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"Latar Belakang:Tuberkulosis resisten obat (TB-RO) merupakan ancaman bagi seluruh dunia termasuk Indonesia, karena memerlukan waktu lama dan biaya yang besar dalam mengobati penyakit tersebut meskipun telah ditangani dengan baik. Data penelitian di luar negeri menunjukkan bahwa terdapat kekambuhan TB-RO, tapi datanya sangat terbatas. Di Indonesia belum ada data tentang angka kekambuhan TB-RO.Tujuan: Mengevaluasi pasien TB resisten obat (TB-RO) pasca pengobatan yang datang kontrol pada bulan ke 6, 12, 18, dan 24 di RSUP Persabatan Jakarta.Metode: Penelitian menggunakan desain penelitian potong lintang terhadap pasien TB-RO yang telah dinyatakan sembuh dan pengobatan lengkap yang datang kontrol di poli MDR RSUP Persahatan Jakarta mulai bulan April 2017 sampai Desember 2017. Dilakukan anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisis, pemeriksaan foto toraks dan biakan sputum. Mencatat data pengobatan dan hasil-hasil pemeriksaan terkait data yang diperlukan dalam dalam rekam medis pasien.Hasil: Didapatkan 60 subjek penelitian dengan rerata usia 42,3 + 12,5 tahun, berjenis kelamin laki-laki 31 (51,7%) dan perempuan 29 (48,3%), dengan rerata IMT 21,75+ 4,34. Dari hasil foto toraks didapatkan gambaran dominan lesi luas dan hasil kultur sputum semua pasien yang diteliti tidak ditemukan pertumbuhan Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Kesimpulan: Tidak ditemukan kekambuhan pada pasien TB resisten obat yang yang telah dinyatakan sembuh dan pengobatan lengkap yang datang kontrol pasca pengobatan di RSUP Persahabatan Jakarta.

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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate DR-TB patients which was biannually performed for two-years (e.g. at the 6th, 12th, 18th, and 24th mos) after treatment completion.

Methods: This cross-sectional study involved DR-TB patients completing their treatment at Persahabatan General Hospital Jakarta, Indonesia, between April and December 2017. The post-treatment evaluation during the 6th, 12th, 18th, and 24th mos included clinical, chest x-ray (CXR) and sputum culture examination.

Results: Sixty patients were observed in this study, 31 (51.7%) were males and 29 (48.3%) were females. The mean age was 42.3+12.5 yo and the mean body mass index was 21.75+4.34. Fourty nine (81.7%) patients showed extensive lesions per CXR and none of the patient showed Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth per sputum culture.

Conclusion: There was no recurrence of DR-TB from patients completing their treatment at Persahabatan General Hospital Jakarta, Indonesia during two-years post-treatment evaluation."

"Latar belakang: Kompleksitas pengobatan TB RO berupa durasi pengobatan yang panjang, penggunaan beberapa obat lini kedua, toksisitas obat, dan interaksi obat akibat multidrug use dapat menyebabkan efek samping pengobatan pada pasien. Hal ini dapat mengurangi efektivitas pengobatan dan memengaruhi luaran pengobatan TB RO. Tujuan: Untuk melihat efek samping obat/kejadian tidak diinginkan terhadap luaran pengobatan TB RO.Metode: Penelitian observasional dengan desain kohort retrospektif ini dilakukan di RSUP Persahabatan, Jakarta. Sumber data adalah data sekunder dari sistem informasi tuberkulosis (SITB) yang melibatkan pasien TB RO yang menjalani pengobatan di tahun 2021 – 2023. Metode sampling berupa total sampling. Analisis data bivariat antara KTD dengan luaran pengobatan TB RO berupa Cox regresi dan uji Log-Rank, yang kemudian dilanjutkan dengan analisis multivariat menggunakan Extended Cox Regresi.Hasil: Dari 583 subjek yang diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini, insidens luaran pengobatan tidak berhasil sebanyak 40,65%. Sebanyak 12,69% pasien mengalami efek samping berat. Sebagian besar efek samping terjadi pada fase intensif pengobatan TB RO (43,57%). Jenis efek samping yang paling sering dialami pada pasien adalah gangguan gastrointestinal (79,25%), gangguan muskuloskeletal (58,32%), dan gangguan saraf (49,40%). Efek samping berupa KTD berat/serius tidak memiliki asosiasi yang signifikan terhadap terjadinya pengobatan tidak berhasil berdasarkan hasil analisis Cox regresi bivariat (HR=0,823; 95% CI: 0,558-1,216; p=0,329) dan analisis multivariat Extended Cox regresi (setelah dikontrol oleh variabel kovariat). Probabilitas survival antara kelompok dengan KTD berat dan kelompok non-KTD berat tidak berbeda bermakna. Kesimpulan: pemantauan efek samping selama pengobatan TB RO berlangsung merupakan hal yang penting untuk menunjang keberhasilan pengobatan.

