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"Epidermal growth factor (EGF) merupakan senyawa polipeptida aktif yang berperan penting dalam stimulasi, proliferasi, dan migrasi keratinosit serta membantu membentuk jaringan granulasi untuk penyembuhan luka. Saat ini sudah tersedia beberapa produk komersial EGF dalam bentuk sediaan injeksi dan topikal. Pengobatan secara injeksi dalam waktu yang lama menimbulkan rasa tidak nyaman karena bersifat invasif. Sementara itu, pengobatan secara topikal dalam bentuk sediaan krim/gel juga belum begitu memuaskan karena EGF mudah terdegradasi oleh aktivitas protease pada daerah luka. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah memuat recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) ke dalam serat nano polivinil alkohol-gum arab-madu menggunakan metode pemintalan elektrik dan memperoleh informasi karakteristiknya. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan optimasi pembuatan formula wound dressing, yaitu F1, F2, dan F3 dengan variasi konsentrasi madu berturut-turut adalah 0; 1; dan 3%. Hasil karakterisasi morfologi serat dengan menggunakan scanning electron microscope (SEM) menunjukkan bahwa serat nano F1, F2 dan F3 yang terbentuk masing-masing memiliki ukuran diameter rata-rata serat 252 ± 44 nm; 268 ± 30 nm; 287 ± 40 nm. Ukuran diameter serat meningkat seiring dengan penambahan konsentrasi madu. Hasil karakterisasi fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) dari ketiga formula menunjukkan bahwa rhEGF berhasil dimuati kedalam serat. Disamping itu penambahan madu menyebabkan intensitas puncak identik dari gula (C-O-C) meningkat. Selain itu berdasarkan hasil uji porositas, luas permukaan spesifik, daya mengembang, dan Modulus Young serat maka formula F1 dipilih sebagai wound dressing yang baik yakni memiliki kadar rhEGF 0,0090% b/b; porositas 63,87 ± 3,21%; luas permukaan spesifik 219,783 m2/g; daya mengembang 394 ± 38%; dan Modulus Young 124.98 ± 23.86 MPa.

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Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is an active polypeptide compound that plays an important role in the stimulation, proliferation and migration of keratinocytes and form granulation tissue for wound healing. There are currently several commercial EGF products available in injection and topical dosage forms. However, long-term injection treatment causes discomfortbecause it is invasive. While topical treatment in the form of cream/gel/ointment has not been satisfactory because EGF is easily degraded by protease activity in the wound area. The purpose of this study was to load recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) into polyvinyl alcohol-arabic gum-honey nanofibers by electrospinning method and obtaining information on its characteristics. In this study, three nanofibers wound dressing formulas were prepared and optimized named F1, F2 and F3 with varying concentration of honey respectively 0; 1; and 3%. It had been found from obtained scanning electron microscope (SEM) images that the average diameter of the F1, F2 and F3 nanofibers was 252 ± 44 nm; 268 ± 30 nm; 287 ± 40 nm, respectively. The average diameter of fibers increased at a higher of honey content. The obtained fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the three formulas indicated that rhEGF was successfully loaded into nanofibers. The addition of honey caused the intensity of identical peaks from sugar (C-O-C) increased. The result of the porosity test, specific surface area, and tensile strength showed that F1 was chosen as a good wound dressing in which has a rhEGF level of 0.0090% (w/w); porosity of 63.87 ± 3.21%; specific surface area of 219.783 m2/g; swelling degree 394 ± 38%; and Modulus Young 124.98 ± 23.86 MPa."

