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"ABSTRACTAlthough icing treatment has been well accepted as aftercare in sports fields, the detailed mechanisms of the treatment is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of icing treatment on the recovery process of rat plantaris muscles with artificially induced muscle damage. Sixty male Wistar rats (8-weeks-old) were randomly assigned to three groups; control (CTL), bupivacaine-injected (BPVC), and icing treatment after BPVC (ICE). Icing treatment was applied for 20 min immediately after BPVC, and the treatment was used once per day for 3 days. The plantaris muscles were removed at 3, 7, 15, and 28 days after the muscle damage, then immunohistochemical and real time RT-PCR analysis were performed. In histochemical analysis, although significant changes were found in the relative muscle weight, cross-sectional area of muscle fiber, percentage of muscle fiber with central nuclei, and expressed immature myosin heavy chain isoforms after muscle damage, as compared to the CTL group, no differences were found between BPVC and ICE groups. In mRNA expression analysis, the ICE group had a significantly lower value of MyoD than the BPVC group at 3 days after the damage. Expression of IL-6 mRNA, which relates to muscle inflammation, indicated significantly higher value in BPVC, but not in ICE, than CTL groups at 7days after the damage. Furthermore, BKB2 receptor, which relates to acute muscle soreness, indicated a significantly higher expression in BPVC than ICE groups at 3 days after the damage. These results suggest that icing treatment is effective to suppress muscle inflammation and soreness at an early stage of recovery from damage, but not effective for muscle regeneration at a later stage."

"ABSTRAK

Proses penuaan menyebabkan penurunan massa otot rangka, terutama pada protein kontraktil. Latihan interval merupakan salah satu latihan fisik yang dapat menginduksi sintesis miofibril, sehingga berpotensi dapat meningkatkan massa otot rangka pada proses penuaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan interval terhadap kadar protein aktin dan myosin heavy chain (MHC) otot rangka tikus dewasa muda dan dewasa. Penelitian ini menggunakan 24 tikus strain Wistar jantan usia 6 dan 12 bulan yang dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok (n=4). Latihan interval terdiri dari berlari selama 4 menit (intensitas tinggi) dengan interval istirahat aktif 1 menit sebanyak 4 kali pengulangan. Kecepatan berlari pada treadmill ditingkatkan dari 16 m/menit hingga 25 m/menit. Latihan diberikan selama 8 minggu. Kadar aktin dan MHC jaringan otot gastrocnemius diukur dengan ELISA. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa tidak terdapat penurunan bermakna kadar protein kontraktil aktin dan MHC otot rangka antara kelompok usia dewasa muda dengan usia dewasa. Tidak terdapat peningkatan kadar protein kontraktil aktin dan MHC antara kelompok tanpa latihan dan dengan latihan interval pada kelompok usia dewasa muda. Pada kelompok usia dewasa, tidak terdapat peningkatan bermakna kadar protein kontraktil aktin dan MHC otot rangka antara kelompok tanpa latihan dan dengan latihan interval

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ABSTRACT

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Aging process leads to decline skeletal muscle mass, particularly in contractile protein. Interval training is the one of physical training that induce myofibrillar protein synthesis, thus increase skeletal muscle mass in aging process. This study aims to determine the effect of interval training on actin and myosin heavy chain (MHC) levels in rats skeletal muscle young adult and adult. This study use twenty-four male Wistar rats aged 6 and 12 months were divided into six groups (n=4). Interval training consisted of 4 min running (high intensity) interspersed by 1 min of active rest, 4 repetitions. The running speed of the treadmill were gradually increased from 16 to 25 m/min. The treatments were given for 8 wk. Actin and MHC gastrocnemius muscle levels were measured by ELISA. This study shows that there were no significant decrease in actin and MHC skeletal muscle levels between young adult and adult groups. There were no increase in actin and MHC skeletal muscle levels between interval training group and control group in the young adult group. For adult group, there were no significant increase in actin and MHC skeletal muscle levels between interval training group and control group.

