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"Fenomena hoax marak terjadi di Indonesia, sebelum dan sesudah pemilu. Di era post-truth saat ini, kebenaran informasi seperti berita cenderung lebih dinilai berdasarkan emosi dan keyakinan seseorang, sejalan dengan penjelasan konsep motivated reasoning. Namun, penyebaran berita bohong juga bisa dijelaskan dengan firehose of falsehood, yakni teknik pengungkapan berita bohong dalam skala besar sehingga mereka percaya itu benar. Mekanisme yang menjelaskannya adalah konsep ilusi kebenaran berdasarkan kelancaran pemrosesan informasi. Penjelasan ini telah dibuktikan oleh penelitian di AS dan penelitian ini ingin mereplikasi penelitian eksperimental secara konseptual menggunakan 2 (Type: true vs lie, dalam) x 2 (Paparan: sekali vs dua kali, dalam) x 2 (Peringatan: tanpa peringatan vs Dengan peringatan, antara) desain campuran. Selain itu, moderasi gaya kognitif pada efek eksposur pada akurasi yang dirasakan juga diselidiki. Pengumpulan data menggunakan LimeSurvey dan dilakukan secara tatap muka. Pesertanya adalah 174 mahasiswa UI pengguna WhatsApp berusia 18-24 tahun. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya pengaruh terhadap jenis berita, namun tidak menunjukkan pengaruh keterpaparan dan peringatan terhadap ketepatan yang dirasakan sehingga tidak mereplikasi temuan penelitian sebelumnya. Diduga, literasi media yang baik dilihat dari pengaruh utama jenisnya mempengaruhi hasil ini. Interaksi antara variabel dan moderasi masih belum dapat disimpulkan karena jumlah sampel yang tidak mencukupi.

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The hoax phenomenon is rife in Indonesia, before and after the election. In the current post-truth era, the truth of information such as news tends to be more assessed based on one's emotions and beliefs, in line with the explanation of the concept of motivated reasoning. However, the spread of fake news can also be explained by firehose of falsehood, a technique for disclosing fake news on a large scale so that they believe it is true. The mechanism that explains it is the illusion of truth concept based on the smooth processing of information. This explanation has been proven by research in the US and this study wants to replicate experimental research conceptually using 2 (Type: true vs lie, in) x 2 (Exposure: once vs twice, in) x 2 (Warning: no warning vs with warning) , between) mixed designs. In addition, cognitive style moderation on the effects of exposure on perceived accuracy was also investigated. Data collection using LimeSurvey and carried out face to face. The participants were 174 UI students using WhatsApp aged 18-24 years. The results of this study indicate an influence on the type of news, but do not show the effect of exposure and warning on perceived accuracy so that they do not replicate the findings of previous studies. It is suspected that good media literacy in terms of the main influence of its type influences this result. The interaction between variables and moderation is still inconclusive due to insufficient sample size."

"Penyebaran berita palsu sering terjadi di internet dan media sosial. Kemampuan literasi media, termasuk pengetahuan tentang kepemilikan media, penting untuk membantu kita mengevaluasi informasi. Kepemilikan media mempengaruhi konten berita yang diciptakan oleh media tersebut. Oleh karena itu, mengetahui kepemilikan media dapat membantu konsumen menelaah kembali berita yang dipublikasi oleh media. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat apakah edukasi tentang kepemilikan media dapat memengaruhi persepsi kredibilitas berita daring. Peneliti melakukan studi eksperimental dengan desain between-subject post-test only. Sebanyak 132 mahasiswa sarjana Universitas Indonesia berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini. Apparent Reality and Source Credibility Indices digunakan untuk mengukur persepsi kredibilitas. Hasil analisis independent samples t-test menunjukkan bahwa edukasi literasi media tentang media ownership tidak berpengaruh pada persepsi kredibilitas artikel berita.