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Background: The complexity of treating drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR TB) involves prolonged treatment duration, the use of several second-line drugs, drug toxicity, and drug interactions due to multidrug use, which can lead to adverse drug reactions in patients. These issues can reduce treatment effectiveness and affect treatment outcomes for DR TB.

Objective: To investigate the impact of adverse drug reactions/adverse events on DR TB treatment outcomes.

Methods: This observational study utilized a retrospective cohort design conducted at RSUP Persahabatan, Jakarta. The data source was secondary data from the tuberculosis information system (SITB) involving DR TB patients who underwent treatment between 2021 and 2023. The sampling method was total sampling. Bivariate data analysis between adverse events and TB RO treatment outcomes involved Cox regression and Log Rank tests, followed by multivariate analysis using Extended Cox Regression.

Results: Among the 583 subjects included in this study, the incidence of unsuccessful treatment outcomes was 40.65%. Severe adverse drug reactions were experienced by 12.69% of patients. Most adverse reactions occurred during the intensive phase of TB RO treatment (43.57%). The most common types of adverse reactions experienced by patients were gastrointestinal disorders (79.25%), musculoskeletal disorders (58.32%), and neurological disorders (49.40%). Severe/serious adverse reactions did not have a significant association with unsuccessful treatment outcomes based on the results of the bivariate Cox regression analysis (HR=0.823; 95% CI: 0.558-1.216; p=0.329) and the multivariate Extended Cox regression analysis (after adjusting for covariate variables). The survival probability between the group with severe adverse reactions and the non- severe adverse reactions group did not differ significantly.

Conclusion: Monitoring adverse drug reactions during DR TB treatment is crucial to support the success of the treatment."

"Latar Belakang: Tuberkulosis resistan obat (TB-RO) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan global, penyakit utama penyebab kematian kasus infeksi tunggal terbanyak setelah Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Tahun 2021 secara global terdapat 167.000 orang dengan TB Multi Drug Resistant/Rifampicin Resistant (MDR/RR) terkonfirmasi, 162.000 memulai terapi. Angka keberhasilan global pengobatan TB RR/MDR sebesar 60%, sedangkan di Indonesia sebesar 47%. WHO merekomendasikan paduan bebas injeksi untuk TB-RO tahun 2019 meningkatkan angka keberhasilan 60% menjadi 73% dan menurunkan angka putus berobat 17,3% menjadi 9,9%. Pengobatan OAT all-oral direkomendasikan di Indonesia sejak 2020 termasuk paduan individual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui luaran pengobatan TB-RO dengan paduan individual all-oral serta faktor apa saja yang memengaruhi keberhasilan pengobatan TB-RO di RSUP Persahabatan.Metode: Desain penelitian ini adalah kohort retrospektif menggunakan data rekam medis fisik dan elektronik, dilakukan di Poli TB-RO RSUP Persahabatan Oktober 2022, dengan teknik total sampling. Subjek penelitian adalah pasien TB-RO yang mendapatkan paduan individual all-oral dan memulai terapi Januari2020-Desember 2021 di poli TB-RO RSUP Persahabatan yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian.Hasil: Didapatkan 162 subjek penelitian dengan karakteristik median usia 44 (18−74) tahun, 61,7% laki-laki dan 52,5% subjek dengan IMT<18,5 kg/m2. Komorbid terbanyak adalah DM tipe 2 dengan proporsi 37%. Jenis resistansi terbanyak TB-MDR 45,1% dengan proporsi bacterial load terbanyak BTA negatif (25,9%). Proporsi konversi biakan sputum ≤ 2 bulan 56,2%. Terdapat 86,4% subjek mengalami intoleransi obat dengan proporsi terbanyak gastrointestinal 66,2%. Luaran berhasil sebesar 43,2%, meninggal 40,1%, putus berobat 13,6% dan gagal 3,1%. Analisis multivariat mendapatkan bacterial load dan kecepatan konversi merupakan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi keberhasilan pengobatan TB-RO.Kesimpulan: Luaran berhasil pasien TB-RO yang menggunakan paduan individual all-oral 43,2%, meninggal 40,12%, gagal 3,09% dan putus berobat 13,6%. Bacterial load,BTA ≤1+ dan kecepatan konversi ≤ 2 bulan merupakan faktor yang memengaruhi keberhasilan pengobatan TB-RO dengan paduan individual all-oral. Nilai odds masing-masing faktor berturut-turut aOR:2,35 (95%IK: 1,12-4,90) dan aOR: 2,2 (95%IK: 1,05-4,61).