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"Latar belakang: Tekanan udara rendah pada dataran tinggi berdampak buruk bagi tubuh pendaki gunung dan pilot. Salah satu dampaknya adalah terjadi hipoksia jaringan yang dapat mencetuskan stres oksidatif. Kondisi tersebut dapat merusak struktur penting sel seperti protein, lipid, dan asam nukleat. Di otot, stres oksidatif dapat menyebabkan atrofi dan gangguan kontraktilitas. Di sisi lain, pajanan hipoksia hipobarik berulang diketahui mampu memicu proses adaptasi di berbagai organ. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelusuri pengaruh paparan hipoksia hipobarik intermiten terhadap kadar malondialdehid, yang merupakan marker stres oksidatif, di otot gastrocnemius tikus Sprague-Dawley. Metode: Sebanyak 25 tikus Sprague-Dawley dibagi ke dalam kelompok kontrol dan empat kelompok uji. Kelompok uji mendapat perlakuan berupa dimasukkan ke dalam hypobaric chamber yang mensimulasikan ketinggian 25.000 kaki selama 5 menit. Kelompok uji 1 mendapat 1x perlakuan, kelompok uji 2 mendapat 2x perlakuan, kelompok uji 3 mendapat 3x perlakuan, dan kelompok uji 4 mendapat 4x perlakuan. Pada kelompok uji 2,3, dan 4, terdapat jeda 1 minggu antarperlakuan. Setelah mendapat perlakuan, jaringan otot gastrocnemius diambil dari tikus. Kadar malondialdehid pada otot gastrocnemius selanjutnya diukur menggunakan metode Wills. Hasil: Pada uji one-way ANOVA, rata-rata kadar malondialdehid meningkat secara bermakna (p = 0.008) pada kelompok yang mendapat paparan hipoksia hipobarik satu kali dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Rata-rata kadar malondialdehid pada kelompok yang mendapat tiga paparan dan empat paparan mengalami penurunan yang bermakna secara statistik (p < 0,05) dibandingkan kelompok yang terpapar satu kali dan dua kali. Kesimpulan: Paparan hipoksia hipobarik sebanyak satu kali meningkatkan kadar malondialdehid pada otot gastrocnemius tikus yang menandakan terjadinya kondisi stres oksidatif. Paparan hipoksia hipobarik yang dilakukan berulang secara intermiten (tiga kali dan empat kali) mampu menciptakan adaptasi jaringan otot gastrocnemius terhadap stres oksidatif sehingga kadar malondialdehid lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok yang lebih sedikit mendapat perlakuan hipoksia hipobarik

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Introduction: Low barometric pressure in high altitude has detrimental effects on hikers and pilots. One of which is inducing tissue hypoxia that can instigate oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can damage important cellular structures such as protein, lipid, and nucleic acid. Oxidative stress can cause muscle atrophy and contractile dysfunction in skeletal muscle. On the other hand, repeated hypobaric hypoxia exposure is known for its effect to induce adaptation in various organs. This study aims to assess intermittent hypobaric hypoxia effects on malondialdehyde level, a marker of oxidative stress, in gastrocnemius muscle of Sprague-Dawley rat. Method: Twenty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were divided to a control group and four experimental group. The experimental group were then exposed to hypobaric environment by being placed on hypobaric chamber that simulated altitude of 25,000 ft for 5 minutes. Experimental group 1 got one exposure, experimental group 2 got two exposures, experimental group 3 got three exposures, and experimental group 4 got four exposures. There was a week interval between each exposure for experimental group that got more than one exposure (experimental group 2, 3, and 4). After getting the treatment, gastrocnemius muscle was taken from each rat as sample. Malondialdehyde level in the tissue was then measured by Wills method. Result: Mean malondialdehyde level in the group of rats subject to one hypobaric hypoxia exposure was significantly higher than that of control group (p = 0.008). Mean malondialdehyde level in the group of rats subject to three and four hypobaric hypoxia exposures were significantly (p < 0,05) lower than that of groups of rats subject to one and two exposures. Conclusion: One-time hypobaric hypoxia exposure increased malondialdehyde level in rat gastrocnemius muscle, implying stress oxidative had occurred. Three and four times of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia exposures induced adaptive response against oxidative stress in gastrocnemius muscle tissue, as seen by lower level of malondialdehyde in those groups compared to the groups exposed to fewer intermittent hypobaric hypoxia."

