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"With the movement of capital, goods, and services, comes the movement of people as a driving force of globalization..."

"AbstrakThis article aims to analyze the current situation concerning legal regulations prohibitingunreasonable disparities in terms and conditions of employment (i.e. treatment) betweenregular and non-regular employees. Article 20 of the Labor Contracts Act (LCA) has beenthe key to those issues. The article prohibits unreasonable treatment of fixed-term employees,taking into account three factors (content of duties, the extent of changes in the job contentand work locations, and other circumstances). However, there are multiple points for debateregarding its interpretation, and judicial precedents have also been divided. Administrativedraft guidelines were issued in 2016 to clarify the interpretation, and in June 2018 the SupremeCourt issued its first judgment related to Article 20 of the LCA. In the same month, Article20 of the LCA and Article 8 of the Part-time Workers Act (PWA) were integrated into Article8 of the newly amended Part-time and Fixed-term Workers Act (PFWA). As a result, theframework for identifying unreasonableness based on the nature and purpose of each aspectof treatment has been established, but questions remain as to how to certify the nature andpurpose particularly of treatment with mixed nature. In this regard, the court decisions on thesubstantial unreasonableness will be structurally unpredictable. Judgement of whether thedifference in treatment corresponds to the difference of job will be also difficult in the majorityof actual cases which involve differences in capabilities and experiences among employees.Actually, the labor and management of each workplace could most properly carry out theassessment of what is reasonable or unreasonable within the workplace. There is a need forlegal interpretations that contribute to fundamental remedies, such as encouraging non-regularemployees participation in fixing their own working conditions."

"Seeking to offer a balanced perspective to gender inequality and the division of household labor among middle-class,working married men and women in Japan and Indonesia, this paper examines the effects of individual-levelcharacteristics (relative income, working hours, gender ideology) as well as the country-level factors (e.g. GEM:Gender Empowerment Measure) on the dynamics of housework distribution between spouses in both countries.Statistical analyses show a number of significant correlations between these variables, among which gender ideologyseems to be of particular importance. Perhaps the most enlightening finding of all is that despite their lower GEM rankcompared to Japan, the Indonesian respondents have relatively egalitarian division of labor in their households. Thisfinding provides a new insight that GEM, which emphasizes the political economy aspects of a country, may not besufficient to capture gender disparities without considering other socio-cultural factors in the complexity of day-to-dayactual division of housework.Makalah ini mengkaji dampak-dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh ciri-ciri pada level individu (jumlah pendapatan rata-rata,jam kerja, pandangan tentang gender) dan juga faktor-faktor pada level negara (seperti GEM atau UkuranPemberdayaan Gender) terhadap dinamika pembagian pekerjaan rumah tangga di antara suami dan istri di keduanegara. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menawarkan sudut pandang yang berimbang mengenai ketidaksetaraan gender danpembagian pekerjaan rumah tangga di antara laki-laki dan perempuan kelas menengah di Jepang dan Indonesia yangtelah menikah dan memiliki pekerjaan. Analisis statistik menunjukkan adanya sejumlah korelasi yang kuat di antaravariabel-variabel ini, dengan pandangan tentang gender sebagai variabel yang terlihat cukup signifikan. Temuan yangmungkin paling mencerahkan adalah bahwa ternyata responden Indonesia menerapkan sistem pembagian kerja yanglebih merata di dalam rumah tangga mereka, sekalipun menunjukkan skor GEM yang lebih rendah daripada orangJepang. Temuan ini membuka wawasan baru bahwa GEM, yang cenderung menekankan pada aspek-aspek politik danekonomi suatu negara, mungkin kurang memadai untuk mengukur kesenjangan gender karena tidak memerhatikanfaktor-faktor sosial budaya lain yang terkandung di dalam kompleksitas pembagian pekerjaan rumah tangga sehari-hari."