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Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is still the global health problem, the leading cause of death in the single infectious case after Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Globally, there were 167.000 confirmed cases of Multi Drug Resistant/Rifampicin Resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) in 2021 and 162.000 started treatment. Global success rate for MDR/RR-TB treatment reach 60% while in Indonesia 47%. In 2019 WHO recommended injection-free regimen that increase treatment success rate of DR-TB treatment from 60% to 73% and lower lost to follow up (LTFU) cases 17,3% to 9,9%. Indonesia started all-oral regimen in 2020 consist of shorter and longer regimen. Aim of this study is to observe outcomes of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) treated with long term all-oral regimen and factors that influence the success rate of DR-TB treatment at Persahabatan Hospital Jakarta.

Metods: Design of the study was retrospective cohort using secondary data, physical and electronic medical records. It carried out in October 2022 at DR-TB clinic Persahabatan Hospital with total sampling technique. Subject of this study were medical records of DR-TB patients enrolled with long-term all-oral regimen treatment by January 2020-December 2021 which met the inclusion criteria.

Results: There were 162 subjects with median of age 44 (18-74) years old, 61,7% were male, and 52,5% subject were malnutrition. Proportion of DM type 2 comorbid was 37%. MDR-TB were found in 45,1% of subject with the high proportion of negative smear bacterial load (25,9%) as baseline. Amount of sputum Mtb culture conversion within 2 months reached 56,2%. There were 86,4% subjects experiencing drug intolerance with the highest proportion being gastrointestinal 66,2%. Outcomes of the long-term DR-TB treatment were successful 43,2%, died 40,1%, dropped-out 13,6% and failed 3,1%. Multivariate analysis found that bacterial load and time of sputum conversion were factors that associated with DR-TB success rate treatment.

Conclusion: Outcomes of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) treated with long term all-oral regimen 43,2% cured, 40,12% died, dropped-out from treatment 13,6% and failed 3,1%. Bacterial load ≤1+ and time of sputum conversion ≤2 months were factors that associated with DR-TB success rate treatment with adjusted aOR:2,35 (CI95% :1,12-4,90) and aOR:2,2 (CI95% : 1,05-4,61) respectively."

"Perbedaan antara tes untuk infeksi tuberkulosis (TB) yang resistan terhadap obat menjadi lebih umum karena alat diagnostik menjadi lebih bervariasi. Hal tersebut membingungkan dokter karena belum ada tes TB diagnostik cepat dengan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas yang baik. Kasus suspek-TB di RSUPP, pusat primer dan tersier untuk kasus TB paru Indonesia, disaring dengan GeneXpert MTB / RIF dan dikonfirmasikan dengan uji kepekaan obat anti-tuberkulosis.Discrepancies between tests for drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) infections are becoming more common as diagnostic tools become more varied. These discrepancies confuse clinicians because there is not yet a rapid diagnostic TB test with good sensitivity and specificity. Suspected-TB cases at Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Perhasabatan (RSUPP), a primary and tertiary center for Indonesia’s pulmonary TB cases, are screened with GeneXpert MTB/RIF and confirmed with conventional drug- susceptibility testing (DST)."