"This is a thorough update of an authoritative book on wastewater treatment. This text describes the rapidly evolving field of wastewater engineering technological and regulatory changes that have occurred over the last ten years in this discipline and it includes: a new view of a wastewater as a source of energy, nutrients and potable water; more stringent discharge requirements related to nitrogen and phosphorus; enhanced understanding of the fundamental microbiology and physiology of the microorganisms responsible for the removel of nitrogen and phosphorus and other constituents; an appreciation of the importance of the separate treatment of return flows with respect to meeting more stringent standards for nitrogen removal and opportunities for nutrient recovery; increased emphasis on the treatment of sludge and the management of biosolids; increased awareness of carbon footprints impacts and greenhouse gas emissions, and an emphasis on the development of energy neutral or energy positive wastewater plants through more efficient use of chemical and heat energy in wastewater. This revision contains a strong focus on advanced wastewater treatment technologies and stresses the reuse aspects of wastewater and biosolids"

"ABSTRAKEndometriosis merupakan penyakit ginekologi ditandai dengan implantasi jaringan endometrium di luar rongga uterus, berhubungan erat dengan proses inflamasi kronis. Stres oksidatif menjadi aktivator terjadinya proses inflamasi kronis di endometriosis. Oktil galat terbukti lebih efektif menekan proses inflamasi dibandingkan asam galat dan heptil galat pada sel kultur primer endometriosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh oktil galat pada proses inflamasi dan stres oksidatif pada tikus Wistar model endometriosis. Tiga puluh ekor tikus Wistar dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu kelompok uji, kontrol endometriosis dan kelompok normal. Kelompok uji dilakukan autotransplantasi lalu diberikan suspensi oktil galat dan CMC selama satu bulan. Kelompok endometriosis dilakukan autotransplantasi lalu diberikan larutan CMC selama satu bulan, sedangkan kelompok normal hanya dilakukan laparotomi. Seluruh tikus kemudian dieuthanasia, dari kelompok uji dan kontrol endometriosis diambil jaringan endometriosisnya sedangkan dari kelompok sehat diambil jaringan endometriumnya untuk dianalisis. Analisis MDA (Malondialdhyde) dan SOD (Superoxide Dismutase) dilakukan secara spektofotometri, kadar NF-ĸB dengan ELISA dan IL-1β (Interleukin-1 Beta) dengan LUMINEX. Pemberian oktil galat pada kelompok uji tidak menurunkan kadar MDA namun berpotensi menekan kondisi stres oksidatif dengan meningkatkan kadar SOD. Oktil galat terbukti menekan aktivasi NF-ĸB secara signifikan, namun tidak menekan kadar IL-1β. Oktil galat berperan sebagai antiinflamasi pada tikus Wistar model endometriosis dengan cara induksi peningkatan SOD dan hambatan langsung pada translokasi nuklear NF-ĸB.

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ABSTRACTEndometriosis is a gynecological disease characterized by the implantation of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, related to the chronic inflammatory process. Oxidative stress activates the occurrence of chronic inflammatory in endometriosis. Octyl gallate is more effective in suppressing the inflammatory process than gallic acid and heptil gallate in primary endometriosis culture cells. This study aimed to analyze the effect of octyl gallate on the inflammatory process and oxidative stress in endometriosis Wistar rat models. 30 Wistar rats were divided into three groups, the test group, endometriosis control and normal groups. The test group was autotransplantated and then given a suspension of octyl galate and CMC for one month. The endometriosis group was autotransplanted and then given a CMC solution for one month, while the normal group only underwent laparotomy. All rats were then euthanized, from the test and endometriosis group the endometriosis tissue was taken while from the normal group endometrial tissue was taken for analysis. MDA and SOD were measured using spectrophotometry, NF-ĸB with ELISA and IL-1β with LUMINEX. Induction of octyl gallate in the test group did not reduce MDA levels but could potentially suppress oxidative stress conditions by increasing SOD levels. Octyl gallate significantly inhibit the NF-ĸB activation, but not suppressing IL-1β levels significantly. Octyl gallate act as anti-inflammatory agent in endometriosis Wistar rat model through the enhancement of SOD and direct inhibition to nuclear translocation of NF-ĸB."