"This paper examines the impact of supply-demand balance in the labor market on the recent ongoing trend toward marriage avoidance in Japan, incorporatingreviews of previous studies. From a theoretical standpoint, declining income and wages could be seen either as encouraging or as discouraging marriage, but according to empirical analyses inprevious studies of Japanese marriage behavior, for men in particular regular employment with high earning potential appears to have the effect of encouraging marriage, and being hired as a regular employee immediately upon graduation appears correlated with younger marriage ages. For women, as well, some previous studies have found a positive correlation between being hired as a regular employee immediately upon graduation and getting married younger. It follows that the decline in hiring of young people as regular employees, as a result of economic stagnation, may be one of the causes of the recent trend toward marriage avoidance."

"Analisis kualitas penyelenggaraan program pemagangan ke Jepang (Studi Kasus Program Kerjasama Depnakertrans RI dengan IMM Jepang) Pada 1994, Departemen Tenaga Kerja melalui Sub.Dit.Jen Pembinaan Pelatihan dan Produktivitas telah menandatangani kerjasama dengan Asosiasi Pengembangan Tenaga Kerja untuk Perusahaan Berskala Kecil - Menengah Jepang (IMM) mengenai program pemagangan bagi tenaga kerja muda Indonesia di Jepang. Tujuan program ini adalah meningkatkan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan tenaga kerja Indonesia melalui pemagangan. Diharapkan dari hasil permagangan pemuda-pemuda Indonesia memiliki bekal pengalaman, alih teknologi, etos kerja dan ide-ide baru yang cukup untuk membuka peluang usaha baru. Namun sejak tahun 2000, kuota pengiriman tenaga kerja Indonesia ke Jepang terus menurun. Peserta yang gagal menyelesaikan program sesuai kontrak selama 3 tahun pun mencapai rata-rata 15%. Banyak hal yang menjadi penyebab kegagalan, antara lain karena alasan pribadi peserta atau karena permasalahan dalam program. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui kualitas penyelenggaraan program pcmagangan melalui analisis kesenjangan antara ekspektasi dan persepsi peserta magang setelah menyelesaikan kontrak selama 3 tahun dengan menggunakan metode servqual Parasuraman et.aI. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, penelitian terdahulu dan kuesioner yang terbagi atas 5 tahap penyelenggaraan program tersebut, yaitu 1)Sosialisasi, rekrutmen dan seleksi; 2) Pelatihan Tahap I; 3) Pelatihan tahap II; 4) Pemagangan di Jepang; dan 5) Pasca Pemagangan. Dari pengolahan data sccara statistik diperoleh hasil bahwa seluruh dimensi servqual pada setiap tahap penyelenggaraan bernilai kurang dari 0 (nol). Artinya kualitas penyelenggaraan secara keseluruhan menurut responden masih belum memuaskan. Penggambaran secara deskriptif dengan diagram kartesius menunjukkan beberapa atribut-atribut yang mendapat prioritas perbaikan ditinjau dari tingkat kepentingannya menurut peserta magang.

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Service Quality Analysis of Apprenticeship Program to Japan (Case Study of Cooperation Program of Dep. Manpower RI and IMM Japan) In 1994, a Memorandum of Understanding between Department of Manpower under Sub. Dit.Jen Training and Productivity and The Association of Medium and Small Enterprises (EMM) Japan is made regarding apprenticeship program where by it is agreed that Indonesia is given opportunity to send its manpower for technical training and industrial practice. This program known as “Program Pemagangan ke Jepang”. The objective of this program is to help developing skill and knowledge of Indonesian manpower. Hopefully the successors could create new ideas, new job opportunities and entrepreneurship.

Unfortunately, since the year of 2000 the sending quota keeps declining. About 15 percent of the participants fail to finish this program up to 3 years as contract. There are a lot of problems caused. Most of them are because of personal affairs and the program it self. This research focuses to find out the apprenticeship program quality through participants’ perception and expectation gap analysis after finished 3 years’ contract by using Servqual Method of Parasuraman et.a1. The data is obtained by using observation, exploring previous researches and questionnaires which are divided into 5 service steps as the apprenticeship program set (Socialization, recruitment and selection ; Preparatory Training I, Preparatory Training II, Apprenticeship in Japan and After Apprenticeship).

