode Cernohorska dkk menggunakan tabung eppendorf polypropylene. Pada tahap pertama ini dilakukan optimasi terhadap jenis media, masa inkubasi statis, bahan pencuci dari sisa-sisa sel planktonik dan konsentrasi crystal violet. Tahap kedua adalah mendapatkan proporsi bakteri penghasil biofilm dari penerapan metode deteksi pembentukan biofilm dengan tabung eppendorf polypropylene yang sudah dioptimasi terhadap 71 isolat simpan bakteri A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa dan K. pneumoniae resisten multiobat. Hasil: Jenis media terbaik yang digunakan adalah Luria Bertani, masa inkubasi statis 30 jam, bahan pencuci dengan PBS steril dan konsentrasi crystal violet 0,1 untuk optimasi bakteri kontrol penghasil dan bukan penghasil biofilm. Proporsi pembentukan biofilm pada A. baumannii, P. aeruginos dan K. pneumoniae masing-masing secara berurutan adalah 55,3 , 53,3 dan 0. Kesimpulan : Metode deteksi pembentukan biofilm dengan tabung eppendorf polypropylene merupakan metode deteksi yang mudah dikerjakan, reproducible dan efisien, sehingga dapat dilakukan di laboratorium mikrobiologi klinik sederhana. Proporsi bakteri penghasil biofilm adalah lebih dari 50 non-Enterobactericeae resisten multiobat, tetapi tidak pada isolat K. pneumoniae resisten multiobat.

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Background: Biofilm forming multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are a major cause of health problems in hospitalized facilities in the world, especially in Indonesia as the highest prevalence of the extended beta lactamase producing multidrug resistant Gram negative bacteria in Southeast Asia. Therefore, it is important to apply biofilm detection using polypropylene eppendorf tube method as easy to do, reproducible and efficient to perform in the simple clincal microbiology laboratory.

Objective: To conduct optimization of biofilm detection using polypropylene eppendorf tube method and proportion of biofilm formation from stock culture isolates of multidrug resistant A. baumannii, P.aeruginosa and K. pneumonia at clinical microbiology laboratory of FKUI RSCM during March October 2016.

Method: This study was conducted in two phases. The first is optimization of biofilm formation method by Cernohorska et al using polypropylene eppendorf tube. The optimization is conducted in some conditions, such as medium for biofilm cultivation, long static incubation, washing solution and crystal violet concentration. The second is to get proportion of biofilm producing bacteria through application of optimized detection of biofilm formation method using polypropylene eppendorf tube to a total of 71 stock culture isolates of multidrug resistant A. baumannii, P.aeruginosa and K. pneumonia.

Results: The best medium for biofilm cultivation was Luria Bertani, long static incubation was 30 hours, washing solution was sterile PBS and crystal violet 0,1 for biofilm and non biofilm producing bacteria. Proportion of biofilm producing of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae were respectively 55.3 , 53.5 and 0.

Conclusions: Detection of biofilm formation using polypropylene eppendorf tube could perfom in simple clinical microbiology laboratory because easy to do, reproducible and efficient. The proportion of biofilm producing showed that more than 50 of multirug resistant of non Enterobactericeae, but no one of multidrug resistant K. pneumoniae."