"Penelitian dilakukan untuk menentukan nilai cut-off dalam skoring status HER-2 pada pasien kanker payudara dengan metode qPCR. DNA genom sebanyak 72 sampel yang diekstraksi dari jaringan kanker payudara dianalisis menggunakan metode 2ΔCT untuk mengetahui jumlah salinan gen HER-2 sampel secara relatif yang telah diketahui statusnya oleh IHC. Jumlah salinan gen HER-2 dinyatakan sebagai rasio gen HER-2 terhadap gen acuan yang digunakan, yaitu whn. Kurva standar dihasilkan dari pengenceran serial plasmid standar pGEM-T easy HER-2 dan pGEM-T easy whn, dikembangkan untuk kontrol kualitas pengujian. Evaluasi kualitas qPCR yang optimal ditentukan dengan nilai koefisien determinasi (R2) >0,980, persentase efisiensi dalam kisaran 90 - 105%, dan konfirmasi produk spesifik dengan analisis melt peak dan elektroforesis gel. Nilai cut-off didapat dari perhitungan nilai kuartil untuk menetapkan batas negatif, borderline, dan positif amplifikasi HER-2 pada sampel. Hasil analisis qPCR dibandingkan kesesuaiannya terhadap status yang telah diperoleh dari evaluasi IHC sebelumnya. Kurva standar untuk kedua plasmid standar menunjukkan performa yang baik, dan konfirmasi sampel dengan analisis melt peak dan elektroforesis gel menunjukkan puncak dan pita tunggal spesifik. Nilai cut-off yang didapatkan dalam penelitian adalah ≤2,16 untuk negatif, >2,16 dan ≤4,19 untuk borderline, dan >4,19 untuk positif amplifikasi HER-2. Hasil analisis qPCR dengan nilai cut-off yang dibandingkan dengan status IHC menghasilkan kesesuaian 67%.

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The research aimed to determine cut-off value in HER-2 scoring status on breast cancer patients by qPCR method. Total of 72 genomic DNA samples extracted from breast cancer tissues were analyzed using 2ΔCT method to measure relatively HER-2 gene copy number of samples previously identified by IHC. HER-2 gene copy number was expressed as a ratio of HER-2 gene to the reference gene used, namely whn. Standard curve was generated by serial dilution of pGEM-T easy HER-2 and pGEM-T easy whn plasmid standard, developed for quality control assay.

For evaluation, optimal qPCR assay was determined by coefficient of determination value (R2) >0.980, percentage of efficiency in the range of 90 ? 105%, and specific product was confirmed by melt peak analysis and gel electrophoresis. Cut-off value was obtained from quartile calculation to establish the status of negative, borderline, and positive amplification of HER-2 in the samples.

Further, result of qPCR analysis was compared with IHC status. Standard curves for both plasmid standards showed a good performance, and confirmed by melt peak and gel electrophoresis showed single peak and single band specific. For the cut-off value, this study suggested ≤2.16 for negative, >2.16 and ≤4.19 for borderline, and >4.19 for positive HER-2 amplification. The result of qPCR analysis with cut-off value was compared with IHC status has concordance 67%."

"Latar Belakang: Fibrosis hati disebabkan cedera hati kronis akan menjadi sirosis. Vesikel ekstraseluler (VE) dan Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) banyak dipelajari sebagai terapi fibrosis dan regenerasi hati. Penelitian ini memanfaatkan kombinasi VE dan recombinant human-HGF ( rh-HGF) sebagai terapi alternatif fibrosis hati pada model tikus ligasi duktus bilier (LDB).Metode: Sebelas tikus Sprague Dawley (SD) menjalani LDB, 5 tikus kontrol dan 6 tikus mendapat perlakuan injeksi VE 150 uL dan rh-HGF 0,1 mg intravena sejak 3 minggu pasca LDB, selama 7 hari. Satu tikus kontrol diterminasi 3 minggu pasca LDB sebagai data dasar. Tikus-tikus kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan diterminasi pada 1 hari dan 2 minggu setelah injeksi terakhir. Dilakukan penilaian skor Laennec hati serta kadar HGF, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) dan aspartate aminotransferase (AST).Hasil: Histopatologi 3 minggu pasca LDB menunjukkan skor Laennec 2. Skor fibrosis kelompok kontrol (KK) dan kelompok perlakuan (KP) 1 minggu dan 2 minggu pasca injeksi VE dan rh-HGF seluruhnya dengan skor 2. Kadar HGF pada KP lebih rendah secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan KK 1 hari pasca injeksi terakhir (1,35+0,06 vs 1,53+0,06; p<0,001), semakin menurun setelah 2 minggu pasca injeksi terakhir namun tidak bermakna secara statistik 0,83 (0,73-0,84) vs 0,76 (0,73-0,80) p=0,248). Kadar AST 1 hari pasca injeksi terakhir; KK 1,66+0,05 KP 0,91+0,12 debgan p = 0,001. Setelah 2 minggu pasca injeksi; kadar AST pada kedua kelompok menurun 1,12 (1,11-1,22) vs (0,96+0,03); p=0,021). Kadar ALT pada kelompok perlakuan lebih rendah secara signifikan pada 1 hari pasca injeksi dan 2 minggu pasca injeksi dengan nilai p<0,001 dan 0,033a

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Background: Fibrosis of the liver due to a chronic liver injury will become cirrhosis at the end-stage. The Extracellular Vesicles (EV) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are recently learned as much as fibrosis and liver regeneration therapy. This study aims to know the result of using a combination of EV and recombinant human HGF (rh-HGF) as an alternative therapy due to liver fibrosis on the rat bile duct ligation (BDL) model.