"Menyadari luasnya kegunaan timah untuk kebutuhan industri maupun kebutuhan sehari-hari, maka dapat dipastikan angka permintaan timah terhadap timah akan terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Namun di sisi lain, jumlah cadangan bijih timah di dunia justru terus mengalami penurunan. Salah satu cara mengatasi situasi ini adalah dengan mengolah kembali produk terak secara efektif dan efisien sehingga produk yang tadinya tidak memiliki nilai ekonomis menjadi berguna dan memiliki nilai tambah sebagai umpan tambahan dalam proses peleburan. Hal tersebut merupakan fokus utama dari penelitian ini.Penelitan ini bertujuan untuk mencari tahu temperatur roasting optimum agar diperoleh hasil yield recovery maksimal yang ditandai dengan besarnya nilai % recovery. Metode yang dilakukan adalah dengan mencampurkan sampel terak II dengan KOH(s) , lalu memanggangnya dalam muffle furnace untuk selanjutnya di-leaching menggunakan air hangat. Pengujian karakterisasi sampel yang dilakukan adalah X-RD, STA, dan AAS. Hasil dari pengujian menyimpulkan bahwa temperatur roasting optimum dicapai pada 650OC dengan nilai % recovery 10,39 %.

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Realizing how wide the use of tin for either the industrial or daily life needs are, it can be ascertained that the demand of tin will be increasing every single year. On the other side, the amount of tin ore’s stockpiles are on the contrary decreasing. One of many ways to solve this problem is by redressing slags effectively and efficiently, so that, the product which had no economic value turns to be something valuable and useful as the addition decoy for smelting process. It is the main focus on this research.

The aim of this researh is to find out the optimum of roasting temperature in order to obtain the maximum yield recovery process which is marked by the number of % recovery. The method used on this research is by mixing the slag with KOH(s), then roasting them in muffle furnace, and leaching by warm water as the last step. This research used some characteristic examinations which are X- RD, STA, and AAS. It concludes the optimum of roasting temperature is reached at 650oC with 10,39 % recovery."

"Timah merupakan logam yang memiliki aplikasi pengunaan yang sangat luas dan bervariasi. Hal ini mengakibatkan permintaan akan timah cenderung untuk meningkat tiap tahunnya. Oleh karena itu, perlu ditemukan cara untuk mengolah timah semaksimal mungkin. Penilitian dilakukan untuk mengekstraksi timah dari terak timah dengan menggunakan metode roasting yang dilakukan pencampuran dengan KOH terlebih dahulu serta divariasikan jumlahnya dan dilanjutkan dengan pelindian air hangat. Untuk karakterisasi sampel menggunakan X-RD yang dilengkapi dengan software X-RD Match!, STA dan AAS. Nilai recovery maksimum sebesar 10,233% didapatkan dengan roasting 810oC , perbandingan padat : cair = 1:2 dan sampel : KOH = 1:16.

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Tin is a metal which has a various and wide uses. This’ll make the demand of tin is tend to increase every year. So, the new way is needed to process tin as maximum as possible. This study was conducted to extract tin from tin slags with roasting method that mixed with various quantity of KOH continued with warm water leaching. For characterization of sample using X-RD equipped with X-RD Match! Software, STA and AAS. The tin maximum recovery value of 10,233% is obtained from roasting 810oC, solid : liquid ratio = 1:2 and sample : KOH = 1:16."

"Paduan Feronikel (FeNi) merupakan salah satu produk utama yang dihasilkan dalam pengolahan bijih nikel laterit. Negara Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan deposit nikel besar dalam bentuk bijih laterit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kadar senyawa Magnesium melalui proses leaching menggunakan larutan asam klorida dengan variasi konsentrasi larutan dan waktu proses leaching. Sampel yang digunakan berupa Slag Feronikel yang telah diberikan penambahan aditif Na₂CO₃ dan telah dipanggang dengan temperatur 1100^oC. Penelitian dilakukan dengan melakukan proses leaching sampel menggunakan larutan HCl 4M dan 6M. Proses leaching untuk setiap konsentrasi larutan kemudian divariasikan waktu proses leaching yang digunakan yaitu 2, 4, dan 6 Jam. Setelah proses leaching mencapai waktu yang ditentukan, dilakukan proses penyaringan untuk memisahkan filtrat dan residu yang dihasilkan. Pada filtrat hasil leaching dilakukan karakterisasi ICP-OES untuk mengidentifikasi unsur-unsur yang terlarut pada filtrat selama proses leaching berlangsung. Sedangkan residu hasil leaching dilakukan karakterisasi SEM/EDS untuk mengetahui perubahan yang terjadi pada residu setelah proses leaching. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa adanya peningkatan kadar Magnesium dari kadar sebelum dilakukan proses leaching. Proses leaching menggunakan larutan HCl 6M menghasilkan peningkatan kadar Magnesium yang lebih besar. Selain itu, waktu proses leaching yang digunakan juga berpengaruh terhadap hasil yang dilakukan, dimana proses leaching Roasted Slag Feronikel memiliki waktu optimal untuk proses ekstraksi senyawa Magnesium. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa larutan asam klorida (HCl) yang digunakan dalam proses leaching Roasted Slag Feronikel dapat meningkatkan kadar senyawa Magnesium pada filtrat. Proses leaching yang paling optimal pada penelitian ini menggunakan larutan HCl 6M selama 4 Jam, dengan persentase leaching sebesar 49,05%.