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The spread of fake news often occurred on the internet and social media. Media literacy skills, including media ownership knowledge, are crucial to help us evaluate the information that we receive. Media ownership could affect how news contents were created by the media. Knowing media ownership could help consumers analyze news content published by the media. This study aimed to see whether education about media ownership could affect the perception of credibility of online news. An experimental study using between-subject post-test only design on 132 undergraduate University of Indonesia students was conducted. Apparent Reality and Source Credibility Indices was used to measure perception of credibility. Independent t-test analysis showed that education on media ownership did not affect perception of credibility of online news."

"Media berita dalam situasi globalisasi tertantang dengan munculnya penyebaran berita palsu dan ketidakpercayaan masyrakat terhadap media. Munculnya sumber media alternatif dalam dunia digital telah menjadi sebuah tren bagi masyarakat dalam mengakses berita. Namun kredibilitas dari media alternatif masih dipertanyakan akibat dari kurangnya pengawasan dan kontrol dalam media digital. Dengan demikian, metode transparansi media dilihat dapat menjadi sebuah solusi untuk mengurangi penyebaran berita bohong di media massa. Disisi lain, dunia saat ini sedang memasuki era pasca kebenaran dimana masyarakat tidak memperdulikan fakta asli terhadap sebuah berita melainkan mengikuti emosi dan opini pribadi mereka ketika mengakses berita. Tantangan transparansi media tidak hanya datang dari masyarakatnya saja namun tanggung jawab jurnalis dalam melaporkan berita juga penting karena, masyarakat dan jurnalis adalah subyek dari transparansi. Efektivitas transparansi untuk mengurangi penyebaran berita bohong masih kompleks karena pengetahuan masyarakat terhadap konsep transparansi media masih asing. Walaupun efektivitas transparansi media untuk melawan penyebaran hoax masih dipertanyakan, transparansi media itu penting untuk membangun kredibilitas sebuah media.

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News outlets in a globalization setting found themselves challenged by the spread of fake news and public distrust towards media. The emergence of alternative news outlets in digital spaces as a new news source of news media has become the trend for today rsquo s audience in accessing information. However, the credibility of alternative news outlets remains questionable as digital news media is lacking of gatekeeping and control. Therefore, Media transparency method come to be viewed as the solution to decline the spread of Hoax and fake news. On the other hand, today rsquo s world is now facing the era of post truth where people are tending to ignore the actual facts of the information and rather follow their emotion in consuming the news. Furthermore, the challenge of transparency comes not only from the audience but also from the journalist rsquo s responsibility because both audience and journalist are responsible for and subjected to transparency. The effectiveness of transparency to decline fake news is complex given that, public knowledge towards the importance of media transparency is still an extraneous concept. Moreover, even transparency effectiveness to tackle the spread of hoax remains questionable, media transparency is essential to support the credibility of news. "

"Social Endorsement Cues (SECs) merupakan indikator seberapa banyak dukungan terhadap suatu postingan di media sosial. Semakin tinggi SECs maka informasi di media sosial akan dianggap semakin kredibel. Namun, terdapat isu metodologis yang mempengaruhi penelitian sebelumnya dan perlu diatasi, yaitu jumlah stimulus (topik berita), tampilan yang tidak realistis, dan confirmation bias. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen secara online dengan desain 2 (keaslian berita : asli vs palsu) x 2 (tingkat SECs : tinggi rendah) within subject. Tujuannya adalah melihat pengaruh keaslian berita dan tingkat SECs terhadap persepsi kredibilitas berita di platform X dan bagaimana pengaruhnya jika mengontrol confirmation bias partisipan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa berita asli dianggap lebih kredibel daripada berita palsu dan tingkat SECs harus berinteraksi dengan keaslian berita agar dapat memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan. Selain itu, confirmation bias merupakan variabel kovariat yang harus dikontrol. Penelitian ini dapat membantu mengembangkan model teoretis mengenai bagaimana individu mengevaluasi kredibilitas berita di media sosial.