"Berdasarkan data SITB per 2 Februari 2022, terdapat 8306 kasus TB-RR/MDR terkonfirmasi melalui pemeriksaan laboratorium. Keberhasilan pengobatan TB MDR di Indonesia tahun 2021 belum mencapai target dan termasuk rendah dibandingkan dengan global yaitu sebesar 45%. Penelitian bertujuan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan keberhasilan pengobatan pasien TB MDR di RSUP Persahabatan tahun 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kohort retrospektif. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder dari rekam medis pasien TB MDR yang berobat di RSUP Persahabatan tahun 2019 yang dilihat sejak awal pengobatan hingga didapatkan hasil akhir pengobatan. Terdapat 273 sampel yang sesuai kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Data dianalisis menggunakan IBM SPSS Statistics 25 dengan uji chi-square, dengan RR untuk mengetahui derajat hubungan antar variabel dan dan p < 0,05 sebagai batas kemaknaan. Pada hasil analisis diketahui umur (p=0,000; RR=1,603 95CI% 1,251–2,055), jenis kelamin (p=0,749; RR=1,045 95CI% 0,798–1,369), pendidikan (p=0,165; RR=1,228 95CI% 0,929–1.634), pekerjaan (p=0,298; RR=0,893 95CI% 0,8723–1,103), status pernikahan (p=0,000; RR=1,932 95%CI 1,318–2,833), wilayah tempat tinggal (p=0,092, RR=1,288 95%CI 0,933–1,779), hasil pemeriksaan sputum awal (p=0,272; RR=1,126 95%CI 0,911–1,191), interval inisiasi pengobatan (p=0,021; RR=0,698 95%CI 0,494–0,986). Faktor yang memiliki hubungan signifikan secara statistik dengan keberhasilan pengobatan adalah umur, status pernikahan, dan interval inisiasi pengobatan.Based on SITB data as of February 2, 2022, there were 8306 confirmed cases of RR/MDR TB through laboratory tests. The success of MDR TB treatment in Indonesia in 2021 has not reached the target and is low compared to global, which is 45%. This study aims to identify factors associated with successful treatment of MDR TB patients at Persahabatan Hospital in 2019. This study used a retrospective cohort study design. The study used secondary data from the medical records of MDR TB patients who were treated at the Friendship Hospital in 2019 which were seen from the beginning of treatment until the final results of treatment were obtained. There were 273 samples that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 with chi-square test, with RR to determine the degree of relationship between variables and p < 0.05 as the limit of significance. The results of the analysis showed that age (p=0.000; RR=1.603 95CI% 1.251–2.055), gender (p=0.749; RR=1.045 95CI% 0.798–1.369), education (p=0.165; RR=1.228 95CI% 0.929– 1.634), occupation (p=0.298; RR=0.893 95CI% 0.8723–1.103), marital status (p=0.000; RR=1.932 95%CI 1.318–2.833), area of ​​residence (p=0.092, RR=1.288 95%CI 0.933–1.779), results of initial sputum examination (p=0.272; RR=1.126 95%CI 0.911–1.191), treatment initiation interval (p=0.021; RR=0.698 95%CI 0.494–0.986). Factors that had a statistically significant relationship with treatment success were age, marital status, and treatment initiation interval."

"Proporsi pasien Tuberkulosis Resistan Obat (TB RO) yang memiliki hasil akhir pengobatan meninggal meningkat di tahun 2021 menjadi 19%. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui faktor risiko kematian pasien TB RO selama masa pengobatan di Indonesia. Desain penelitian ini adalah kohort retrospektif dengan menggunakan data kasus TB RO yang memulai pengobatan tahun 2020-2021 dan telah memiliki hasil akhir pengobatan hingga Mei 2023 dan tercatat pada Sistem Informasi Tuberkulosis. Analisis yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif, survival dengan menggunakan Kaplan Meier, dan multivariat dengan menggunakan cox regression. Jumlah sampel penelitian adalah 7.515. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan sebanyak 19,39% pasien meninggal dengan laju kejadian keseluruhan adalah 6 per 10.000 orang hari dan probabilitas kumulatif survival sebesar 73%. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kematian pasien TB RO selama masa pengobatan di Indonesia adalah kelompok umur 45-65 (HR 1,519; 95% CI 1,275-1,809) tahun dan 65+ (HR 3,170; 95% CI 2,512-4,001), wilayah fasyankes Jawa-Bali (HR 1,474; 95% CI 1,267-1,714), koinfeksi HIV (HR 3,493; 95% CI 2,785-4,379), tidak mengetahui status HIV (HR 1,655; 95% CI 1,474-1,858) memiliki riwayat pengobatan (HR 1,244; 95% CI 1,117-1,385), tidak konversi ≤3 bulan (HR 4,435; 95% CI 3,920-5,017), paduan pengobatan LTR (1,759; 95% CI 1,559-1,985), kepatuhan pengobatan pada kelompok tidak minum obat 1-30 hari (HR 0,844; 95% CI 0,748-0,953) dan kepatuhan pengobatan pada kelompok tidak minum obat >30 hari (HR 0,318; 95% CI 0,273-0,370). 

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The proportion of drug-resistant tuberculosis (RO-TB) patients who have the final outcome of treatment will die in 2021 to 19%. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors for death of TB RO patients during the treatment period in Indonesia. The design of this study was a retrospective cohort using data on TB RO cases that started treatment in 2020-2021 and had final treatment results until May 2023 and were recorded in the Tuberculosis Information System. The analysis used in this study is descriptive analysis, survival using Kaplan Meier, and multivariate using cox regression. The number of research samples is 7,515. The results of this study showed that 19.39% of patients died with an overall incidence rate of 6 per 10,000 person days and a cumulative probability of survival of 73%. Multivariate analysis shows that the factors that influence the death of TB RO patients during the period of treatment in Indonesia are the age group 45-65 (HR 1.519; 95% CI 1.275-1.809) years and 65+ (HR 3.170; 95% CI 2.512-4.001), health facilities area Java-Bali (HR 1.474; 95% CI 1.267-1.714), HIV coinfection (HR 3.493; 95% CI 2.785-4.379), do not know HIV status (HR 1.655; 95% CI 1.474-1.858) have a history of treatment ( HR 1.244; 95% CI 1.117-1.385), no conversion ≤3 months (HR 4.435; 95% CI 3.920-5.017), mixed treatment LTR (1.759; 95% CI 1.559-1.985), treatment adherence in non-medication group 1 -30 days (HR 0.844; 95% CI 0.748-0.953) and medication adherence in the non-medication group >30 days (HR 0.318; 95% CI 0.273-0.370)."