"Latar belakang: Hingga saat ini, Acinetobacter baumannii menjadi salah satu bakteri yang sulit untuk dikendalikan karena tingginya potensi untuk mengalami resistensi terhadap berbagai antibiotik. Informasi mengenai pola kepekaan antibiotik terhadap Acinetobacter baumannii perlu diketahui sebagai dasar penyusunan panduan pengobatan.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tren pola kepekaan isolat bakteri Acinetobacter baumannii terhadap beberapa antibiotik di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik FKUI-RSCM Tahun 2013-2019.Metode: Peneliti mengumpulkan data sekunder dari hasil uji kepekaan yang didapat dari laporan sebelumnya dan telah dimasukan ke dalam perangkat lunak WHONET dari periode tahun 2013-2019 lalu mengolahnya menggunakan Microsoft Excel.Hasil: Total jumlah isolat keseluruhan periode tahun 2013-2019 yang didapatkan sebesar 292 isolat. Pada penelitian ini, terdapat 5 dari 15 antibiotik yang diujikan memiliki kepekaan diatas 50% antara lain amikasin, tigesiklin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, kolistin dan polimiksin B. Simpulan: Berdasarkan penelitian dari perbandingan data yang dilakukan selama 6 tahun di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik FKUI-RSCM, terlihat bahwa tren pola kepekaan antibiotik relatif mengalami peningkatan pada sebagian besar golongan karbapenem, aminoglikosida, sefalosporin, tetrasiklin, dan sulfonamide, meskipun dengan kepekaan yang rendah, kurang dari 50%, sedangkan golongan lipopeptida dengan kepekaan yang tinggi. Antibiotik yang memiliki potensi besar yang dianjurkan dalam pengobatan adalah polimiksin B dan kolistin karena memiliki tren pola kepekaan antibiotik yang meningkat dan tingkat rata-rata kepekaan yang tinggi selama lima tahun terakhir.

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Background: Until now, Acinetobacter baumannii is a difficult bacteria to control because it has high potential for resistance to various antibiotics. Information regarding the pattern of antibiotic sensitivity to Acinetobacter baumannii needs to be known in order to formulate a treatment guide.

Purpose: This study aims to determine the sensitivity pattern trend of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates to several antibiotics in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of FKUI-RSCM 2013-2019.

Methods: Researchers collected secondary data from the results of sensitivity tests obtained from previous reports and entered into the WHONET software from the 2013-2019 period and processed them using Microsoft Excel..

Results: The total number of isolates in the 2013-2019 period was 292 isolates. In this study, there were 5 out of 15 antibiotics tested to have a sensitivity above 50% including amikacin, tigesiklin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, kolistin and Polimiksin B.

Conclusion: Based on research from data comparisons carried out for 6 years in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory FKUI-RSCM, this research shows that the trend of antibiotic sensitivity patterns has relatively increased in most of the carbapenems, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides, although with a low sensitivity, less than 50%, while the lipopeptide group with high sensitivity. The antibiotics with high potential recommended for treatment are polymyxin B and colistine due to the trend of increasing antibiotic sensitivity patterns and high rates of sensitivity over the past five years."

"Acinetobacter baumanii M-13.2A yang diisolasi dari perairan laut Manado diketahui menghasilkan xilanase dengan indeks xilanase 20. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memproduksi dan karakterisasi xilanase dari Acinetobacter baumanii M- 13.2A. Sebanyak (2,4--3,3) x 108 CFU/ml inokulum Acinetobacter baumanii M- 13.2A dengan konsentrasi 9,09% (v/v) diinokulasikan dalam medium xylan broth. Fermentasi selama 6 hari pada suhu 30 ˚C, 150 rpm dan aktivitas xilanase diuji dengan metode asam dinitro salisilat (DNS). Aktivitas xilanase dihitung berdasarkan absorbansi warna yang terbentuk dari reaksi xilosa dan DNS pada λ 540 nm. Aktivitas xilanase tertinggi pada hari ke-2 inkubasi, sebesar 5,17 U/ml. Xilanase optimum pada pH 8 (1,55 U/ml) dan suhu 70 ˚C (0,8 U/ml). Ion Mg2+dan Zn2+ meningkatkan aktivitas xilanase hingga 107,3 % dan 278,1%. Ion Fe3+ dan Ca2+ menurunkan aktivitas xilanase hingga 75% dan 8,3%, sedangkan ion K+ tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap aktivitas xilanase.

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Acinetobacter baumanii M-13.2A isolated from Manado?s marine environment produce xylanase by index xylanolitic 20. The research aims to produce and characterization of xylanase from Acinetobacter baumanii M-13.2A. Inoculum of (2.4--3.3) x 108 CFU/ml inoculated into xylan broth medium. The fermentation was carried out for 6 days at 30 ˚C, 150 rpm and xylanase activity assay with Dinitro salisilic acid (DNS) method. Xylose and DNS will made complex color at λ 600 nm. The highest activity of xylanase obtained at 5.17 U/ml after 2 days incubation. Xylanase are optimum at pH 8 (1.55 U/ml) and 70 ˚C (0.8 U/ml). The effect of Mg2+ and Zn2+ ions were able to increase the activity of xylanase up to 107.3 % and 278.1%. Fe3+ and Ca2+ ions inhibited the activity of xylanase to 75% and 8.3 %. However have no effect of K+ ion on the xylanase activity."