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Social Endorsement Cues (SECs) are indicators of the level of support for a post on social media. The higher the SECs, the more credible the information on social media is perceived to be. However, there are methodological issues affecting previous research that need to be addressed, such as the number of stimuli (news topics), unrealistic display, and confirmation bias. This study employs an online experimental method with a 2 (news authenticity: real vs. fake) x 2 (SECs level: high vs. low) within-subjects design. The aim is to examine the influence of news authenticity and SECs level on the perceived credibility of news on platform X, and how this influence changes when controlling for participants' confirmation bias. The results show that real news is perceived as more credible than fake news, and the SECs level must interact with news authenticity to have a significant effect. Additionally, confirmation bias is a covariate that must be controlled. This study can help develop theoretical models on how individuals evaluate the credibility of news on social media."

"Jumlah berita palsu semakin banyak ditemukan di media sosial dan aplikasi chatting, khususnya ketika pandemi COVID-19 sejak 2020 silam. Berbagai usaha untuk mengangani berita palsu oleh pemerintah dan pengembang telah dilakukan, akan tetapi tidak sepenuhnya menghentikan munculnya berita palsu. Melihat masih sulitnya untuk menangani berita palsu, kemampuan membedakan berita palsu sangat diperlukan oleh individu untuk menghindari kesalahpahaman, hingga kerugian. Kemampuan membedakan berita dipengaruhi oleh tipe proses kognitif individu, yakni individu yang menggunakan otomatis atau heuristik cenderung gagal dalam membedakan berita palsu. Afek juga berpengaruh pada kemampuan membedakan berita palsu, semakin intens afek yang tengah dialami individu akan memperburuk kemampuan membedakan berita palsu. Berdasarkan hal ini, dilakukan penelitian hubungan tipe proses kognitif yang dimoderasi oleh afek pada kemampuan membedakan berita palsu. Ketiga variable diuji dengan menggunakan alat ukur Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT), Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), serta 12 berita palsu dan 8 berita asli yang dari situs berita tepercaya dan situs klarifikasi berita palsu. Patisipan penelitian merupakan Warga Negara Indonesia berusia minimal 18 tahun (N=147) dan menggunakan media sosial atau aplikasi chatting. Pengolahan data statistic menggunakan multiple linear regression analysis di aplikasi SPSS versi 25. Hasil pengolahan data menunjukkan baik afek negatif ataupun positif tidak memoderasi tipe proses kognitif dalam membedakan berita palsu, namun pendapatan dan jenis kelamin signfikan pada kemampuan membedakan berita palsu. Hasil penelitian tidak signifikan karena jumlah partisipan yang sedikit serta minim variasi pada demografi partisipan, yakni seluruh partisipan setidaknya telah menamatkan Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA). Memperluas serta memperbanyak jumlah partisipan sangat disarankan untuk penelitian selanjutnya.

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An increasing number of fake news were found on social media and chat applications, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Various efforts to deal with fake news by governments and developers have been made, but that does not really stop fake news from circulating in social media. Seeing that it is still difficult to deal with fake news, the ability to distinguish fake news is very much needed by individuals to avoid further misunderstandings that might lead to potential physical or mental loss. The ability to discern news is influenced by individual cognitive types, namely individuals who use type 1 or heuristics who are tend to fail in fake news discernment. Affect also change the ability to distinguish fake news, the stronger the emotions experienced by individuals will weaken the ability to distinguish fake news. A study was conducted on the relationship of emotion-moderated cognitive type to the ability to discriminate fake news. Cognitive types was measured by Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT), and using Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) for measuring emotion states. Twelve fake news and eight true news were assembled from reputable news sources and fake news clarification sites. Research participants are Indonesian citizens aged at least 18 years (N=147) and use social media or chat applications. Statistical data processing used multiple linear regression analysis in the SPSS version 25 application. The results of data processing showed that neither negative nor positive emotions moderated the cognitive type in fake news discernment. Gender and income was significant. The results of the study were not significant because the number of participants was small and there was minimal variation in participant demographics, that is, all participants had at least graduated from high school (SMA). Expanding and increasing the number of participants is highly recommended for further research."