"Latar Belakang: Tuberkulosis resistan obat (TB RO) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan utama di dunia. Tahun 2020 secara global terdapat 157.903 kasus TB Multi Drug Resistant/Rifampicin Resistant (MDR/RR) terdeteksi dan ternotifikasi, 95% dilakukan enrollment, namun angka keberhasilan pengobatan TB RR/MDR sebesar 59% dan TB XDR sebesar 52%, sedangkan di Indonesia terdapat 8.268 kasus TB RR/MDR, 52% dilakukan enrollment namun angka keberhasilan pengobatan TB RR/MDR sebesar 47% dan TB XDR 30%. Tahun 2020, Klofazimin (CFZ) merupakan salah satu bagian grup B pengobatan TB RO tanpa injeksi pada paduan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Terdapat beberapa efek samping dalam penggunaan CFZ salah satunya adalah hiperpigmentasi kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kekerapan, karakteristik subjek, awitan, durasi, dan derajat hiperpigmentasi kulit akibat CFZ serta faktor apa saja yang berhubungan pada pengobatan TB RO di RSUP Persahabatan. Metode: Desain penelitian ini adalah kohort retrospektif menggunakan data rekam medis pasien, dilakukan di Poli TB RO RSUP Persahabatan Juli 2021-Mei 2022, dengan teknik total sampling. Subjek penelitian adalah pasien TB RO yang mendapatkan CFZ di Poli TB RO di RSUP Persahabatan yang memulai enrollment pada tahun 2019-2020 yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Hiperpigmentasi kulit dinilai dari anamnesis bulanan setiap pasien kontrol. Hasil: Didapatkan 429 subjek penelitian dengan kekerapan hiperpigmentasi kulit pada 48 subjek (11,18%). Karakteristik subjek usia 41 (18−78) tahun, 58% laki-laki, 48% dengan gizi kurang dan normal, 25,2% komorbid DM tipe 2 dan 2,8% komorbid HIV, durasi pengobatan 285 (1−860) hari, kasus terbanyak TB RR/MDR sebesar 89,3%, dan luaran sembuh sebesar 47%. Efek samping hiperpigmentasi kulit didapatkan dengan median awitan 31 (28−168) hari pengobatan dan hingga pengobatan selesai efek samping hiperpigmentasi kulit masih didapatkan (belum reversibel). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara efek samping hiperpigmentasi kulit dengan durasi pengobatan (p=<0,001)m yakni hari ke 344 (70−769) dan paduan jangka pendek oral dan jangka pendek injeksi (p=<0,001)f dengan RR 10,100 (5,059−20,166). Kata kunci: efek samping, hiperpigmentasi kulit, klofazimin, tuberkulosis resistan obat.

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Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR TB) is still a major health problem in the world. In 2020 globally there were 157,903 cases of Multi Drug Resistant/Rifampin Resistant (MDR/RR) TB detected and notified, 95% were enrolled, but the treatment success rate for RR/MDR TB was 59% and XDR TB was 52%, while in Indonesia there were Of the 8,268 cases of RR/MDR TB, 52% underwent enrollment but the success rate of RR/MDR TB treatment was 47% and 30% XDR TB. In 2020, Clofazimine (CFZ) is part of group B RO-TB treatment without injection in short-term and long-term combinations. There are several side effects in using CFZ, one of which is skin hyperpigmentation. This study aims to determine the frequency, subject characteristics, onset, duration, and degree of skin hyperpigmentation due to CFZ and what factors are related to the treatment of DR TB at Persahabatan Hospital. Methods: The design of this study was a retrospective cohort using patient medical record data, carried out at the DR TB clinic Persahabatan Hospital from July 2021-May 2022, with a total sampling technique. The research subjects were DR TB patients who received CFZ at the DR TB clinic at the Persahabatan Hospital who started enrollment in 2019-2020 who met the research criteria. Skin hyperpigmentation was assessed from the monthly history of patient. Results: There were 429 subjects who received CFZ with frequent skin hyperpigmentation in 48 subjects (11.18%). Subject’s characteristics are 41 (18−78) years old, 58% male, 48% with malnutrition and normal, 25.2% comorbid type 2 DM and 2.8% comorbid HIV, duration of treatment 285 (1−860) days, the most cases of RR/MDR TB were 89.3%, and the outcome recovered was 47%. The side effect of skin hyperpigmentation was obtained with a median onset of 31 (28−168) days of treatment and until the end of treatment the side effect of skin hyperpigmentation was still found (not reversible). Conclusion: There is a relationship between side effects of skin hyperpigmentation with treatment duration (p=<0.001)m i.e. day 344 (70−769) and short-term oral and short-term injection (p=<0.001)f with RR 10.100 (5.059−20.166)."