Methods: Eleven BDL Sprague Dawley (SD) were divided into two groups, five mice as the untreated control group and six mice as the treatment group was getting an EV 150 ul and rh-hgf 0.1 mg intravenous injection three weeks after BDL, for seven days. One control rat is expanded three weeks after BDL as baseline data. The control and treatment group mice were projected at day one and two weeks after the final injection. This study was assessed from liver fibrosis by using Laennec score, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) level.

Results: Scoring of histopathology by using the Laennec score at 3 weeks after BDL was 2.Meanwhile scoring of fibrosis of the control group and treatment group at 1 week and 2weeks after ve and rh-hgf injection were 2. HGF level of the treatment group was lower significantly than control group at day 1 after last injection (1,35+0,06 vs 1,53+0,06; p<0,001), and within 2 weeks, the number of HGF levels decreased but statistically insignificant; 0,83 (0,73-0,84) vs 0,76 (0,73-0,80) p=0,248). AST level at day 1 after last injection; control group vs treatment group ;1,66+0,05 vs 0,91+0,12, p value = 0,001. 2 weeks after injection; AST level for both group were become lower 1,12 (1,11-1,22) vs (0,96+0,03); p=0,021), and ALT level on treatment group was significantly lower at day 1 and 2 weeks after injection with p value <0,001 and 0, 033a"

"Latar Belakang: Fibrosis hati disebabkan cedera hati kronis akan menjadi sirosis. Vesikel ekstraseluler (VE) dan Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) banyak dipelajari sebagai terapi fibrosis dan regenerasi hati. Penelitian ini memanfaatkan kombinasi VE dan recombinant human-HGF ( rh-HGF) sebagai terapi alternatif fibrosis hati pada model tikus ligasi duktus bilier (LDB).Metode: Sebelas tikus Sprague Dawley (SD) menjalani LDB, 5 tikus kontrol dan 6 tikus mendapat perlakuan injeksi VE 150 uL dan rh-HGF 0,1 mg intravena sejak 3 minggu pasca LDB, selama 7 hari. Satu tikus kontrol diterminasi 3 minggu pasca LDB sebagai data dasar. Tikus-tikus kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan diterminasi pada 1 hari dan 2 minggu setelah injeksi terakhir. Dilakukan penilaian skor Laennec hati serta kadar HGF, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) dan aspartate aminotransferase (AST).Hasil: Histopatologi 3 minggu pasca LDB menunjukkan skor Laennec 2. Skor fibrosis kelompok kontrol (KK) dan kelompok perlakuan (KP) 1 minggu dan 2 minggu pasca injeksi VE dan rh-HGF seluruhnya dengan skor 2. Kadar HGF pada KP lebih rendah secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan KK 1 hari pasca injeksi terakhir (1,35+0,06 vs 1,53+0,06; p<0,001), semakin menurun setelah 2 minggu pasca injeksi terakhir namun tidak bermakna secara statistik 0,83 (0,73-0,84) vs 0,76 (0,73-0,80) p=0,248). Kadar AST 1 hari pasca injeksi terakhir; KK 1,66+0,05 KP 0,91+0,12 debgan p = 0,001. Setelah 2 minggu pasca injeksi; kadar AST pada kedua kelompok menurun 1,12 (1,11-1,22) vs (0,96+0,03); p=0,021). Kadar ALT pada kelompok perlakuan lebih rendah secara signifikan pada 1 hari pasca injeksi dan 2 minggu pasca injeksi dengan nilai p<0,001 dan 0,033a

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Background: Fibrosis of the liver due to a chronic liver injury will become cirrhosis at the end-stage. The Extracellular Vesicles (EV) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are recently learned as much as fibrosis and liver regeneration therapy. This study aims to know the result of using a combination of EV and recombinant human HGF (rh-HGF) as an alternative therapy due to liver fibrosis on the rat bile duct ligation (BDL) model.