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Feronickel Alloy (FeNi) is one of the main products produced in the processing of nickel laterite ore. Indonesia is one of the countries with a large nickel deposit in the form of laterite ore. This research aims to increase the levels of Magnesium compounds through the leaching process using hydrochloric acid solutions with varying solution concentrations and leaching process times. The sample used is the Feronickel Slag which has been given the addition of the Na₂CO₃ additive and has been baked at an 1100^oC temperature. Research is conducted by conducting leaching process samples using a solution of HCl 4M and 6M. The leaching process for each solution concentration is then varied when the leaching process used are 2, 4, and 6 hours. After the leaching process reaches the specified time, the filtering process is performed to separate the filtrate and the resulting residue. In filtrate, leaching is performed ICP-OES characterization to identify the dissolved elements of the filtrate during the progress of the leaching process. Meanwhile, leaching residue is performed SEM/EDS characterization to know the changes occurring in residue after leaching process. The results of this study showed that the presence of increased levels of Magnesium from levels prior to leaching processes. The leaching process using a 6M HCl solution produces a greater increase in Magnesium levels. In addition, the leaching process time used also affects the results, where the leaching process of Roasted Slag Feronickel has the optimal time for the extraction process of Magnesium compounds. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that a solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) used in the leaching process of Roasted Slag Feronikel can increase the levels of Magnesium compounds in filtrate. The most optimal leaching process in this study was using an 6M HCl solution for 4 hours, with a leaching percentage of 49,05%."

"Modern ini peralatan elektronik ialah suatu kebutuhan yang dapat tergolong primer bagi banyak orang, digunakan sesuai dengan masa penggunaanya dan digantikan dengan yang sesuai kebutuhan baru. Hal ini berdampak pada munculnya kebutuhan atas proses daur ulang limbah peralatan elektronik, mengingat kandungan yang ada dalam peralatan elektronik yang beragam. Salah satu nya ialah Logam dasar yang terkandung didalam salah satu Limbah Peralatan Elektronik yaitu Waste Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs). Tembaga menjadi salah satu Logam dasar yang difokuskan dalam proses daur ulang Limbah Elektronik. Namun Proses daur ulang yang konvensional dan umum digunakan dikatakan memiliki kekurangan yaitu seperti, toxicity lixiviant, wastewater, dan side product of gaseous.Deep Eutectic Solvent atau DES sebagai media pelarut yang memperhatikan beberapa aspek penting yaitu Economical feasibility, Enviromental impact dan Research level. Aspek terkait menjawab permasalahan yang ada dalam proses daur ulang limbah peralatan elektronik. Aplikasi DES dalam proses Leaching dan proses Elektrodeposisi masih dalam proses pengembangan dan penelitian lebih lanjut dalam efisensinya. Salah satu hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam proses Elektrometalurgi, Electrodeposition ialah Temperatur pengujian. Sehingga perlu diketahui pengaruh parameter temperature terhadap proses elektrodeposisi logam tembaga dari sampel serbuk pcb sebagai secondary resources, selanjutnya Studi penelitiandilakukan melalui pengujian Cyclic Voltammetry untuk mengetahui Electrochemical Potential Windows dari Larutan Ethaline serta mengetahui Nilai Potensial yang selanjutnya digunakan pada pengujian elektrodeposisi, pengujian Leaching untuk merubah bentuk unsur logam tembaga kedalam bentuk ion, dan pengujian Elektrodeposisi untuk mendapatkan lapisan deposisi logam tembaga dengan mendeposisi ion logam tembaga . Studi penelitian ini diharapkan mampu bermanfaat dengan mengetahui pengaruh parameter temperature pada proses elektrodeposisi menggunakan Larutan Ethaline sebagai salah satu tipe Deep Eutectic Solvent sehingga mampu digunakan sebagai refrensi dan acuan untuk alternative proses dalam pengolahan E-waste.