"Latar Belakang: Tuberkulosis resistan obat (TB RO) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan utama di dunia. Tahun 2020 secara global terdapat 157.903 kasus TB Multi Drug Resistant/Rifampicin Resistant (MDR/RR) terdeteksi dan ternotifikasi, 95% dilakukan enrollment, namun angka keberhasilan pengobatan TB RR/MDR sebesar 59% dan TB XDR sebesar 52%, sedangkan di Indonesia terdapat 8.268 kasus TB RR/MDR, 52% dilakukan enrollment namun angka keberhasilan pengobatan TB RR/MDR sebesar 47% dan TB XDR 30%. Tahun 2020, Klofazimin (CFZ) merupakan salah satu bagian grup B pengobatan TB RO tanpa injeksi pada paduan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Terdapat beberapa efek samping dalam penggunaan CFZ salah satunya adalah hiperpigmentasi kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kekerapan, karakteristik subjek, awitan, durasi, dan derajat hiperpigmentasi kulit akibat CFZ serta faktor apa saja yang berhubungan pada pengobatan TB RO di RSUP Persahabatan. Metode: Desain penelitian ini adalah kohort retrospektif menggunakan data rekam medis pasien, dilakukan di Poli TB RO RSUP Persahabatan Juli 2021-Mei 2022, dengan teknik total sampling. Subjek penelitian adalah pasien TB RO yang mendapatkan CFZ di Poli TB RO di RSUP Persahabatan yang memulai enrollment pada tahun 2019-2020 yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Hiperpigmentasi kulit dinilai dari anamnesis bulanan setiap pasien kontrol. Hasil: Didapatkan 429 subjek penelitian dengan kekerapan hiperpigmentasi kulit pada 48 subjek (11,18%). Karakteristik subjek usia 41 (18−78) tahun, 58% laki-laki, 48% dengan gizi kurang dan normal, 25,2% komorbid DM tipe 2 dan 2,8% komorbid HIV, durasi pengobatan 285 (1−860) hari, kasus terbanyak TB RR/MDR sebesar 89,3%, dan luaran sembuh sebesar 47%. Efek samping hiperpigmentasi kulit didapatkan dengan median awitan 31 (28−168) hari pengobatan dan hingga pengobatan selesai efek samping hiperpigmentasi kulit masih didapatkan (belum reversibel). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara efek samping hiperpigmentasi kulit dengan durasi pengobatan (p=<0,001)m yakni hari ke 344 (70−769) dan paduan jangka pendek oral dan jangka pendek injeksi (p=<0,001)f dengan RR 10,100 (5,059−20,166).

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Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR TB) is still a major health problem in the world. In 2020 globally there were 157,903 cases of Multi Drug Resistant/Rifampin Resistant (MDR/RR) TB detected and notified, 95% were enrolled, but the treatment success rate for RR/MDR TB was 59% and XDR TB was 52%, while in Indonesia there were Of the 8,268 cases of RR/MDR TB, 52% underwent enrollment but the success rate of RR/MDR TB treatment was 47% and 30% XDR TB. In 2020, Clofazimine (CFZ) is part of group B RO-TB treatment without injection in short-term and long-term combinations. There are several side effects in using CFZ, one of which is skin hyperpigmentation. This study aims to determine the frequency, subject characteristics, onset, duration, and degree of skin hyperpigmentation due to CFZ and what factors are related to the treatment of DR TB at Persahabatan Hospital. Methods: The design of this study was a retrospective cohort using patient medical record data, carried out at the DR TB clinic Persahabatan Hospital from July 2021-May 2022, with a total sampling technique. The research subjects were DR TB patients who received CFZ at the DR TB clinic at the Persahabatan Hospital who started enrollment in 2019-2020 who met the research criteria. Skin hyperpigmentation was assessed from the monthly history of patient. Results: There were 429 subjects who received CFZ with frequent skin hyperpigmentation in 48 subjects (11.18%). Subject’s characteristics are 41 (18−78) years old, 58% male, 48% with malnutrition and normal, 25.2% comorbid type 2 DM and 2.8% comorbid HIV, duration of treatment 285 (1−860) days, the most cases of RR/MDR TB were 89.3%, and the outcome recovered was 47%. The side effect of skin hyperpigmentation was obtained with a median onset of 31 (28−168) days of treatment and until the end of treatment the side effect of skin hyperpigmentation was still found (not reversible). Conclusion: There is a relationship between side effects of skin hyperpigmentation with treatment duration (p=<0.001)m i.e. day 344 (70−769) and short-term oral and short-term injection (p=<0.001)f with RR 10.100 (5.059−20.166)."