"Acinetobacter baumannii adalah bakteri kokobasil Gram negatif yang sering menjadi penyebab infeksi di rumah sakit. Belum diketahui apakah kasa ber-framycetin yang sering digunakan untuk perawatan luka dapat digunakan pada pencegahan luka yang dirawat di rumah sakit, misalnya luka paska operasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan daya hambat kasa ber-framycetin dengan kasa berparafin terhadap bakteri Acinetobacter baumannii secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimental secara in vitro dengan mengamati daya hambat kasa yang mengandung framycetin terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Acinetobacter baumannii dibandingkan dengan kasa berparafin. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada Juli 2014—Juni 2015 di Laboratorium Departemen Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Daya hambat kasa uji dinilai dengan cara melakukan penghitungan koloni yang tumbuh (CFU/mL), selama waktu pemaparan 0, 30 menit, 2, 4, 6, dan 24 jam. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan program SPSS 20.0 for windows dengan uji Kruskal-Wallis dan uji Mann-Whitney untuk analisis Post Hoc. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa kasa ber-framycetin memiliki daya hambat pada waktu pemaparan selama 30 menit, 2 jam, 4 jam, 6 jam dan 24 jam. Secara statistik, daya hambat kasa ber-framycetin bermakna pada waktu pemaparan selama 30 menit. Kasa berparafin memiliki daya hambat pada waktu pemaparan 4 jam, 6 jam, dan 24 jam, yang secara statistik tidak bermakna. Daya hambat kasa ber-framycetin dan daya hambat kasa berparafin tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik terhadap pertumbuhan koloni bakteri Acinetobacter baumannii secara in vitro pada seluruh waktu pemaparan.

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Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram negatif cocobacil bacteria which often cause infection in the hospital. It is not yet known if framycetin gauze dressing, which is usually used in wound care management, can be used to prevent infection of sound in hospital such as post-surgical wound. The aim of this research was to compare the in vitro inhibitory effect of framycetin gauze dressing with paraffin gauze dressing towards Acinetobacter baumannii. This in vitro experimental research was done by observing the comparison of inhibitory effect towards Acinetobacter baumannii growth between framycetin gauze dressing and paraffin gauze dressing. The data were collected from July 2014—June 2015 in Laboratory of Microbiology Department of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia. The inhibitory effect was measured by counting the growth of Acinetobacter baumannii (CFU/mL), during six exposure times (0, 30 minutes, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours). All results were statistically analysed by SPSS 20.0 for windows by using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test for the Post Hoc analysis. The result showed that the inhibitory effect of framycetin gauze dressing was noted at 30 minutes, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours. Its inhibitory effect was statistically significant at 30 minutes. The inhibitory effect of paraffin gauze dressing was noted at 4, 6, and 24 hours. However, statistically there was no significant inhibitory effect of paraffin gauze dressing noted at all exposure times. It was noted that there was no statistically significant difference in inhibitory effect towards Acinetobacter baumannii growth in vitro between framycetin gauze dressing and paraffin gauze dressing at any exposure time."

"Pemakaian antibiotika tidak rasional menyebabkan resistensi antibiotika. Implementasi kebijakan penggunaan antibiotika di RSUP Sanglah Denpasar belum pernah di evaluasi. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui implementasi kebijakan penggunaan antibiotika, mencegah resistensi antibiotika dan mengetahui penerapan intervensi WHO untuk peningkatan penggunaan obat rasional. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif, dengan melakukan wawancara dan penelusuran dokumen. Analisa data dengan content analysis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan implementasi kebijakan penggunaan antibiotika dan penerapan intervensi WHO belum berjalan baik. Pencegahan resistensi antibiotika belum terkoordinir baik dari empat pilar Tim Program Pengendalian Resistensi Antimikroba. Diperlukan revisi dan sosialisasi pelaksanaan kebijakan pengguna anantibiotika, juga pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi.