"Berita bohong menjadi permasalahan yang saat ini dihadapi oleh masyarakat. Pengertian mengenai berita bohong yang luas, dapat menimbulkan perbedaan pemahaman antara satu pihak dan pihak lainnya. Berdasarkan hal tersebut terdapat tiga rumusan masalah yang akan dibahas, yakni: bagaimana aturan mengenai berita bohong dalam UU No. 11 Tahun 2008? Bagaimana pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap tindak pidana penyebaran berita bohong? Serta bagaimana penerapan pasal berita bohong dalam penyelesaian kasus 'Muhammad Faizal Tanong'?Untuk menjawab rumusan masalah tersebut, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis-normatif, dengan menggunakan data yang bersumber dari undang-undang, buku, artikel, majalah dan jurnal. Untuk melengkapi data tersebut, penulis juga melakukan wawancara terkait dengan penyebaran berita bohong. Penelitian yang dilakukan penulis menunjukkan hal-hal sebagai berikut. Pertama belum ada definisi yang disepakati mengenai berita bohong menyebabkan belum bisa dibuatnya suatu kategori khusus mengenai perbuatan pidana yang masuk kedalam berita bohong, sehingga aturan yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan berita bohong adalah pasal-pasal pencemaran nama baik, penghinaan, dan penodaan. Kedua, pihak yang membuat dan menyebarkan berita saja sebagai pihak yang bertanggung jawab dalam penyebaran berita bohong. Padahal media yang menjadi sarana penyebaran berita bohong seharusnya dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban. Ketiga, dalam kasus ujaran kebencian yang dilakukan 'Muhammad Faizal Tanong' penerapan pasal telah secara tepat.

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Fake news is a problem that currently faced by community. A broad sense of fake news, can lead to differences understanding between one side and the other. Based on this matter there are three problems that will be discussed, namely how the rules about fake news in the Law no. 11 in 2008 How is criminal liability for the crime of spreading fake news And how is the application of the fake news article in the verdict of the case Muhammad Faizal Tanong.

To answer the problems authors are using juridical normative research methods, where authors use data derived from regulations, books, articles, magazines and journals. To complete the data, authors also conducted interviews related to the spread of fake news. As the result, there are three answers that author can get. First, there is no mutually agreed about the definition of fake news. Because of that matter, the category of fake news is not yet been made. That is why the rules used to solve the problem of spreading fake news are using articles such as defamation, humiliation, and desecreation. Secondly, until now the subject who are being responsible for spreading fake news are the newsmaker and the one who is spreading the fake news. In fact, the media used to spreading fake news also have a responsible. Third, based on 'Muhammad Faizal Tanong' case, the judge already did a proper application of article 28 paragraph 2."

"ABSTRAKMakalah ini membahas soal prevalensi berita palsu dan berbagai upaya yang telah dilakukan pelbagai kantor media - dalam hal ini: majalah Tempo dan situs berita Tirto ID - untuk memeranginya. Melalui sub-bagian pengecekan data maupun penyuluhan, kedua berita ini merupakan contoh dari penjunjungan elemen terpenting dari jurnalisme, yaitu verifikasi berita. Menggunakan teori kekosongan informasi untuk menjelaskan kebutuhan konsumen media atas informasi, makalah ini juga membahas psikologi masyarakat-bagaimana ada kerentanan masyarakat dalam mengonsumsi berita palsu, sebuah fenomena dalam jurnalisme Indonesia maupun dunia.