Methods: Eleven BDL Sprague Dawley (SD) were divided into two groups, five mice as the untreated control group and six mice as the treatment group was getting an EV 150 ul and rh-hgf 0.1 mg intravenous injection three weeks after BDL, for seven days. One control rat is expanded three weeks after BDL as baseline data. The control and treatment group mice were projected at day one and two weeks after the final injection. This study was assessed from liver fibrosis by using Laennec score, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) level.

Results: Scoring of histopathology by using the Laennec score at 3 weeks after BDL was 2. Meanwhile scoring of fibrosis of the control group and treatment group at 1 week and 2 weeks after ve and rh-hgf injection were 2. HGF level of the treatment group was lower significantly than control group at day 1 after last injection (1,35+0,06 vs 1,53+0,06; p<0,001), and within 2 weeks, the number of HGF levels decreased but statistically insignificant; 0,83 (0,73-0,84) vs 0,76 (0,73-0,80) p=0,248). AST level at day 1 after last injection; control group vs treatment group ;1,66+0,05 vs 0,91+0,12, p value = 0,001. 2 weeks after injection; AST level for both group were become lower 1,12 (1,11-1,22) vs (0,96+0,03); p=0,021), and ALT level on treatment group was significantly lower at day 1 and 2 weeks after injection with p value <0,001 and 0, 033a"

"Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) merupakan polipeptida yang mendorong terjadinya proses pertumbuhan, proliferasi, dan diferensiasi sel, juga digunakan sebagai kosmetik anti-aging. Akan tetapi, EGF memiliki ukuran molekul yang besar sehingga dapat menyulitkan penetrasinya ke kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat dan mengkarakterisasi transfersom rhEGF dalam sediaan emulgel dan mempelajari profil penetrasinya ke kulit. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan optimasi formula transfersom dengan perbandingan antara fosfolipid dan surfaktan yang berbeda. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa formula TF3 dengan perbandingan 80:20 merupakan formula dengan karakteristik terbaik, sehingga formula ini digunakan untuk mengenkapsulasi rhEGF. Transfersom rhEGF dibuat sebanyak tiga formula, dengan konsentrasi rhEGF yang berbeda-beda. Karakteristik terbaik dimiliki oleh formula TF-EGF1 dengan konsentrasi rhEGF 0,025%, yaitu bentuk vesikel sferis, Zaverage 128,1 ± 0,66 nm, indeks deformabilitas 1,254 ± 0,02, indeks polidispersitas 0,109 ± 0,004, potensial zeta -43,1 ± 1,07 mV, dan efisiensi penjerapan 97,77 ± 0,06%. Ketiga formula diformulasikan ke dalam sediaan emulgel (ETF1 - ETF3) dan diuji penetrasi in vitro dengan emulgel rhEGF non-transfersom (ENTF) sebagai pembanding. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa formula ETF1 menunjukkan peningkatan fluks terbesar, yaitu 5,56 kali dibandingkan formula ENTF. Oleh karena itu, emulgel transfersom rhEGF memiliki potensi untuk digunakan sebagai kosmetik anti-aging.

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Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is a polypeptide that promotes the process of growth, proliferation, and cell differentiation, also used as an anti-aging cosmetics. However, EGF has a large molecular size that can make it difficult to penetrate the skin. This study aims to create and characterize rhEGF transfersom in emulgel preparations and study its penetration profile into the skin. In this study, optimization of transferom formulation was carried out with several ratios between phospholipid and surfactants. The results show that the TF3 formula with a ratio of 80:20 was the formula with the best characteristics, so it was used to encapsulate rhEGF. rhEGF transfersomes were made in three formulas, with different rhEGF concentrations. The best characteristics were obtained by the formula TF-EGF1 with 0.025% rhEGF concentration, which had spherical vesicle, Zaverage of 128.1 ± 0.66 nm, deformability index of 1.254 ± 0.02, polydispersity index of 0.109 ± 0.004, zeta potential of  -43.1 ± 1.07 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 97.77 ± 0.06%. The three formulas were formulated into emulgel preparations (ETF1 - ETF3) and tested in vitro with non-transferom rhEGF emulgel (ENTF) as a comparison. The results showed that the ETF1 formula showed the largest increase in flux, which was 5.56 times compared to the ENTF formula. Therefore, rhEGF transfersomal emulgel has the potential to be used as an anti-aging cosmetic."