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Irrational use of antibiotics lead to antibiotic resistance. Implementation of the policy on the use of antibiotics in Sanglah Hospital in Denpasar has never been evaluated. The purpose of this study to know the implementation of policy on the use of antibiotics, preventing antibiotic resistance and determine the application ofthe WHO interventions to improve rational drug use. This research is aqualitative descriptive study, with interviews and document searches. Data analysis with content analysis.

The results showed the use of antibiotics policy implementation and application of WHO intervention has not gone well. Prevention of antibiotic resistance have not been well coordinated team of four pillars of Antimicrobial Resistance Control Program. Required revision and dissemination of antibiotic usage policy enforcement, as well as prevention and control of infection."

"Latar belakang. Berbagai studi sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa insidens kolonisasi dan infeksi C.difficile semakin meningkat, terutama pada pasien rawat inap yang mendapat terapi antibiotika. Namun belum ada penelitian yang mendapatkan data kedua insidens tersebut di Indonesia, terutama di RSCM. Tujuan. Untuk mengetahui insidens kolonisasi dan infeksi C.difficile pasien rawat inap yang mendapat terapi antibiotika di RSCM. Metode. Dilakukan studi kohort prospektif berbasis surveilans pada 96 pasien rawat inap yang mendapat terapi antibiotika di RSCM pada periode penelitian. Dilakukan pemeriksaan feses dengan uji kromatografi cepat C.DIFF QUIK CHEK COMPLETETM pada awal dan akhir penelitian. Dilakukan follow-up selama 5-7 hari perawatan pada semua pasien. Insidens kolonisasi strain non-toksigenik adalah pasien yang memiliki hasil pemeriksaan fesesnya konversi GDH/Toksin -/- saat awal perawatan menjadi GDH/Toksin +/-. Insidens kolonisasi strain toksigenik adalah pasien yang memiliki konversi GDH/Toksin -/- saat awal perawatan menjadi GDH/Toksin +/+. Insidens infeksi adalah pasien yang memiliki konversi GDH/Toksin -/- saat awal perawatan menjadi GDH/Toksin +/+ yang disertai satu atau lebih gejala yang berhubungan dengan infeksi C.difficile. Hasil. Dari 96 subjek penelitian, 13 subjek mengalami kolonisasi non-toksigenik; 8 subjek mengalami kolonisasi toksigenik; 9 subjek mengalami infeksi. Terdapat 11 subjek yang mengalami gejala klinis, namun hasil pemeriksaan fesesnya tidak ditemukan toksin yang positif (2 subjek hanya mengalami kolinisasi non-toksigenik dan 9 subjek tidak mengalami kolonisasi atau infeksi) sehingga dianggap bukan merupakan infeksi C.difficile. Kesimpulan. Insidens kolonisasi C.difficile adalah 22%, dimana kolonisasi strain non-toksigenik adalah 14% (IK95% 13-16) dan strain toksi.

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Background. Previous studies showed that there have been a significant increasing of the incidence of C.difficile colonization and infection, particularly among hospital inpatients prescribed antibiotics. However, there is no such data available in Indonesia, mainly at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.

Objective. To determine the incidence of Clostridium difficile colonization and infection among hospital inpatients prescribed antibiotics at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.

Methods. A surveillance-based prospective cohort study was conducted on 96 inpatients prescribed antibiotics at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital during the study period. All patient was followed-up for 5-7 days hospitalization. We obtained rectal swabs or stool samples on admission and day 5-7 of hospitalization and performed a rapid chromatography test C.DIFF QUIK CHEK COMPLETETM to determine colonization or infection. Incidence of non-toxigenic colonization was defined as a conversion of baseline result GDH/toxin -/- into GDH/toxin +/- as the second result. Incidence of toxigenic colonization was defined as as a conversion of baseline result GDH/toxin -/- into GDH/toxin +/+ as the second result. Incidence of infection was defined as a conversion of baseline result GDH/toxin -/- into GDH/toxin +/+ as the second result, accompanied by one or more C.difficile infection-associated clinical symptoms.