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ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the prevalence of fake news and the many ways Indonesian media organizations -Tempo magazine and the news site Tirto ID - overcome the challenges fake news presents. Through data verification or consultations, these examples are representative of the upholding of one of journalism s most imperative elements: verification. Using the information gap theory to explain the need for media consumers to obtain information, the paper also discusses the psychology behind fake news-how there's a susceptibility in the consumption of fake news, an Indonesian and global phenomenon"

"ABSTRACTNovel Nineteen Eighty-Four karya George Orwell menceritakan tentang sebuah negara fiksi Oceania yang dikuasai partai Ingsoc dengan rezim totaliter dan segala informasi dikuasai oleh partai itu. Penelitian ini akan menganalisis bagaimana hiperrealitas yang ditimbulkan sebagai dampak konstruksi realita menggunakan berita bohong yang ada di dalam novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Penelitian ini akan menggunakan metode analisis isi kualitatif. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa proses pembuatan berita yang bersifat manipulatif dan dipenuhi dengan berita bohong mengonstruksi realita masyarakat Oceania dan mengaburkan persepsi mereka tentang kejahatan yang dilakukan oleh Ingsoc terhadap mereka.

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ABSTRACTGeorge Orwell's Nineteen eighty-four tells the story of a fictional country Oceania which is ruled by the totalitarian English Socialist Party (or Ingsoc) and every information is managed and controlled by the ruling party. This research will analyze how hyperreality that is caused by the construction of reality using fake news in the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. The method used in this research is qualitative content analysis. The research shows that the manipulative news making process which is filled with fake contents constructs the reality of Oceanian people and causes them to be unable to see the crimes that Ingsoc is doing to them."

"In this controversial essay, Carlos Elias addresses the worldwide phenomenon that is threatening the scientific and economic progress of Western countries. The rise and influence of magic and irrationality in the media, in social networks and at universities is a disturbing phenomenon: many Western students no longer want to pursue STEM (Science, Technologies, Engineering, and Math) careers. This lucid and well-written book addresses one of the key issues of public debate: the deteriorating state of science in Western countries and their governments, and its rise in Asian countries. The author compares two distinct models: the Spanish or Latin model, which closed the door on science with the Counter-Reformation, and that employed by a second group of countries where science was encouraged. Elias suggests that a similar development could now be taking place between Western countries (where the press, television and social science academics are becoming increasingly critical towards science) and Asia, where most prime ministers (and other politicians) are scientists or engineers. "

"ABSTRAKFake news dan hate speech mengenai imigran Timur Tengah di Jerman berkembang pesat di media sosial seperti Facebook, Twitter, dan YouTube. Oleh karenanya, Jerman membuat undang-undang mengendalikan penyebaran fake news di media sosial yang disebut NetzDG. Undang-undang ini bertujuan memberi denda pada media sosial yang tidak segera menghapus fake news yang dilaporkan oleh pengguna. Penelitian ini diuji dengan gabungan metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif, menggunakan Teori Hegemoni Antonio Gramsci, Teori Sekuritisasi Barry Buzan, dan Teori Normatif milik Wilbur Scrahmm. Hasilnya, fake news melalui media sosial dijadikan alat partai sayap kanan untuk membentuk hegemoni bahwa imigran adalah hal yang membahayakan. Fake news mengancam demokrasi serta kehidupan bermasyarakat di Jerman, sehingga dianggap sebagai ancaman oleh Pemerintah Jerman dan akhirnya menjadikan hukum sebagai bentuk kontrol atas media sosial yang beroperasi di negara tersebut.

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ABSTRACTFake news and hate speech on Middle Eastern immigrants in Germany are growing rapidly in social media like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Therefore, Germany makes laws to control the spread of fake news in social media called NetzDG. This law aims to impose penalties on social media that do not immediately remove fake news reported by the user. This study was tested with a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, using Antonio Gramsci 39 s Hegemony Theory, Barry Buzan 39 s Theory of Securitization, and Wilbur Scrahmm 39 s Normative Theory. As a result, fake news through social media is used as a tool of the right wing party to establish hegemony that immigrants are dangerous. Fake news threatens democracy and social life in Germany, so it is considered a threat by the German Government and ultimately makes law as a form of control over the social media that operating in the country. "