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Modern electronic equipment is a necessity that can be classified as primary for many people, used according to its period of use and replaced with new needs. This has an impact on the emergence of the need for a recycling process for electronic equipment waste, given the various contents in electronic equipment. One of them is the base metal contained in one of the Electronic Equipment Waste, namely Waste Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs). Copper is one of the basic metals that is focused on the Electronic Waste recycling process. However, the conventional and commonly used recycling process is said to have drawbacks, such as toxicity of lixiviant, wastewater, and side products of gaseous. Deep Eutectic Solvent or DES as a solvent medium that pays attention to several important aspects, namely Economical feasibility, Environmental impact and Research level. Related aspects answer the problems that exist in the process of recycling electronic equipment waste. The DES application in the Leaching process and the Electrodeposition process is still in the process of being developed and further researched on its efficiency. One of the things that need to be considered in the electrometallurgical process, Electrodeposition is the testing temperature. So it is necessary to know the effect of temperature parameters on the electrodeposition process of copper metal from PCB powder samples as secondary resources, further research studies are carried out through Cyclic Voltammetry testing to determine the Electrochemical Potential Windows of Ethaline Solution and determine the Potential Value which is then used in electrodeposition testing, Leaching testing to change the shape copper metal elements into the form of ions, and Electrodeposition testing to obtain a copper metal deposition layer by depositing copper metal ions. This research study is expected to be useful by knowing the effect of temperature parameters on the electrodeposition process using Ethaline Solution as a type of Deep Eutectic Solvent so that it can be used as a reference and reference for alternative processes in E-waste processing."

"Proses throttling merupakan proses dimana entalpi tetap. Dalam proses ini, fliuda mengalami ekspansi dari daerah tekanan tinggi kedaerah bertekanan rendah sehingga terjadi penurunan temperatur uap jenuhnya. Selain itu, kerja yang dilakukan tidak ada, energi kinetik dan perpindahan kalor melalui lubang katup throttling itu sangat kecil sehingga dapat diabaikan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pemanfaatan energi panas yang terbuang. Misalnya, proses throttling dapat diaplikasikan terintegrasi dalam suatu sistem pembangkit yang pada umumnya terletak di daerah laut untuk memanfaatkan energi yang tersimpan dalam air laut sebagai air pendingin kondensor. Panas air buangan kondensor yang dibuang kelaut kembali dengan diterapkan proses throttling dapat memanfaatkan energi tersebut. Air dan uap dingin yang dihasilkan dari proses ini, dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mendinginkan kondensor guna meningkatkan kevakuman kondensor dibanding air laut.Berdasarkan simulasi didapatkan peningkatan efisiensi pembangkit yang cukup signifikan yaitu sekitar 4%. Bahkan bukan hanya itu, keuntungan lain yang dapat dihasilkan adalah dapat diproduksinya air sulingan sebesar 117 ton/jam melebihi kebutuhan siklus uap PLTU yang hanya 7 ton/jam yang dibutuhkan dalam siklus uap PLTU.Penelitian ini diujikan dengan membuat alat throttling process dan mengalirkan air bertekanan dan memiliki temperatur tinggi melewati katup ekspansi kedalam ruang vakum. Hasil yang diamati yaitu terjadinya penurunan temperatur jenuh air tersebut sesuai kevakuman ruang dan air sulingan yang diperoleh dengan mengkondensasinya menggunakan evaporator AC.

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A throttling process is defined as a process in which there is no change in enthalpy. In these process, it is occurs expansion that cause a significant pressure drop and it is often accompanied saturated temperature in the fluid. There is no work is done, mass transfer and kinetic energy through out are neglectable.In these simulation, the goal is to heat recovery. For example, the integrated system of power plant which is located at the sea. It is used potential energy in sea water to cooling the condensor. There is possible to heat recovery on the outlet heat of condensor in the throttling process which is created cooled vapor and water. The cooled water is used to replace sea water to cooling the condensor. With the result, condensor vacuums is increase and then its cause significant efficience increase about 4%. Eventhough, another gained profit is 117 ton/hour destilation water whereas it is exeed necessary for the PLTU vapor cycle about 7 ton/hour.The goal of these research is making the throttling process devices and conduct on several temperature variation, water flow, and pressure throughout expansion valve. It is concerned occurs saturated temperature decrease as a room vacuums pressure. In addition, mass flow of saturated vapor is condensated by evaporator Air conditioner ( AC )."