Results. A total of 96 subjects were included in the study; 13, 8 and 9 had a non-toxigenic colonization, toxigenic colonization, and infection, respectively. 11 subjects with clinical symptoms could not be determined whether they had a C.difficile infection because of the “toxin-negative” findings from their stool examination (2 subjects had non-toxigenic colonization and 9 subjects had neither colonization nor infection).

Conclusion. The incidence of C.difficile colonization was 22%, which 14% (95% CI 13-16) was the incidence of non-toxigenic colonization and 8% (95% CI 7-10) was the incidence of toxigenic colonization. The incidence of C.difficile infection was 9% (95% CI 8-11)."

"Acinetobacter baumannii dan Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus merupakan dua dari sekian banyak bakteri yang menginfeksi manusia. Infeksi bakteri tersebut menjadi semakin berbahaya akibat tingginya kejadian resistensi bakteri tersebut terhadap antibiotik. Keterbatasan antibiotik yang tersedia menyebabkan perlunya penggunaan bahan alternatif sebagai antibiotik, antara lain tanaman herbal yang banyak djumpai di Indonesia sebagai kekayaan hayati. Kalanchoe pinnata merupakan salah satu tanaman herbal yang sering digunakan untuk menghambat pertumbuhan beberapa jenis bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun Kalanchoe pinnata terhadap Acinetobacter baumannii dan Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Departemen Mikrobiologi dan Farmasi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Indonesia. Daun Kalanchoe pinnata diekstraksi dengan etanol. Sampel bakteri diambil secara acak dari koleksi kultur bakteri yang diisolasi dari pasien. Uji kepekaan dilakukan dengan metode mikrodilusi. Kalanchoe pinnata mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Acinetobacter baumannii dan Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum ekstrak daun Kalanchoe pinnata terhadap Acinetobacter baumannii sebesar 144,9 mg/ml dan 289,8 mg/ml, sedangkan terhadap Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus sebesar 144,9 mg/ml; dengan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum yang tidak dapat ditentukan.

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Acinetobacter baumannii and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus are two out of many human infecting bacteria. These bacterial infections are becoming more threatening due to their high resistance towards antibiotics. This condition leads to a challenge in searching alternative substances that can be utilized as antibiotics. One way to obtain the substance is from herbs that are found all around Indonesia as its national plant heritage. Cocor Bebek Kalanchoe pinnata is one of the herbs that is often used to treat infections. The aim of this study is to investigate the antibacterial activity of leaves extract of Kalanchoe pinnata against Acinetobacter baumannii and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This study was conducted at The Department of Microbiology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia. Leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata were extracted using ethanol as solvent. Bacterial samples were selected randomly from a culture collection isolated from patients. Susceptibility test was done by broth microdilution method. Kalanchoe pinnata has antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves extract against Acinetobacter baumannii are 144.9 mg ml and 289.8 mg ml, while for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus is 144.9 mg ml unfortunately, its MBC cannot be determined."

"Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections found in clinical practice. The incidence of UTI increases with age. Despite various causes, the main causal agent is Escherichia coli.The aim of this study is to observe the pattern of bacteria underlying UTI in Dr. Kariadi Teaching Hospital, Semarang. A cross sectional design study was conducted using urine samples collected from 195 patients being diagnosed as UTI. Urine samples were cultured and counted according to microbiology standard method. Data obtained were analyzed employing descriptive approach. The result showed that 79 individuals (40.5%) were suffering from UTI, consisting of 31.6% male and 68.4%women. Most of the UTI patients were due to E. coli (65.8%) followed by E.coli and S. aureus (10.1%), S.Aureus (8.9%), Enterobacter sp. (7.6%), E. coli and Pseudomonassp. (2.5%), Enterobacter sp.E. coli (2.5%), Enterococcus sp. (1.3%) and E.coli, S. aureus and Enterobacter sp. (1.3%). It was concluded that the most common cause of UTI was E. coli and women were more frequently affected than men."