The result indicated that based on statistic count, all dimensions of Servqual in every service steps is less than 0. This means that the quality of service as a whole is still unsatisied. The description using Kartesius Diagram showing some attributes that requires priority to enhance the performance due to it is considered as the most important. "

"Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, peramalan basis data deret waktu di berbagai bidang terapan di implementasikan. Sejauh ini, berbagai teknik telah diusulkan untuk memprediksi dan menganalisis literatur dalam arah yang berbeda. Riset ini dilakukan di sebuah perusahaan manufaktur katup yang menghasilkan produk berupa katup untuk industri minyak dan gas. Riset ini berfokus pada tipe pemesanan yang disebut Call of Order atau pemesanan berdasarkan panggilan. Objek riset berupa kontrak perjanjian pembelian produk dalam satu periode dan historis penjualan produk. Pada riset ini, terdapat fenomena deviasi permintaan antara kontrak awal pada Pull Contract dengan aktual order pada realisasi pemesanan yang berdampak pada biaya yang di keluarkan dalam pemenuhan kontrak tersebut. Pull Contract memiliki karakteristik dan pola permintaan yang tidak umum pada pemesanan selama periode penjualan. Tujuan riset ini adalah menentukan prediksi kesenjangan permintaan antara kontrak dan realisasi, serta meminimalisir biaya pemenuhan kontrak untuk tipe pemesanan berdasarkan panggilan. Metode yang digunakan pada riset ini adalah perhitungan nilai deviasi, perhitungan Expected fill rate, perhitungan biaya kepemilikan dan metode prediksi deret waktu. Dalam riset ini, metode Arima digunakan untuk menentukan nilai prediksi pemenuhan Pull Contract dengan tipe Call of Order. Selain itu perhitungan biaya dilakukan dari hasil nilai prediksi yang didapat untuk dapat mengetahui estimasi penurunan biaya agar dapat meminimalisir biaya pemenuhan kontrak. Riset ini telah mengembangkan model prediksi Arima dengan penerapan penggunaan stok pengaman pada sebuah kontrak yang tidak umum yaitu Pull Contract dalam mempertimbangkan ketidakpastian pada besar biaya kepemilikan. Menerapkan penggunaan stok pengaman berdasarkan dari nilai prediksi dapat meminimalisir total biaya pemenuhan kontrak secara efektif apabila jangka waktu penggunaan tidak melebihi waktu enam bulan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan penggunaan stok pengaman tetap dapat memenuhi syarat meskipun terdapat kemungkinan terjadinya penambahan biaya dalam jangka waktu tertentu.

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In recent years, time series database forecasting in various applied fields has been implemented. So far, multiple techniques have been proposed to predict and analyze the literature differently. This research was conducted at a valve manufacturing company that produces products in the form of valves for the oil and gas industry. This study focuses on the type of order called Call of Order or orders based on calls. The object of this research is a product purchase agreement contract in one period and the historical sales of the product. In this research, there is a phenomenon of demand deviation between the initial contract on the Pull Contract and the actual order on the realization of the order, which impacts the costs incurred in fulfilling the contract. Pull Contracts have unusual characteristics and demand patterns on orders during the sales period. This research aims to determine the predicted demand gap between contract and realization and minimize the cost of contract fulfillment for the call-based order type. The methods used in this research are the calculation of the deviation value, the calculation of the Expected fill rate, the calculation of the holding cost, and the time series prediction method. In this study, the Arima method is used to determine the predicted value of the Pull Contract fulfillment with the Call of Order type. In addition, the cost calculation is carried out from the predicted value results obtained to determine the estimated cost reduction to minimize the cost of fulfilling the contract. This study has developed an Arima prediction model by applying the use of safety stock in an unusual contract, namely the Pull Contract, in considering the uncertainty of the cost of ownership. Implementing the use of safety stock based on the predicted value can effectively minimize the total cost of fulfilling the contract if the period of use does not exceed six months. Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of the use of safety stock can still meet the requirements even though there is the possibility of additional costs within a certain period."