"Latar Belakang: Malnutrisi merupakan salah satu predikor luaran pengobatan yang buruk. Indeks masa tubuh (IMT) kurang 18,5 kg/m2 dan ketidakcukupan peningkatan berat badan saat pengobatan berkaitan dengan peningkatan risiko kegagalan pengobatan kematian dan kekambuhan TB. Intervensi gizi tinggi energi dan protein dapat memperbaiki malnutrisi sehingga memperbaiki imunitas, kekuatan otot dan mempercepat konversi.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan open label non-randomised clinical trial dan merupakan merupakan uji pendahuluan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di poliklinik MDR RSUP Persahabatan periode April-Desember 2022 pada pasien TB resistan obat (RO) yang mengalami malnutrisi. Kelompok intervensi mendapatkan edukasi gizi dan suplementasi nutrisi oral tinggi energi dan protein (705 kkal dan 31 gram per hari) selama 60 hari sedangkan kelompok kontrol hanya mendapat edukasi gizi selanjutnya dievaluasi perubahan berat badan, waktu koversi, perubahan keluhan dan parameter hematologi.Hasil: Didapatkan 36 pasien kelompok intervensi dan 34 pasien kontrol. Pemberian suplementasi nutrisi meningkatkan asupan energi total dan protein harian [2012 vs 1596 kkal, p<0,001; 79 vs 58gram, p<0,001] dan meningkatkan berat badan ≥5% pada kelompok intervensi dibandingkan kontrol [OR:14,518 95%IK (3,778-55,794), p<0,001]. Kelompok intervensi (86,1%) mengalami waktu konversi pada bulan ke-2 dibandingkan kelompok kontrol 70,6% (p<0,114). Perbaikan keluhan batuk dan sesak napas pada kelompok intervensi dibandingkan kontrol [p<0,001 (batuk) dan p<0,001 (sesak)]. Terdapat perbedaan penurunan kadar protein total dan globulin pada kedua kelompok [p:0,038 (protein total) dan p:0,02 (globulin)] pascaintervensi. Protein total dan globulin merupakan reaktan fase akut sebagai petanda inflamasi dan berguna untuk evaluasi respons pengobatan TB dan intervensi nutrisi. Hasil analisis multivariat mendapatkan bahwa pasien dengan penurunan berat badan derajat sedang-berat sebelum pengobatan TB RO akan memiliki kenaikan berat badan ≥5% [aOR: 4,701 95%IK (1,334-16,569), p<0,001], sedangkan pasien yg memiliki keluhan sesak saat aktivitas sebelum pengobatan akan memiliki kesulitan naik berat badan ≥5% setelah dua bulan pengobatan [aOR:0,168 95%IK (0.043-0.797), p:0,074].Kesimpulan: Intervensi gizi pada pasien TB RO dengan malnutrisi merupakan pendekataan terbaru untuk membantu keberhasilan pengobatan.

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Background: Malnutrition is a predictor of poor treatment outcomes. Body mass index (BMI) less than 18.5 kg/m2 and inadequate weight gain during treatment are associated with an increased risk of treatment failure, death and recurrence. Nutritional intervention with high energy and protein can correct malnutrition thereby improving immunity, muscle strength and accelerating conversion.

Methods: This study is an open clinical trial design and is a preliminary test. This research was conducted at the MDR polyclinic at Persahabatan Hospital through the April-December 2022 of malnourished drug resistance (DR)-TB patients. The intervention group received nutriotion education and high energy and protein oral nutritional supplementation (705 kcal and 31gr per day) for 60 days while the control group only received education. This study is to evaluate body weight, conversion time rate, changes in complaints and hematological parameters.

Results: There were 36 patients in the intervention group and 34 control patients. Providing nutritional supplementation increased total energy and daily protein intake [2012 vs 1596 kcal p<0.001; 79 vs 58 gr, p<0.001] and increased body weight ≥5% in the intervention group compared to the control [OR:14.518 95% CI (3.778-55.794), p<0.001]. The intervention group (86.1%) experienced conversion time in the 2nd month compared to the control group 70.6% (p<0.114). Improvements in complaints of cough and shortness of breath in the intervention group compared to controls (p<0.001 and p<0.001). There were differences in the decrease in total protein and globulin levels in the two groups (p:0.038 and p:0.02) after the intervention. Total protein and globulin are acute phase reactants as markers of inflammation and are useful for evaluating response to treatment. The results of the multivariate analysis found that patients with moderate-to-severe weight loss before DR-TB treatment would have a weight gain of ≥5% [aOR: 4.701 95% CI (1.334-16.569), p<0.001], whereas patients who had shortness of breath when active before treatment will have difficulty gaining weight ≥5% after two months of treatment [aOR:0.168 95% CI (0.043-0.797), p:0.074].

Conclusion: Nutritional intervention in malnourished DR-TB RO is the latest approach to assist in successful treatment."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian tentang hasil pengobatan dan variasi biaya TBMDR/XDR di RSUP Persahabatan Jakarta dengan menggunakan strategiProgramatic Management Drug Resistance Tuberculosis (PMDT), yangmemerlukan jangka waktu pengobatan yang lama 18-24 bulan serta memerlukanbiaya yang sangat tinggi.Tujuan umum adalah mengetahui hasil pengobatan dan variabel-variabel biayaTB-MDR/XDR. Penelitian ini adalalah penelitian operasional dengan metodecampuran kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Sampel adalah semua pasien TB-MDR/XDRyang mulai diobati Agustus 2009 sampai 31 Desember 2010, berjumlah 104pasien.Hasil pada penelitian ini lama pengobatan TB-XDR lebih panjang dan angkakeberhasilan (lengkap dan sembuh) lebih rendah yaitu 42,9 % dan 80,9% jikadibandingakan dengan TB-MDR, tetapi angka keberhasilan ini jauh lebih tinggidari angka keberhasilan di dunia.Biaya pasien sampai sembuh dan lengkap pada pasien TB-XDR Rp 91.704.767,33lebih tinggi dari TB-MDR Rp 72.260.081,73. Biaya pasien TB-XDR yangmeninggal Rp 63.246.069,- lebih tinggi dari TB-MDR Rp 34.142.692,44. Hal inijuga terjadi pada total biaya pengobatan TB-XDR dengan efek samping ringanlebih tinggi biayanya dari pada pasien TB-MDR. Penambahan lama pengobatanmempunyai peluang peningkatan biaya sebesar Rp 115.205,- per hariJenis kelamin laki-laki yang bertempat tinggal di Jakarta Timur dengan lamapengobatan kurang dari 569 hari memiliki peluang 1.7 kali lebih tinggimengalami kesembuhan dibandingkan dengan jenis kelamin perempuan, yangbertempat tinggal di daerah dan lama pengobatan yang sama.Kesimpulan : Angka keberhasilan pada TB-MDR dan TB-XDR pada penelitianini lebih tinggi dari angka keberhasilan di dunia . Biaya total pengobatan TBXDRjauh lebih tinggi dari TB-XDR dan terdapat keeratan hubungan antaravariabel biaya pengobatan dengan lama pengobatan

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ABSTRACTThis research captured the Programmatic Management of Drug resistantTuberculosis (PMDT) at Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta which required longtreatment duration which is 18-24 months and especially the treatment outcomeand variation cost. The study aimed to know regarding the treatment outcomeas well as cost variaties of MDR/XDR-TB patients.This is a operational research using a mixture of quantitative and qualitativemethods. The samples were all treated MDR/XDR-TB patients who startedtreatment from August 2009 until December 31, 2010. Total number of samplewere 104 patients.The results of this study revealed that duration of treatment for XDR-TB patientsis longer than MDR-TB patients with lower success rate which are 42,9% and80,9% respectively and was statistically significant. However this result isrelatively higher than reports from many countries in the world. The cost perpatient for those who cured and completed treatment was US$ 9,357 and US$7,373 for the XDR-TB patients and MDR-TB patients respectively which wasstatistically significant. The cost spent for XDR-TB patients who died duringtreatment was higher compare to MDR-TB ones, US$ 6,453 and US$ 3,484respectively. The same finding was similar higher when comparing the total costof mild side effect for XDR-TB and MDR-TB. Additional time for length oftreatment would give the probability of spending US$ 11,75 per day. Malepatients who live in East Jakarta with length of treatment was less than 569 dayshave the chance to cured 1.7 fold compare to females patient with the samecondition in term of length of stay and residencial.Conclusion: Success Rate of MDR/XDR-TB in this study is higher than thosebeing reported worldwide. Cost for XDR-TB is extremely high than for MDR-TB.There is an association found between cost and length of treatment."